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Hepatosplenomegaly

Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly). Pathology Etiology Infection Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive. viral EBV...

Primary non-cutaneous melanoma

Primary non-cutaneous melanomas are much less common than primary cutaneous melanomas 1. These include meningeal melanoma primary uveal malignant melanoma primary prostatic malignant melanoma primary urethral malignant melanoma mucosal melanoma sinonasal mucosal melanoma

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is relatively uncommon compared to other hepatobiliary malignancies. Pathology Primary gallbladder carcinoma gallbladder adenocarcinoma: most common 1 gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma gallbladder sarcoma: very rare 2 gallbladder ...

Lipoma vs well-differentiated liposarcoma

There a number of features that can help distinguish between lipoma and well-differentiated liposarcoma. This article relates to superficial well-differentiated liposarcomas that typically occur in the extremities, also known as atypical lipomatous tumors, and not retroperitoneal liposarcoma. E...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is a broad term used to describe all types of cancers affecting the urinary bladder: transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder): most common primary neoplasm of the bladder squamous cell carcinoma (urinary bladder): accounts for around 3-8% of all bladder cancers adenocarcin...

Spitz nevus

Spitz nevus is a rare benign melanocytic lesion, that shares significant clinicohistological commonality with melanoma and maybe difficult to differentiate 2. History and etymology This lesion was described by an American pathologist, Sophie Spitz (1910-1956), who worked at Memorial Sloan-Ket...

Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma

Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) (also known - especially historically - as a Dabska tumor) is a rare, low-grade soft tissue tumor 1. The lesion is borderline-malignant and metastasis is distinctly unusual. Epidemiology Less than 40 cases have been reported in the global liter...

Whitmore-Jewett staging system

The Whitmore-Jewett staging system (also known as the Jewett staging system or ABCD system) is a superseded staging system for prostate cancer. It was developed by the American Urological Association (AUA). Most societies (including AUA) and clinicians now advocate and use the TNM staging system...

Micrometastasis

Micrometastases are defined by the UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors as conglomerations of tumor cells measuring between 0.2 mm and 2 mm in size. Clusters of cells sized less than 0.2 mm in maximal dimension are termed isolated tumor cells (ITCs). Tumor clusters measuring larger than 2...

Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is a key enzyme in most cells, catalyzing the reversible conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate. Its contemporaneous main clinical uses are limited primarily to the investigation of hemolysis, serous collections and as a tumor marker. Physiology L-lactate dehydro...

Abdominal distension (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is: F: fat F: fluid F: flatus F: feces F: fetus F: fulminant mass

Electron therapy

Electron therapy, or electron beam therapy, is a form of radiotherapy which is used to treat superficial lesions. Electron beams are rapidly attenuated by soft tissue and thus can only treat to a depth of a few centimeters (typically 0-3 cm), compared to megavoltage x-rays which are much more pe...

Radiation-induced breast cancer

Radiation-induced breast cancers are a potential long-term complication of radiotherapy to the chest, in particular, in those patients receiving irradiation for breast cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma. Besides breast cancer, sarcomas (breast angiosarcoma or osteosarcomas arising from the irradiated ...

Complications of thoracic radiation therapy

Complications of thoracic radiation therapy have significantly reduced since conventional radiotherapy has been largely replaced by modern conformational techniques. Even though, given the usually high radiation doses required for most thoracic cancers, some degree of collateral effects will be ...

Radiation-induced breast changes

Radiation-induced breast changes are a consequence of radiotherapy toxicity over the breast tissues either related to targeted breast cancer treatment or other thoracic malignancies (eg. lung cancer). Radiographic features The radiation-induced breast changes may be seen in either dedicated b...

Heavy charged particle therapy

Heavy charged particle therapy (also known as heavy ion radiotherapy) is a type of particle therapy that uses ionized atoms (e.g. neon, argon, silicon, carbon etc.). Currently carbon ions are most commonly employed, termed carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). It is a technically-demanding technique ...

Pion therapy

Pion therapy is a form of particle therapy employing pions. Pions, or to give them their full name, negatively-charged pi mesons (π-), are a type of meson. Pion therapy is currently not used as a treatment modality due to its great expense and lack of clinical efficacy 1,2.

Neutron therapy

Neutron therapy is a form of particle therapy using neutrons as the energy-carrying particle. The therapy has shown promise for some malignancies but there have also been problems with accurate dose distributions and late complications. Some of these problems historically were thought to be - at...

Particle therapy

Particle therapy (also known as hadronic therapy) is the generic term used for any type of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) employing high-energy particles. Currently proton therapy accounts for most of this type of EBRT. Although strictly a form of particle therapy, electron therapy is usually...

CyberKnife

CyberKnife is a stereotactic radiotherapy system which uses a compact linear accelerator mounted on a robotic arm, coupled with a digital x-ray image guidance system. The robotic arm allows movement with many degrees of freedom compared to typical linear accelerators which only rotate around the...

Radiation-induced liver disease

Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes. This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...

Radiation-induced esophagitis

Radiation-induced esophagitis is a consequence of radiotherapy toxicity of the esophagus resulting in acute and/or chronic complications: acute esophagitis: usually 2 to 4 weeks after commencing radiotherapy 1 to within ≤3 months after completion of the radiotherapy 3 chronic esophagit...

Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)

Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published...

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)

Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...

Proton therapy

Proton therapy, also referred to as proton-beam therapy, is the most common type of particle therapy. It represents one of the highly conformal radiation therapy techniques that, differing from the other external-beam photon therapies, uses the proton particle properties to minimize the toxic ef...

Stereotactic radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a form of radiotherapy that employs stereotactic techniques. 'Stereotactic' refers to the utilization of a system of 3-D coordinates to ensure that treatment is focussed in a highly precise way which allows smaller margins and higher doses per treatment 1. Ster...

Rotational/helical/arc intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Rotational/helical/arc intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is the most advanced form of IMRT is conceptually similar to helical or cone-beam CT 1. The radiation beam remains turned on throughout the treatment while the gantry is moved around the patient at variable speed and the multi-l...

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a type of conformal radiation therapy where not only the shape but also the intensity profile (i.e. fluence) of each beam is varied, therefore, superior to the 3D-CRT. Early implementations involved building up a fluence profile by summing smalle...

3D conformal radiation therapy

3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) is a radiation therapy technique that involves CT planning where the volume to be treated is defined on a 3D data set. Therefore, organs at risk can also be delineated to shield these and reduce treatment side effects. Radiotherapy planning software is use...

Conventional radiation therapy

Conventional (2D) radiation therapy refers to the old techniques of radiation therapy where treatments would be planned by defining a limited number of beams with the boundaries delineated on orthogonal x-rays of the patient. It has been largely replaced by other highly conformal external beam r...

Gamma Knife

Gamma Knife, also known as Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS), is a form of radiosurgery historically employing 201 cobalt-60 sources arranged in a hemispheric array. The latest system, the Gamma Knife Perfexion, uses 192 cobalt-60 sources 1. The emitted gamma rays are focussed on a target point wh...

External beam radiotherapy

External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) (also known as teletherapy) is a form of ionizing radiation therapy delivered by a medical linear accelerator (or historically a cobalt-60 source) to a patient lying on a treatment bed. Megavoltage x-rays (4-25 MV) are the most commonly used. Alternative forms o...

Radiation therapy

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a common oncologic treatment modality utilizing ionizing radiation to control or eliminate malignant cells. Radiotherapy plays a role in primary curative treatment (eg. head and neck cancer), adjuvant therapy (e.g. reducing recurrence rate after ...

Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck (staging)

Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of metastatic carcinomas in the head and neck region without an identifiable primary tumor. The typical scenario involves squamous cell carcinoma present in a cervical lymph node, no obvious primary source on clinical exam...

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding eyelid carcino...

Mucosal melanoma

Mucosal melanomas are non-cutaneous malignant melanomas arising from mucosal epithelium. This article is an overview; for specific locations in the body, see their respective articles: sinonasal mucosal melanoma. Epidemiology Mucosal melanomas are rare, comprising about 1% of all melanomas 1....

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (staging)

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of mucosal melanoma involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, and, less commonly, pharynx and larynx. The system is distinct from staging of carcinomas of those sites and of cutaneous melanoma. The following ar...

Pyrexia

Pyrexia (or fever) is a clinical sign, indicated by an abnormally elevated core body temperature, which is defined by several medical societies as ≥38.3°C (≥≈101°F). The temperature elevation may be persistent or episodic. If the body temperature is greater than 41.5°C - a rare phenomenon - it i...

RENAL nephrometry scoring system

The RENAL nephrometry scoring system was developed to categorize renal masses into low, intermediate and high complexity, based on cross-sectional imaging findings. Its purpose is to aid in decision making, patient counseling, surgical planning, and patient follow-up, as well as academic reporti...

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinomas are a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with predominantly cystic appearance. Terminology Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma was first identified as a distinct histopathologic entity in 2005, and subsequently acknowledged as an independent disease cat...

Chylous ascites

Chylous ascites (also known as chyloperitoneum) is defined as the abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of milky lymphatic fluid with a triglyceride level >110 mg/dL 1. Etiologically it is due to a disruption of the lymphatic system, most commonly obstructive due to a mass or traumatic (which ma...

Extramammary Paget disease

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is the rarer non-breast form of Paget disease of the nipple. It is considered a form of adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glandular tissue. In men, the penis and scrotum are most frequently involved, and in women the vulva. Nodal and distant organ metastatic diseas...

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), also referred to as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a hematological malignancy characterized by the abnormal clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors (myeloblasts) or poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system. It primary infiltrates the bone ...

Leukemia

Leukemia is a hematological neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of immature (blasts) or abnormally differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system in the bone marrow that often, but not always, extends into the peripheral blood. This article aims to provide an overview of leukemia as...

Extranodal extension

Extranodal extension refers to the growth of a nodal cancer metastasis beyond the confines of the capsule of a lymph node into adjacent tissues. Less preferred synonyms include extranodal spread, extracapsular extension, or extracapsular spread. This finding holds prognostic implications. For e...

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia, is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of granulocytes with fairly normal differentiation. Epidemiology The annual incidence is about 1 per 100,000 1,3. The typical age at presentation is ...

CA 15-3

CA 15-3 is a tumor marker used in monitoring breast cancer. The test detects levels of MUC-1, a mucin protein in the blood. MUC-1 is thought to be important in the invasiveness and metastasization of cancer cells. Physiology Mucin-1 is a normal epithelial cellular glycoprotein localized to the...

Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics to remember the differential diagnoses for intradural extramedullary spinal neoplasms include the following: No More Spinal Masses MNM Mnemonics No More Spinal Masses N: neurofibroma M: meningioma S: schwannoma M: metastasis MnM This simplified mnemonic, as in M&M cand...

Intramedullary spinal masses (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses of intramedullary spinal masses is: I HEAL Mnemonic I: infarction H: hemangioblastoma E: ependymoma A: astrocytoma L: lipoma

Dural tail sign (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember differential diagnoses associated with a dural tail sign is: My Scary Dog Likes To Stand Guard Mnemonic M: meningioma S: sarcoidosis D: dural metastases L: lymphoma T: tuberculoma S: schwannoma G: glioma

Calcifying pulmonary metastases (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the causes of calcifying pulmonary metastases is: BOBCAT Mnemonic B: bone (chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma) O: ovary B: breast C: colon A: any primary post-chemotherapy T: thyroid and testis Another useful mnemonic is BOTTOM. B: Breast O: Osteosarcoma T...

Zurich pituitary score

The Zurich pituitary score (ZPS) is a quantitative classification of pituitary adenomas based on coronal T1W magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, although the score can also be obtained with computed tomography. The ZPS is based on the ratio (R) between horizontal tumor diameter over inter...

Leser-Trélat sign

The Leser-Trélat sign is a dermatological paraneoplastic syndrome referring to the explosive and rapid eruption of multiple seborrheic keratoses. It is associated with a number of different cancers including adenocarcinoma (e.g. gastric, colorectal), breast cancer, and lymphoproliferative disord...

Pediatric cystic nephroma

Pediatric cystic nephromas, previously known as multilocular cystic nephromas, are rare benign renal neoplasms occurring in children. As of the 2016 WHO classification, they are considered distinct from adult cystic nephromas 1,2. Terminology Evolving terminology regarding cystic nephromas and...

Metastases to the uterus

Metastases to the uterus is a rare occurrence accounting for less than 10% of all cases of metastases to the female genital tract from extragenital cancers 3. The endometrium is reported to be even less frequently affected by metastases. Uterine metastases however can occur from a number of si...

Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG)

A radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) is a procedure where a tube is inserted percutaneously into the stomach, principally to provide nutritional support for patients with swallowing disorders 1. Indications inadequate oral intake due to dysphagia (neurologic disorder, esophageal obstruc...

Denver shunt

A Denver shunt, or peritoneovenous shunt, is a device used to shunt ascites to the superior vena cava in patients with refractory ascites. The proximal end is located in the peritoneal cavity and the distal end in the superior vena cava, with a subcutaneous course in the anterior chest wall. It...

Brachytherapy seed migration to the lung

Brachytherapy seed migration to the lung is a known complication of radioactive seed therapy. These seeds are used for localized treatment of malignancies, most commonly prostate cancer. Regarding staging, nearly 79% of the cases are localized, 12% are regional and 5% present with distant disea...

Jugulodigastric lymph nodes

The jugulodigastric lymph nodes, also known as subdigastric lymph nodes, are deep cervical nodes located below the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and anterior to the internal jugular vein. They are located in neck node level IIa and receive lymphatic drainage from the tonsils, pharynx,...

Tumors of the seminal vesicles

Tumors of the seminal vesicles usually represent contiguous invasion of the seminal vesicles from malignancies in adjacent organs, most commonly the prostate. Tumors originating de novo within the seminal vesicles themselves are much rarer. Epithelial tumors adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesic...

Metastatic melanoma

Metastatic melanoma is known for its aggressive nature and for its ability to metastasize to a variety of atypical locations, which is why it demonstrates poor prognostic characteristics. Epidemiology Melanoma accounts for ~5% of all skin cancers, however, it remains the leading cause of death...

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion oncogene positive non small cell lung cancer

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion oncogene positive non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) refers to a specific set of non small cell lung cancers that contain an inversion in chromosome 2. They are associated with specific clinical features, including never or light smoking history, younger a...

Hartmann procedure

Hartmann procedure (HP) (or proctosigmoidectomy) is an operation in which the sigmoid colon is resected and the distal colon brought out as a colostomy in the left iliac fossa. The remnant rectum stump is sewn shut. It is a quick and straightforward intervention and currently finds most favor in...

Lollipop sign (hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma)

The lollipop sign is seen in hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE). It represents hepatic/portal vein and/or their tributaries/branches tapering and terminating at or just within the edge of a well defined peripherally enhancing (or non-enhancing) lesion with an avascular core on CT or...

Sentinel lymph node

The sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are defined as those lymph nodes that directly drain a malignancy, or alternatively can be considered as the first node(s) that a tumor metastasizes to. History and etymology "Sentinel node" as the initial draining node of a malignancy was first used in a paper ...

Solid-predominant adenocarcinoma of the lung with mucin production

Solid-predominant adenocarcinoma of the lung with mucin production is a histological subtype of non-mucinous invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung. Terminology In 2011, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), American Thoracic Society (ATS), and European Respiratory S...

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is an imaging technique used to visualize and map the lymphatic vessels. The technique is used for treatment planning in supermicrosurgical procedures, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis, lymphaticolymphatic bypass and vascularized lymph node transfe...

Indocyanine green lymphangiography

Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphangiography is an emerging imaging technique used to visualize lymphatic vessels and map their course as they drain to sentinel lymph nodes. History Indocyanine green is a fluorescent dye discovered by researchers at Kodak working on near-infrared photography in 1...

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare form of T-cell primary breast lymphoma that has primarily been associated with textured breast implants. Terminology In BIA-ALCL, the peri-implant fluid is referred to as an effusion rather than a seroma, as the lat...

Neck imaging reporting and data system (NI-RADS)

NI-RADS (Neck Imaging and Reporting and Data System) is a lexicon and risk classification proposed by the American College of Radiology for reporting surveillance imaging of treated head and neck cancer. The terminology and categories may be applied to any head and neck malignancy (e.g. squamous...

Volcano sign (meningioma)

Volcano sign refers to the appearance of classical meningioma that resembels the appearance of volcano (viewed in cross-section MRI, parallel to dural attachment) in which there is triangular hyperostosis at the base of the meningioma (mountain) with the tumor being the cloud around it. The intr...

Primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma

Primary intracranial leiomyosarcomas are primary malignant tumors derived from smooth muscle cell lineage in the cranial vault. Epidemiology Primary intracranial leiomyosarcomas are extremely rare. Most commonly, these lesions have been described as EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors in patie...

Infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung

Infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung, also known as primary bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma, is a very rare spindle-cell tumor. Epidemiology More than 80% of cases are reported to occur within the 1st year of life. There is a slight predominance in male infants 1,2. Clinical presentation Patient...

Calcified glial tumors (mnemonic)

In order of decreasing frequency, a useful mnemonic to remember glial tumors which calcify is: Old Elephants Age Gracefully Mnemonic O: oligodendroglioma E: ependymoma A: astrocytoma G: glioblastoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma. Epidemiology The average age of onset of sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma is 61 years. In cases associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, the average age of onset is 37 years 1. Clinical presentation Patien...

Elevated vitamin B12 (marker)

Elevated vitamin B12 (also known as hypervitaminosis B12 or hypercobalaminemia) is most important as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for malignant disease 1,3. Very high serum levels of vitamin B12, following dietary megadosing, does not seem to have any observable deleterious effects 2.

Skin cancer

Skin cancers refer to malignancies arising from the skin. This is a general discussion of skin cancers, for discussions of specific skin cancers please refer to individual articles. Epidemiology Overall, skin cancers are the most common human malignancy 1. Pathology Primary skin malignancy ...

Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma

The Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma classes these tumors according to their relationship to anatomical landmarks 1. It was initially proposed by Siewert et al in 1996, becoming widely used in predicting lymph node spread and directing optimal management. As of the 7th e...

Ann Arbor staging system

The Ann Arbor staging system was the landmark lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is named after the town of Ann Arbor in the US state of Michigan where the Committee on Hodgkin's Disease Staging Classification met in 1971 to agree on it....

Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification

The Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification is a lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They came about in 1988 following recommended modifications to the Ann Arbor staging system after a meeting in Cotswold, England. This classification h...

Lugano staging classification

The Lugano staging classification is the lymphoma staging system that is most commonly used in clinical practice currently. The categories for initial staging are defined in this article. See separate articles for the Lugano criteria for response assessment by PET-CT or by CT alone, as well as g...

Lugano classification (lesion measurement guidelines)

The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Cotswolds modified Ann Arbor staging. This article outlines the lesion measurement guidelines for the system: Eligible lesions lymph nodes: the longest diameter in axial plane should be >1....

Lugano classification (PET-CT treatment response)

The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system for non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on PET-CT. Also included in the classification are staging and response to treatment based on CT. Scoring system The Lugano clas...

Lugano classification (response to treatment on CT)

The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Ann Arbor staging with Cotswolds modifications. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on CT. Also included in the classification are staging and response to...

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma

Necrobiotic xanthogranulomas are a rare form of cutaneous non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Epidemiology The condition occurs mostly in older adults 2. Clinical presentation Patients demonstrate cutaneous papules that develop into large, firm plaques, papules and nodules, which are often ye...

Hypervascular metastases (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic for remembering the tumors which cause hypervascular metastases is: MR CT PET Mnemonic M: melanoma R: renal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: thyroid carcinoma PET: (pancreatic) neuroendocrine tumor

Pool sign (intracranial; metastatic adenocarcinoma)

The pool sign is a recently described brain MRI appearance where an intracranial mass exhibits a T2 hyperintense rim adjacent to a solid mass surrounded by peritumoral edema. This appearance has been recently suggested to be a feature characteristic of metastatic adenocarcinoma (with various pri...

Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome

Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome is an extremely rare condition where a gene mutation results in hyperparathyroidism in association with both benign and malignant tumors, most notably, tumors in the mandible or maxilla 2. Epidemiology Approximately 200 cases have been reported in the med...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Preinvasive adenocarcinoma lesion of the lung

Preinvasive lesions for lung adenocarcinoma are a category of small non-invasive lung lesions which are closely related to adenocarcinoma of the lung. They may represent a spectrum of premalignant to low-grade malignant lesions. The category includes two types of lesions: atypical adenomatous ...

Gallium-68 DOTATATE

Gallium-68 DOTATATE (or Ga-68 DOTATATE) is a PET radiotracer that is useful for evaluating primary and metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. It is a form of somatostatin-receptor (SSTR) functional imaging and most often combined with cross-sectional imaging in the form of PET-C...

CA 27-29

CA 27-29 is a tumor marker and is a soluble form of glycoprotein MUC1. It may be elevated in patients with breast cancer. Tumors of the colon, stomach, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, uterus, and liver may also raise CA 27-29 levels. Certain non-malignant conditions are also associated with its ...

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