Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

Create new article

1,384 results found

Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn

Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn is a distinct entity and considered separately from intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in adults. In neonates, IVH is the result of germinal matrix hemorrhage, which ruptures through the ependymal lining and into the lateral ventricles. Other causes of...

Gastric volvulus

Gastric volvulus is a specific type of volvulus that occurs when the stomach twists on its mesentery. It should be at least 180° and cause bowel obstruction to be called gastric volvulus. Merely gastric rotation on its root is not considered gastric volvulus. Epidemiology Organo-axial volvulus...

Kallmann syndrome

Kallmann syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia or hyposmia. When anosmia is absent, a similar syndrome is referred to as normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Epidemiology It is a rare disorder with an estimate...

Kirner deformity

A Kirner deformity, also known as dystelephalangy, is characterized by a curvature of the distal phalanx of the 5th digit in both a palmar and radial direction. Epidemiology The deformity typically presents in late childhood to early adolescence, although a mild deformity may be present at bir...

Zebra stripe sign (bones)

The zebra stripe sign occurs where children with osteogenesis imperfecta have been treated with cyclical bisphosphonate therapy, e.g. pamidronate. When the drug is delivered in cycles, dense bone is formed while treatment is being given. This results in dense stripes across the metaphyses of bon...

Lückenschädel skull

Lückenschädel skull, also known as lacunar skull or craniolacunae, is a dysplasia of the membranous skull vault and is associated with Chiari II malformation (seen in up to 80% of such cases). The inner table is more affected than the outer, with regions of apparent thinning (corresponding to un...

Convolutional markings

Convolutional markings are normal impressions of the gyri on the inner table of the skull. They appear during the period of rapid brain development, typically between 3 and 7 years of age 4. They are seen predominantly posteriorly. Anterior involvement of the skull is referred to as a copper b...

Copper beaten skull

Copper beaten skull, also known as beaten silver skull or beaten brass skull, refers to the prominence of convolutional markings (gyral impressions on the inner table of the skull) seen throughout the skull vault. Clinical presentation There are no clinical features specific and unique to a co...

Wolman disease

Wolman disease is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of fats in multiple organs. This presents on imaging by hepatosplenomegaly and enlarged calcified adrenals. Clinical presentation Patients with Wolman disease typically present during the first ...

Coloboma

Coloboma is a collective term encompassing any focal discontinuity in the structure of the eye, and should not be confused with staphylomas, which are due to choroidal thinning. Terminology While coloboma is the collective term for any focal discontinuity in the eye's structure, many people u...

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a group of hereditary disorders, one of a number of lysosomal storage disorders, having in common an excessive accumulation of mucopolysaccharides secondary to deficiencies in specific enzymes (lysosomal hydrolases) responsible for degradation of mucopolysa...

Harlequin eye deformity

The harlequin eye deformity is characterized by elevation of the superolateral corner of the orbit. It may be seen in unilateral (plagiocephaly) or bilateral (brachycephaly) coronal suture synostosis. History and etymology The term harlequin eye derives from the appearance of the eyes on a har...

Posterior fossa astrocytoma

Posterior fossa astrocytomas, those arising either from the cerebellum or from the brainstem are most frequently seen in children. Approximately 60% of all pediatric astrocytomas are found in the posterior fossa (20% brainstem, 40% cerebellum). Many types of astrocytoma are found in the posteri...

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are uncommon WHO grade 4 tumors, which in the vast majority of cases occurs in young children less than two years of age. It most frequently presents as a posterior fossa mass. AT/RT often resembles medulloblastoma by imaging and even H&E microscopy, and...

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the CNS (historical)

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (or CNS PNET) were considered aggressive neoplasms of the brain, most frequently encountered in the pediatric population. Importantly, the term no longer appears in the current WHO classification of CNS tumors 11,12. Please refer to embryonal tumors with multil...

Ileal atresia

Ileal atresia is a congenital abnormality where there is significant stenosis or complete absence of a portion of the ileum. There is an increased incidence in those with chromosomal abnormalities. This article will focus on ileal atresia alone but bear in mind that some cases correspond to jej...

Hereditary connective tissue disease

Hereditary connective tissue diseases are an enlarging group of connective tissue diseases that have a degree of inheritance risk. They include: Marfan syndrome: genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: progressive deterioration of collagen and affects joints, heart ...

Normal myelination

After normal myelination in utero, myelination of the neonatal brain is far from complete. The first myelination is seen as early as the 16th week of gestation, in the column of Burdach, but only really takes off from the 24th week 1. It does not reach maturity until 2 years or so. It correlates...

Morgagni hernia

Morgagni hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are one of the congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs) and are characterized by herniation through the foramen of Morgagni. When compared to Bochdalek hernias, Morgagni hernias tend to be: anterior more often right-sided (~90%) small ra...

Caffey disease

Caffey disease or infantile cortical hyperostosis is a largely self-limiting disorder which affects infants. It causes bone changes, soft-tissue swelling, and irritability. It is distinct from physiological periostitis which can be seen involving the diaphyses of the tibiae, humeri, and femora ...

Flat floor of fourth ventricle sign

The flat floor of fourth ventricle sign is useful in detecting a pontine mass and is a sign of mass effect. The normal floor of the fourth ventricle (remember that the floor is anterior) normally slopes upwards towards the midline, with the facial colliculi visible on either side. It is a non-...

Brainstem glioma

Brainstem gliomas consist of a heterogeneous group that varies greatly in histology and prognosis. Unless otherwise specified, the term brainstem glioma usually refers to the most common histology of a diffuse midline glioma H3 K27-altered although many other gliomas can be encountered in the br...

Congenital infections (mnemonic)

The group of the most common congenital infections are referred to by the mnemonic TORCH or STORCH. They usually cause mild maternal morbidity but are related to serious fetal consequences 4. In cases where no serological, microbiological or immunological evidence of infection can be identified...

Looser zones

Looser zones, also known as cortical infractions, Milkman lines or pseudofractures, are wide, transverse lucencies with sclerotic borders traversing partway through a bone, usually perpendicular to the involved cortex, and are associated most frequently with osteomalacia and rickets. Given that...

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), often shortened to reflux disease, is a spectrum of disease that occurs when gastric acid refluxes from the stomach into the lower end of the esophagus across the lower esophageal sphincter. Epidemiology It affects 10% to 20% of the adult population in ...

Apgar score

Apgar score was originally described by Virginia Apgar (American anaesthesiologist, 1909-1974) in 1952. Helpfully, her surname is also a useful mnemonic for remembering the 5 factors: each is graded as 0, 1 or 2 with a total possible score of 10. The lower the score the worse the prognosis. Th...

Steeple sign (trachea)

The steeple sign (also called the wine bottle sign, and inverted V sign), refers to the tapering of the upper trachea on a frontal chest radiograph reminiscent of a church steeple, suggestive of croup. A corresponding lateral x-ray would show narrowing of the subglottic trachea and ballooning of...

Liddle syndrome

Liddle's syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition which inhibits the normal degradation of the ENaC sodium channel, resulting in findings that mimic Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism); hypernatremia, hypokalemia and elevated serum bicarbonate. Typically patients are asymptomatic other than ...

Bartter syndrome

Bartter syndrome is a rare inherited renal disorder. Pathology Bartter syndrome is characterized by hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular cells along with: hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis hypotension/normotension elevated plasma renin elevated aldosterone antenatal polyhydramnios Classific...

Aicardi syndrome

Aicardi syndrome is a rare severe developmental disorder. It results from an X-linked genetic defect that is fatal in males and therefore only manifests in females (except for rare 47, XXY cases). Terminology Aicardi syndrome is distinct from Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome although both are named ...

Coffin-Siris syndrome

Coffin-Siris syndrome, first described in 1970, is a rare genetic abnormality. Coffin-Siris syndrome should not be confused with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Epidemiology It occurs more frequently in females (with a M:F of ~4:1). Clinical presentation One of the most typical features is absence o...

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastomas are the second most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, with only high-grade gliomas being more common. They most commonly present as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical re...

Alexander disease

Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a rare fatal leukodystrophy, which usually becomes clinically evident in the infantile period, although neonatal, juvenile and even adult variants are recognized. As with many other diseases with variable age of presentation, the earl...

Leukodystrophies

The leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that primarily affect the white matter of the central nervous system. They are particularly encountered in childhood as many are genetically determined and represent abnormalities in white matter metabolism. A number of leukodystrophies...

Cortical desmoid

Cortical desmoids, also known as cortical avulsive injuries, Bufkin lesion or distal femoral cortical defects/irregularities, are a benign self-limiting entity that are common incidental findings. This is a classic "do not touch" lesion, and should not be confused with an aggressive cortical/per...

Biliary atresia

Biliary atresia is a congenital biliary disorder that is characterized by an absence or severe deficiency of the extrahepatic biliary tree. It is one of the most common causes of neonatal cholestasis, often causing cirrhosis immediately and leading to death and accounts for over half of children...

Yasargil classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations

The Yasargil classification is one of the two common systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations that is currently in use at the time of writing (mid 2016). Classification type I: small pure cisternal fistula between the vein of Galen (voG) and either the pericallosal arteries (anteri...

Pediatric cystic renal diseases

The pediatric cystic renal diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions defined by the presence of kidney cysts due to hereditary or non-hereditary causes: isolated simple cyst cystic renal dysplasia multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) obstructive cystic renal dysplasia genetic disorde...

Medullary cystic disease complex

Medullary cystic disease complex belongs to group of pediatric cystic renal diseases characterized by progressive tubular atrophy with glomerulosclerosis (chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis) and multiple small medullary cysts. Epidemiology There is no recognized gender predilection. Clinic...

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is one of many pediatric cystic renal diseases. On imaging, it usually presents on ultrasound with enlarged echogenic kidneys with multiple small cysts. Liver involvement with coarse echotexture, biliary tract cystic changes, and portal hype...

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) or Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SBDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by 1 : exocrine pancreatic insufficiency metaphyseal chondrodysplasia bone marrow hypoplasia (cyclic neutropenia) Epidemiology Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a ra...

Fibrous dysplasia

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a developmental benign medullary fibro-osseous process characterized by the failure to form mature lamellar bone and arrest as woven bone that can be multifocal. It can affect any bone and occur in a monostotic form involving only one bone or a polyostotic form involvin...

Pott puffy tumor

Pott puffy tumor refers to a non-neoplastic complication of acute sinusitis. It is characterized by a primarily subgaleal collection, subperiosteal abscess, and osteomyelitis. It is usually related to the frontal sinus but is sometimes secondary to mastoid pathology. Rarer etiologies include tr...

Pseudocysts of the germinal matrix

Pseudocysts of the germinal matrix can be present at birth in both pre-term and full-term infants and may be due to a variety of pathologic disorders, frequently occur following hemorrhage, but they are also found incidentally in otherwise normal infants. They are defined as pseudocysts because...

Septo-optic dysplasia

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), also known as de Morsier syndrome, is a condition characterized by optic nerve hypoplasia and absence of the septum pellucidum and, in two-thirds of patients hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. It is best thought of as being part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum (se...

Intracranial teratoma

Intracranial teratomas are uncommon intracranial neoplasms, which can have a bewildering variety of components and thus a wide range of appearances. They can be divided into two broad categories, intra- and extra-axial, which differ in epidemiology and clinical presentation. Another method of cl...

Roberts syndrome

Roberts syndrome, also known as Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome, pseudothalidomide syndrome, or Appelt-Gerken-Lenz syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation syndrome. Clinical presentation general intrauterine growth restriction postnatal growth retardation failure to thrive thrombocytope...

Target sign (intussusception)

The target sign of intestinal intussusception, also known as the doughnut sign or bull's eye sign. The appearance is generated by concentric alternating echogenic and hypoechoic bands. The echogenic bands are formed by mucosa and muscularis whereas the submucosa is responsible fo the hypoechoi...

Beta angle (developmental dysplasia of the hip)

The beta angle is a measurement used in the ultrasonographic assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Measurement The angle is formed by the cartilaginous roof to the vertical cortex of the ilium and thus reflects the femoral head cartilaginous coverage Technique for drawing th...

Alpha angle (developmental dysplasia of the hip)

The alpha angle is a measurement used in the ultrasonographic assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Terminology The term alpha angle is also used in a separate and unrelated context in the evaluation of femoroacetabular impingement. Measurement The angle is formed by the ac...

Graf method for ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip

The Graf method for ultrasound classification system for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants describes both alpha and beta angles. As a general rule, the alpha angle determines the type, and the beta angle determines the subtype. The angle is formed by the acetabular roof to the...

Perkin line

Perkin line is a line drawn perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, intersecting the lateral most aspect of the acetabular roof. The upper femoral epiphysis should be seen in the inferomedial quadrant: it should lie below Hilgenreiner line, and medial to Perkin line. If the nucleus of the femoral ...

Hilgenreiner line

The Hilgenreiner line (also known as Y-line 2 or teardrop line 3) is a line drawn horizontally through the inferior aspect of both triradiate cartilages. It should be horizontal but is mainly used as a reference for the Perkin line and measurement of the acetabular angle. This line with the oth...

Wyburn-Mason syndrome

Wyburn-Mason syndrome (also known as Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome) is a rare, nonhereditary neurocutaneous disorder that typically presents with unilateral vascular malformations that primarily involve the brain, orbits and facial structures. It is currently classified as a craniofacial arteri...

Wilms tumor (staging)

Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies. stage I confined to kidney complete resection possible stage II local spre...

Vitamin A

Vitamin A are a group of fat-soluble vitamers (the retinoids) required for many physiological functions, mainly vision, reproduction and epithelial maintenance. In the retina, a specific retinoid, 11-cis-retinal, is formed by photoisomerisation within the rods and cones. The retinoids are hemati...

Vesicoureteric reflux (grading)

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) grading divides vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) according to the height of reflux up the ureters and degree of dilatation of the ureters: grade 1: reflux limited to the ureter grade 2: reflux up to the renal pelvis grade 3: mild dilatation of ureter and pe...

Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation

Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs), probably better termed as median prosencephalic arteriovenous fistulas, are uncommon intracranial anomalies that tend to present dramatically during early childhood with features of a left-to-right shunt and high-output cardiac failure. Epidemiolo...

VACTERL association

VACTERL is an acronym that describes a non-random constellation of congenital anomalies. It is not a true syndrome as such and is equivalent to the VATER anomaly. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 1 in 10,000-40,000 births 3. Associations Several conditions have features in common with...

Ureterocele

Ureteroceles represent abnormal congenital dilatation of the distal-most portion of the ureter. The dilated portion of the ureter may herniate into the bladder secondary to the abnormal structure of vesicoureteric junction (VUJ). Epidemiology A ureterocele occurs in about 1 in 5000 to 1 in 120...

Ulegyria

Ulegyria refers to a shrunken and flattened cortex usually due to global hypoxic ischemic injury in term infants, centering on the deepest portion of gyri, usually in the parasagittal region. It is here that perfusion is most tenuous and, therefore, most susceptible to ischemic damage 1. Clinic...

Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TS), also known as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or Bourneville disease, is a phakomatosis (neurocutaneous disorder) characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors of the embryonic ectoderm (e.g. skin, eyes, and nervous system). Epidemiology Tuberous sclerosi...

Trisomies

The trisomies are chromosomal anomalies which usually occur due to non-disjunction. The vast majority of affected fetuses are spontaneously aborted, often very early during gestation. Only three are compatible with extrauterine life (T13, T18, T21), and only one beyond early infancy (T21). In o...

Transient tachypnea of the newborn

Transient tachypnea of the newborn, also known as retained fetal fluid or wet lung disease, presents in the neonate as tachypnea for the first few hours of life, lasting up to one day. The tachypnea usually resolves within 48 hours. Epidemiology Transient tachypnea is one of the most common c...

Tillaux fracture

Tillaux fractures are Salter-Harris III fractures through the anterolateral aspect of the distal tibial epiphysis, with variable amounts of displacement. Epidemiology It occurs in older children and adolescents when the medial aspect of the distal tibial growth plate has started to fuse. Path...

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC) are the most common type of congenital neck cysts and pediatric neck masses. They are typically located in the midline and are the most common midline neck mass in young patients. They can be diagnosed with multiple imaging modalities including ultrasound, CT and M...

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy syndrome, with often characteristic imaging and clinical findings. It is divided into two broad groups: medial epilepsy most common involves the mesial temporal lobe structures most frequently due to mesial temporal scler...

Tectal glioma

Tectal gliomas fall under the grouping of childhood brainstem gliomas and unlike the other tumors in that group they are typically low grade astrocytomas with good prognosis. Epidemiology Tectal plate gliomas are encountered in children and adolescents 4. A male predilection has sometimes bee...

Target sign (pyloric stenosis)

The target sign of pyloric stenosis is a sign seen due to hypertrophied hypoechoic muscle surrounding echogenic mucosa, seen in pyloric stenosis. This is likened to a target. See also antral nipple sign (pyloric stenosis) cervix sign (pyloric stenosis) shoulder sign (pyloric stenosis)

Supracondylar humeral fracture

Supracondylar humeral fractures, often simply referred to as supracondylar fractures, are a classic pediatric injury which requires vigilance as imaging findings can be subtle. Epidemiology Simple supracondylar fractures are typically seen in younger children, and are uncommon in adults; 90% a...

Strawberry skull

Strawberry skull refers to the shape of the head on an antenatal ultrasound. Epidemiology Associations In general, strawberry skull is considered one of the non-specific 'soft markers' for abnormal fetal development. It is considered more closely associated with trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome). ...

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE), also known as a slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), (plural: epiphyses) is a relatively common condition affecting the physis of the proximal femur in adolescents. It is one of the commonest hip abnormalities in adolescence and is bilateral in 20-40%...

Situs inversus

Situs inversus, (rare plural: sitūs inversi) short form of the Latin “situs inversus viscerum”, is a term used to describe the inverted position of chest and abdominal organs. Terminology The condition is called situs inversus totalis when there is a total transposition of abdominal and thorac...

Situs classification

Situs classification (plural: sitūs) or body situs can be a daunting topic, but it falls into three main groups: situs solitus: the normal configuration of thoracic and abdominal organs situs inversus: mirror image of the normal configuration situs ambiguus (heterotaxy): an intermediate confi...

Scimitar syndrome

Scimitar syndrome, also known as hypogenetic lung syndrome, is characterized by a hypoplastic lung that is drained by an anomalous pulmonary vein into the systemic venous system. It is a type of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and is one of the several findings in congenital pulmonary ...

Scoliosis

Scoliosis (plural: scolioses) is defined as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is quite common in young individuals and is often idiopathic and asymptomatic. In some cases, however, it is the result of underlying structural or neurological abnormalities. Terminology Early onset sco...

Schizencephaly

Schizencephaly is a rare cortical malformation that manifests as a grey matter lined cleft extending from the ependyma to the pia mater. Terminology Some authors do not use the term schizencephaly, preferring to group these disorders under the blanket term of porencephaly. For the purpose of t...

Salter-Harris classification

The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and, at the time of writing (January 2023) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures. Classification Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR. type I s...

Scaphocephaly

Scaphocephaly (also known as dolichocephaly) is the most common form of craniosynostosis, where premature closure of the sagittal suture results in an impediment to the lateral growth of the skull while anteroposterior growth continues, producing a classic elongated, yet narrow, skull. Epidemi...

Salter-Harris fracture classification (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics for remembering the Salter-Harris classification system are: SALTR SMACK SMETI Fortunately, this is also the order of prognosis (from best to worse) Mnemonics SALTR S: slipped (type I) A: above or away from joint (type II) L: lower (type III) T: through or transverse o...

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor with skeletal muscle cell morphology. It is one of the tumors of muscular origin. This article focuses on a general discussion of rhabdomyosarcomas. For location-specific details, please refer to: rhabdomyosarcomas of the biliary tract rhabdomyosar...

Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever is an illness caused by an immunological reaction following group A streptococcal infection. Epidemiology Risk factors include: children and adolescents aged 5 to 15 years developing nations where antibiotic prescription is low 1 poverty, overcrowding Clinical presentation...

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastomas are the most common intraocular neoplasm found in childhood and with modern treatment modalities, are, in most cases, curable. On imaging, they are generally characterized by a heterogeneous retinal mass with calcifications, necrotic components and increased vascularization on D...

Episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis syndrome

Episodic spontaneous hypothermia with hyperhidrosis syndrome (ESHH) is a rare syndrome characterized by periodic hypothermia and hyperhidrosis. This occurs in the absence of agenesis of the corpus callosum, thus differentiating it from Shapiro syndrome 1. Epidemiology Episodic spontaneous hypo...

Pyloric stenosis

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction. Epidemiology Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) refers to the abnormal location of gas within the pulmonary interstitium and lymphatics usually due to positive pressure ventilation. It typically results from rupture of overdistended alveoli following barotrauma in infants with respiratory distress syndro...

Pulmonary sequestration

Pulmonary sequestration, also called accessory lung, refers to the aberrant formation of segmental lung tissue that has no connection with the bronchial tree or pulmonary arteries. It is a bronchopulmonary foregut malformation (BPFM). There are two types: intralobar sequestration (ILS) extral...

Prune belly syndrome

Prune belly syndrome, also known as Eagle Barrett syndrome 3 or triad syndrome, is a rare anomaly comprising a specific constellation of features. It consists of three major findings: gross pelvicalyceal and ureteric dilatation with renal dysplasia 7 anterior abdominal wall underdevelopment (r...

Posterior fossa tumors

Posterior fossa tumors have a very different differential in an adult as opposed to a child. Adult cerebellar metastases (most common) especially lung cancer and breast cancer also melanoma, thyroid malignancies, and renal cell cancer gastrointestinal stromal tumor (very ra...

Portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is defined as a hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) >5 mmHg. Hepatic venous pressure gradient is a surrogate for the portosystemic pressure gradient. Clinically significant portal hypertension is defined as a gradient >10 mmHg and variceal bleeding may occur at a gradient...

Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is one of many malformations of cortical development (see classification system for cortical malformations), and along with grey matter heterotopias, falls under a group of conditions characterized by abnormalities both in the migration of neurons to the cortex and abnormal cortic...

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Pilocytic astrocytomas, also known as juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, are circumscribed astrocytic gliomas that typically to occur in young patients. The majority of sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas arise from the cerebellum, whereas in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1, they often involve...

Pectus excavatum

Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations. Epidemiology It is the most common chest wall deformity, accounting for approximately 9...

Filtered (1)Done (clear)

+Systems

+Article Sections

+Sort By

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.