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Deep inguinal lymph nodes

The deep inguinal lymph nodes (often shortened to the deep inguinal nodes) form a subgroup of the inguinal lymph node group, and are located within the femoral canal (medial compartment of the femoral sheath), medial to the femoral vein. They receive afferent lymphatic drainage from the deep lym...

Cystic adrenal neoplasm

Cystic adrenal neoplasms are uncommon and only account for a minority of cystic adrenal lesions 3. There may be several histological types: adrenal adenoma 1 adrenal cortical carcinoma 1,2 adrenal epithelioid angiosarcoma 2 pheochromocytoma 1 teratoma (pediatric population) 4 Differential ...

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney

Clear cell sarcomas of the kidney (CCSK) are a rare mesenchymal renal tumor that account for ~5% of primary renal neoplasms in the pediatric population 1. Epidemiology Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is the second most common primary malignant pediatric renal neoplasm after Wilms tumor, with...

T-prolymphocytic leukemia

T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and unusual hematological malignancy. Terminology In the most recent version of the WHO classification, this is referred to as T-prolymphocytic leukemia rather than T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Epidemiology It represents around 2% of all mature ...

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), also known as marantic endocarditis, refers to fibrin and platelets' aggregations on previously undamaged heart valves, in the absence of bacteremia. The condition is seen in advanced stage malignancies and is related to multisystemic emboli. Epide...

Metastases to the vagina

Metastases to the vagina are more common than primary vaginal malignancies and account for >80% of vaginal tumors. Pathology Metastases usually spread from contiguous sites most commonly, with lymphatic and hematogenous metastases also recognized. Tumors that metastasize to the vagina include...

Prostate specific antigen

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a tumor marker for prostate adenocarcinoma. PSA is a 33 kilodalton glycoprotein produced in prostate epithelial cells. Its normal physiologic role is as a liquefying agent for seminal fluid; only a tiny amount leaks into the blood, therefore ...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (encompasses bone marrow transplantation (BMT)) is a relatively common procedure used to treat a wide spectrum of conditions 1,2: lymphoproliferative disorders, e.g. multiple myeloma (most common indication), lymphoma, leukemia solid tumors, e.g...

Pancreatic mesenchymal neoplasms

Pancreatic mesenchymal neoplasms (or pancreatic nonepithelial neoplasms) are a group of rare pancreatic neoplasms that arise from the structural elements of the pancreas (nerves, fat, lymph), rather than from the exocrine or endocrine cells of the pancreas. Neoplasms from exocrine and endocrine ...

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure where a flexible feeding tube (commonly known as a PEG tube) is inserted through the abdominal wall and into the stomach. This may be placed under endoscopic or radiological guidance, in the latter, the procedure may be known as a percutan...

VIPoma

VIPomas (vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors) are a very rare type of pancreatic endocrine tumors that secrete, and get their name from, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The clinical syndrome resulting from these tumors is commonly known as WDHA syndrome, an acronym for the cardinal symptom...

Fluid-fluid levels in bone tumors

Fluid-fluid levels in bone tumors is a commonly encountered finding, both in benign as well as malignant bone tumors, and can be used to differentiate between the two. Measurement On the sagittal T2W image: measure the length of the largest fluid-fluid level (A) measure the maximum length of...

Cystic glioblastoma

Cystic glioblastoma is a descriptive term for one form of glioblastoma that contains a large cystic component, rather than being a pathological subtype. Please refer to the main article on glioblastoma for a broad discussion on this tumor. Radiographic features The main challenge in discrim...

Iodine-131

Iodine-131 (131I or I-131) is a radioisotope of iodine, which is used in the diagnosis, treatment and theranostic approach (diagnostic scan and radionuclide therapy 3 ) of thyroid lesions. It is one of the oldest radiotracers used in nuclear medicine, in use for over 50 years. It is predominate...

Juxtaglomerular cell tumor

Juxtaglomerular cell tumors, also known as reninomas, are uncommon renal tumor of the juxtaglomerular cells. The tumor cells secrete renin and often cause severe hypertension and hypokalemia. Epidemiology Juxtaglomerular cell tumor affect all age groups, but are most common in adolescents and ...

Medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body

Medulloepitheliomas of the ciliary body are rare primary intraocular embryonal tumors arising from the ciliary body of the eye. Terminology Medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body is also referred to as diktyoma or teratoneuroma of the ciliary body. It is included among the "tumors of the iris ...

Clear cell meningioma

Clear cell meningiomas are a histological variant of meningioma with poorer prognosis and a higher rate of recurrence. In the 5th Edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumors, they are classified as grade 2 tumors, regardless of mitotic index, cellular atypia/anaplasia, or presence of brain i...

Papillary meningioma

Papillary meningiomas are a rare subtype of meningiomas that tends to occur in young patients and are characterized by an aggressive growth pattern illustrated by atypical imaging features such as brain and bone invasion. These tumors have a strong tendency of recurrence, and extracranial metast...

Tumor markers

Tumor markers are a group of molecules in serum that are elevated in various malignancies and are often used to monitor treatment response as well as alert for potential progressive disease when in remission. Commonly used markers include: AFP (alpha fetoprotein) beta-hCG CA 15-3 CA 19-9 C...

CEA

Serum CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a cell-adhesive glycoprotein that was discovered in colorectal cancer in 1965, and is hence one of the oldest and most used tumor markers. Its name derives from its normal expression in fetoembryonic liver, gut and pancreas tissue. Normal range of CEA is ...

Patellar tumors

Patellar tumors are extremely rare. They can be either benign or malignant primary bone tumors, or metastases. Epidemiology Patellar tumors represent just 0.1% of all primary bone tumors 1. Clinical presentation Patients may present with anterior knee pain and/or a palpable mass 1,3. Path...

Dural metastases

Dural metastases, also known as pachymeningeal metastases, are a relatively common cause of dural masses, although they are less common than brain metastases and meningiomas. They can occur both within the spine and intracranially - this article is focused on intracranial dural masses. Clinica...

Pineal gland metastasis

Pineal gland metastasis is a rare site of metastatic disease. They usually occur concomitantly with leptomeningeal metastases. This article will discuss metastatic lesions affecting only the pineal gland. For other intracranial metastatic locations, please refer to the main article on intracran...

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is caused by a mutation to either BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These patients have an increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. However, these gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast ca...

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is an uncommon intermediate-grade fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumor. Terminology When occurring the finger, the term acral myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is used. Epidemiology It typically affects adults. Clinical presentation The patient may...

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (staging)

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis arises most commonly at the distal end of the penile urethra with local invasion of the glans. In addition to TNM classification, the following staging is used: Staging stage I: confined to the glans or foreskin stage II: invasion of penile shaft stage I...

Pulmonary chondroma

Pulmonary chondromas are rare, benign cartilaginous tumors of the lungs, and form part of the Carney triad although they can also arise sporadically. Epidemiology Sporadic pulmonary chondromas occur most frequently in middle-aged males, while those associated with Carney triad occur most frequ...

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is the most common primary malignant tumor that affects the laryngeal framework. Typically it is categorized by the laryngeal subsite affected, which affects presentation, treatment and prognosis. Epidemiology Males are more affected than females, and usu...

Small cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)

Small cell carcinomas of the bladder are rare bladder cancers with a poor prognosis. Its appearance overlaps other bladder cancers, in particular, urothelial/transitional cell carcinoma. Epidemiology A very rare tumor, it has been estimated at <0.0001% of bladder cancers. It is thought to have...

Trousseau syndrome

Trousseau syndrome is an inconsistently defined entity which broadly represents the association between thromboembolism and malignancy, often prior to or concomitantly with the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy 1. The syndrome has been variably defined to include entities such as migratory...

Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma

Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare tumor and refers to a situation where a synovial sarcoma arises from the lung as a primary site. It together with a pleural synovial sarcoma comes under the broader category of pleuro-pulmonary synovial sarcomas 3. Epidemiology It account...

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a relatively rare clonal hematologic disorder. In the World Health Organizatiοn classification, it is listed as a disorder with features of both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Clinical presentation Can be variable but many ...

Leukemia (CNS manifestations)

Leukemia CNS manifestations can be divided into those related to the disease itself and those associated with its treatment. Leukaemias are hematologic malignancies in which there is a proliferation of hematopoietic cells at an undifferentiated or partially differentiated stage of maturation. C...

Pineal germinoma

Pineal germinomas are the most common tumor of the pineal region accounting for ~50% of all tumors, and the majority (~80%) of intracranial germ cell tumors. Epidemiology There is a marked male predominance with a M:F of ~13:1. Most patients are 20 years or younger at the time of diagnosis. ...

Synchronous primary lung carcinoma

Synchronous primary lung carcinoma (SPLC) is a term given to the occurrence of two or more primary lung carcinomas within different portions of the lung in the same time period. They are thought to carry the same pathophysiological mechanism as metachronous lung carcinoma (i.e. two or more prim...

Radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy

Radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy or cranial arteritis encompasses a complex and broad range of effects on the intra- and extracranial vessels resulting from injury from radiation exposure. Manifestations can include hemorrhages and ischemic strokes, cavernoma and capillary telangiectasias...

Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis

Papillary cystadenomas of the epididymis are the second most common benign tumors of the epididymis after adenomatoid tumors and are common in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (vHL). Clinical presentation Papillary cystadenomas are usually asymptomatic. Epidemiology They are more comm...

Vulval neoplasms

Vulval neoplasms are rare and mostly seen in elderly female patients. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignancy of the vulva and only 30% of them are associated with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Pathology Squamous neoplastic lesions Premalignant classic vulvar...

Circumferential resection margin

Circumferential resection margin (CRM) is a term used to denote the standard plane of excision of total mesorectal excision, used for resection of rectal cancers. The anatomic correlate is the mesorectal fascia. The distance between tumor tissue or satellite tumor deposits and the mesorectal fas...

Leukostasis

Leukostasis, also known as symptomatic hyperleukocytosis, is a medical emergency in patients with leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), characterized by the over-accumulation of leukemic cells within the small vessels. Altho...

Radiation-induced sarcoma

Radiation-induced sarcoma (RIS) can originate in either the irradiated bone or soft tissues after a period of latency. They are usually high-grade tumors with a poor prognosis when compared with primary sarcomas. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and osteosarcoma are the two most common histo...

Engraftment syndrome

Engraftment syndrome (ES) refers to a potential early complication of haematopoetic stem cell transplantation. It is thought to be related to increased capillary permeability and comprises of a combination of symptoms and signs which include fever erythrodermatous skin rash noncardiogenic pul...

Lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma of the lung

Lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma (LPA) of the lung, formerly known as non-mucinous bronchoalveolar carcinoma, is a subtype of invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung characterized histologically when the lepidic component comprises the majority of the lesion. Terminology The category of "lepidic...

Colon polyp

Colon polyps are mucosal outgrowths of the colon wall. They are of interest to physicians and radiologists because of the accepted progression of adenomatous polyps to colon carcinoma. Pathology adenomatous colon polyps tubular polyp tubulovillous polyp villous colon polyp ...

Acinic cell carcinoma (lung)

Acinic cell carcinoma of the lung (also known as a Fechner tumor) is a type of lung carcinoma of the salivary gland type. It is extremely rare, especially when it presents in the form of primary acinic cell carcinoma. Pathology Histologically, they are comprised of clear cells with abundant gr...

Lymphedema

Lymphedema is the pathologic accumulation of fluid in the soft tissues as the result of impaired lymphatic drainage, with resultant inflammation, adipose tissue hypertrophy, and fibrosis. It can be either primary or secondary, due to surgery or disease processes. The condition can cause disfigur...

Fukuoka consensus guidelines

Fukuoka consensus guidelines, also referred to as the Tanaka criteria, is a classification system for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs). The prior international consensus guidelines (2006) were referred to as the Sendai criteria, which later ...

Thoracic lymph node stations

Thoracic lymph nodes are divided into 14 stations as defined by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 1, principally in the context of oncologic staging. For the purpose of prognostication, the stations may be grouped into seven zones. The IASLC definitions leave so...

Sinonasal lymphoma

Sinonasal lymphoma refers to the involvement of the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses with lymphoma. It can be primary or secondary. Clinical presentation The most common locations of sinonasal lymphoma are the nasal cavity and the maxillary sinus. Generally, T cell lymphoma (especially na...

Skeletal muscle metastases

Skeletal muscle metastases are uncommon compared to other sites and are generally seen in the context of widespread metastatic disease. Epidemiology Post-mortem rates of skeletal metastases vary between 0.03% and 17% 1. Clinical presentation Most commonly asymptomatic 2,3. Pathology Com...

Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) (previously known as angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD)) is a rare, aggressive (fast-growing) form of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. It only accounts for around 1-2% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is one of the more common subtyp...

Splenic metastases

Splenic metastases are relatively rare on imaging, although they are more commonly found on autopsy. Typically they are part of a widespread metastatic disease. Epidemiology The rate of splenic metastases varies between 1-10% of autopsy studies, depending on whether microscopic or macroscopic ...

Radiation-induced glioma

Radiation-induced gliomas are a rare complication of cranial irradiation, occurring in less than 3% of cases 15 years post-treatment. Glioblastomas correspond to three-quarters of all radiation-induced gliomas. The risk of developing a secondary CNS cancer following radiation exposure has been...

Tumor pseudoprogression (brain tumors)

Tumor pseudoprogression, also known just as pseudoprogression, corresponds to an increase in lesion size related to treatment, which simulates progressive disease. The term is largely used in brain tumor imaging follow-up, especially for high-grade gliomas (e.g. glioblastoma), and is observed af...

Tumor pseudoresponse

Tumor pseudoresponse, also known just as pseudoresponse, refers to the phenomenon of tumors appearing to respond to a specific treatment on imaging criteria when the lesion actually remains stable or has even progressed. Terminology The term is largely used for brain tumors during imaging foll...

Ovarian embryonal carcinoma

Ovarian embryonal carcinomas are rare and malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Epidemiology It is found predominantly in children and adolescents (average age 14 years). Clinical presentation Precocious puberty or menstrual irregularity occurs in 60% 2. The tumor can secrete beta-hCG and...

Spermatic cord leiomyosarcoma

Spermatic cord leiomyosarcomas are uncommon malignant paratesticular masses. Epidemiology Accounts for ~10% of spermatic cord sarcomas. The average of a patient at presentation is 58 years old (although has been seen as young as 15 years old). Clinical features Patients may have left inguina...

MRI reporting guidelines for cervical cancer

MRI reporting guidelines for cervical cancer help maintain uniformity of reports and assessment of important imaging staging criteria. Tumor size The tumor should be measured in three orthogonal planes. Tumors with a maximum diameter >4 cm are usually not amenable to primary radical surgery. ...

Rhabdoid meningioma

Rhabdoid meningioma is a rare and aggressive subtype of meningioma. Rhabdoid morphology is associated with a poor prognosis, regardless of tumor histogenesis. It resembles other types of rhabdoid tumors with a great tendency for recurrence 1,2. Extensive necrosis in rhabdoid meningioma might be ...

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a very rare and unique subtype of malignant melanoma. Epidemiology Sinonasal mucosal melanomas account for ~1% of malignant melanomas and <4% of head and neck cancers 1,2. They affect older patients (60-90 years old) 2. There is a higher incidence in Japan ...

Pulmonary artery sarcoma

Pulmonary artery sarcomas are extremely rare tumors that originate from the intimal mesenchymal cells of the pulmonary artery. It is frequently misdiagnosed as pulmonary thromboembolism. Epidemiology Primary malignant tumors of the pulmonary arteries are very rare with an incidence of 0.001–...

Perineural spread of tumor

Perineural spread of tumor is a form of local invasion in which primary tumors cells spread along the tissues of the nerve sheath. It is a well-recognized phenomenon in head and neck cancers. Terminology An important distinction has to be made between perineural invasion (PNI) and perineural ...

Secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma

Secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma (secondary hepatic lymphoma) is common, much more so than primary hepatic lymphoma. Clinical presentation Hepatomegaly with deranged liver function tests is the most common presentation. Jaundice is common. Rarely, patients may present with acute li...

MALT lymphoma

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, sometimes shortened to MALToma, is a type of low-grade extranodal lymphoma. Terminology In the 5th edition of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, it is a mature B-cell neoplasm termed extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-a...

Secondary involvement of the bone with lymphoma

Secondary involvement of the bone with lymphoma, also referred as secondary bone lymphoma, is much more common than primary bone lymphoma, occurring in ~15% of disseminated lymphomas. Terminology Secondary bone lymphoma is defined as lymphoma involving the bone with nodal disease occurring wit...

Primary bone lymphoma

Primary bone (skeletal/osseous) lymphoma (PBL) is a less common manifestation of lymphoma than secondary involvement from disseminated lymphoma. It is rare, accounting for <5% of bone tumors and <1% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Terminology PBL is defined as the presence of lymphoma isolated to one...

Muscle lymphoma

Muscle lymphoma is a rare manifestation of lymphoma. Epidemiology Muscle lymphoma is rare, representing <2% of all lymphomas. The average age of presentation is 70 years 1. Clinical presentation Focal swelling and/or pain along with B-type symptoms 2. Any muscle can be involved but most comm...

Testicular lymphoma

Testicular lymphoma is an uncommon testicular malignancy. Lymphoma can involve the testes in three ways: primary site of extranodal disease (primary testicular lymphoma) secondary involvement of systemic disease primary manifestation of subclinical systemic disease This article is c...

Secondary involvement of the pleura with lymphoma

Secondary involvement of the pleura with lymphoma (secondary pleural lymphoma) is very common, occurring in ~20% of lymphomas. It may be a result of an extension of lymphoma into the visceral or parietal pleura or be a complicating pleural effusion and is a poor prognostic factor. Epidemiology...

Primary pleural lymphoma

Primary pleural lymphoma is extremely rare, especially in immunocompetent patients. Epidemiology Primary pleural lymphoma accounts for <0.5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2 and ~2.5% of primary chest wall tumors 4. Pathology Primary pleural lymphoma may be Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma with...

Pleural lymphoma

Pleural involvement with lymphoma can occur in two situations: primary pleural lymphoma primary effusion lymphoma secondary involvement of the pleura with lymphoma

Metastases to the thyroid

Metastases to the thyroid are an uncommon cause of thyroid malignancy. Epidemiology Metastases to the thyroid represent 1.4-3% of all malignancies 5. In autopsy series, the incidence is ~10% (range 2-24%) 1,5. Pathology The most common sites of primary malignancy include (note these will v...

Thyroid lymphoma

Thyroid lymphoma is rare, accounting for a minority of both thyroid malignancies and lymphoma in general. The thyroid may be affected primarily or secondary to lymphoma elsewhere. This article is concerned with primary thyroid lymphoma. Epidemiology Thyroid lymphoma accounts for <5% of thyr...

Flare phenomenon (bone scintigraphy)

Flare phenomenon or osteoblastic flare phenomenon refers to interval visualization of lesions with a sclerotic rim around an initially lytic lesion or sclerosis of lesions previously undetected on radiograph or CT in the setting of follow-up of an oncological patient with other signs of partial ...

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAPS) is characterized by the presence of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon. It is the most common of the polyposis syndromes. Terminology Familial polyposis coli and attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis are variants of the same disease a...

MALT lymphoma (dura)

MALT lymphomas of the dura (also known as extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the dura), are an uncommon form of CNS lymphoma, accounting for an even smaller proportion of dural masses. They are, however, the most common form of primary dural lymphoma, in th...

Burkitt lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma predominantly affecting children. Epidemiology Burkitt lymphoma is the most common (40%) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood. Median age is eight years with a male predominance (M:F = 4:1) 1. It is less common in adults, accounting for 1-...

Myeloproliferative neoplasm

Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a diverse group of conditions that are characterized by an excess of terminally differentiated myeloid cells (red cells, white cells, and/or platelets) in the peripheral blood. Under WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, myeloproliferative neoplasms are c...

Deauville five-point scale

The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Incl...

LI-RADS

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is both a set of standardized terminology and a classification system for imaging findings in liver lesions. The LI-RADS score for a liver lesion is an indication of its relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The classification system...

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare neuromuscular junction disorder of paraneoplastic or primary autoimmune etiology. Epidemiology LEMS is the second most common neuromuscular junction disease after myasthenia gravis. Two-thirds of LEMS present as a paraneoplastic syndrome sec...

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Paraneoplastic syndromes occur secondary to the indirect effects of a malignancy and occur remotely to the primary malignancy. Symptoms are mediated by cytokines, hormones or immune cross-reactivity. These syndromes can cause a diverse range of symptoms and can affect multiple systems. Epidemio...

Endobronchial metastases (mnemonic)

Primary neoplasms which may result in endobronchial metastases may be memorized by utilizing the following mnemonic: Kiss My RBC 1 Mnemonic K: Kaposi sarcoma M: melanoma R: renal cell carcinoma B: breast cancer C: colorectal carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, carcinoid See also endobronchi...

Solitary pulmonary nodule (an approach)

A solitary pulmonary nodule, according to the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society, is defined as a rounded opacity, well or poorly-defined on a conventional radiograph, measuring up to 3 cm in diameter and is not associated with lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, or pneumonia. Several r...

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis. It carries a risk of transformation to acute leukemia. Epidemiology Its overall incidence is thought to be around 3.3 per 100,000. The...

ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies

The ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies encompasses all vascular malformations and tumors in a framework of internationally consistent nomenclature. ISSVA is the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. It is based on the initial classification published by Mulliken and...

Mediastinal lymph node enlargement

Mediastinal lymph node enlargement can occur from a wide range of pathologies, either by its own or in association with other lung pathology. Historically, a size cut-off of 10 mm short-axis diameter was used. Terminology Although mediastinal lymphadenopathy is used interchangeably - by some ...

Leiomyoma

Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle (myometrial) tumor, most commonly found in the uterus. Classification Leiomyoma is classified by location: uterine leiomyoma cervical leiomyoma leiomyoma of the urinary bladder urethral leiomyoma solitary cutaneous leiomyoma vascular leiomyoma (angiol...

Radioembolization

Radioembolization is the delivery of radioactive microspheres to cancers using an endovascular approach. It is often performed as an outpatient procedure. Indications hepatocellular carcinoma 2 hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma Contraindications Absolute contraindications exces...

Positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modern non-invasive imaging technique for quantification of radioactivity in vivo. It involves the intravenous injection of a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, waiting to allow for systemic distribution, and then scanning for detection and quantificat...

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH or SIAD) (also known as Schwartz-Bartter syndrome) was initially described in patients with lung cancer who developed hyponatremia associated with continued urinary sodium loss. The result is often dilutional hyponatremia in whi...

RANO criteria for glioma

Response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria (RANO), published in 2010 1, are used to assess response to first-line treatment of glioblastoma (as well as lower grade astrocytoma 3) and have largely superseded the older Macdonald criteria (which only dealt with glioblastoma multiforme) 2. For ...

Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type

Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, previously known as invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified, is the most common type of breast cancer (70-80%) 5. It is an infiltrating and malignant proliferation of neoplastic cells in the breast tissues. Terminology The 4th edition (2...

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