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P sign

The alphabet P sign, or just P sign, is a sonographic finding in acute epiglottitis. Using point of care ultrasound (POCUS), on a longitudinal view at the level of the thyrohyoid membrane, a P-shaped hypoechogenicity is apparent. The curved portion of the P is formed from the edematous epiglotti...

Fuhrmann syndrome

Fuhrmann syndrome is a rare non-lethal genetic limb malformation syndrome characterized by 1,2: hypoplasia of pelvis bowing of femur bone polydactyly hypoplastic fibula symmetrical fingernail deficiency 4 tooth anomalies 5 malformed thumbs 8 It is a syndrome in which there is a partial l...

Odontoid process agenesis

Odontoid process agenesis is rare, occuring due to a lack of failure of ossification of the odontoid process. It is seen in patients with spondyloepiphyseal and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia 1,2. Radiographic features Plain radiograph On plain film, odontoid process agenesis appears small, as...

Kasai portoenterostomy

Kasai portoenterostomy is the surgery that comprises exposing the porta hepatis by radical excision of all bile duct tissue up to the liver capsule and attaching a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum to the uncovered liver capsule above the bifurcation of the portal vein creating a portoenterostomy 1. In...

Thyroid nodules in pediatric patients

Thyroid nodules in pediatric patients are much less common than in adults but raise greater concern due to higher rates of malignancy. Epidemiology Thyroid nodules are much less common in children, with an estimated prevalence of around 1-2% 4, compared with adults but have higher rates of ma...

Megalocornea

Megalocornea is a rare bilateral congenital ocular defect characterized by a corneal diameter of more than 13 mm with the deep anterior chamber and normal intraocular pressure 1-3. Epidemiology Megalcornea is associated with Chordin-like 1 (CHRDL1) gene mutation 1,2. It is associated with mult...

Mercedes Benz craniosynostosis syndrome

Mercedes Benz pattern craniosynostosis also known as pure bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis (BLSS) is a pattern of craniosynostosis 1,2. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at around 0.3 - 0.7 % 3. Clinical presentation Cognitive function is grossly normal. Dolichocephalic hea...

Connective tissue disease

The connective tissue diseases or disorders (CTDs), also known as collagen vascular diseases, form a large heterogeneous group of conditions that are linked by a disease process that primarily involves the connective soft tissues of the body and often the vasculature too, due to shared structura...

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) is an emerging pediatric disease occurring after prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and is therefore strongly associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Terminology The World Health Organiz...

Wassel classification for radial polydactyly

The Wassel classification system is used to classify pre-axial polydactyly, also called radial polydactyly. The classification system is based on the level of duplication from distal to proximal. I: bifid distal phalanx II: duplicated distal phalanx III: bifid proximal phalanx IV: duplicate...

Pediatric finger (lateral view)

The lateral finger view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the distal metacarpal, distal, middle and proximal phalanges of the finger of interest. The patient position can vary depending on which finger is being imaged. Indications This projection is useful for diagnosing f...

Catel-Manzke syndrome

Catel-Manzke syndrome is a digitopalatal syndrome initially described in 1961. Inheritance pattern is unknown. Radiographic findings include micronagthia and accessory ossicles at the bases of the metacarpals.

Orbital lymphangioma

Orbital lymphangiomas, also known as orbital venous lymphatic malformations, are congenital benign orbital vascular malformations composed of variable venous and lymphatic components. Epidemiology Orbital lymphangiomas are common in children. Clinical presentation orbital swelling and propto...

Pseudoachondroplasia

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) refers to a type of osteochondrodysplasia. Clinical presentation It is characterized by: rhizomelic dwarfism limb and vertebral deformities joint laxity early onset osteoarthrosis Furthermore, typically there is an absence of abnormality and a normal craniofac...

Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma

Calcifying aponeurotic fibromas, also known as juvenile aponeurotic fibromas or just aponeurotic fibromas are superficial benign potentially recurrent fibroblastic soft tissue tumors usually seen in the palms and soles of children and adolescents 1,2. Epidemiology Calcifying aponeurotic fibro...

Inclusion body fibromatosis

Inclusion body fibromatosis is a superficial benign myofibroblastic tumor characterized by eosinophilic intracytoplasmatic inclusions. These tumors are also known under the terms infantile digital fibroma or fibromatosis, recurring digital fibroma of childhood, recurring digital fibrous tumor of...

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis, also known as hyaline fibromatosis syndrome or infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome outlined by painful, abnormal, often deforming deposits of hyalinized fibrous material in the extracellular matrix of the skin, subcutaneous soft tis...

Lipofibromatosis

Lipofibromatosis refers to a rare unspecified/borderline slow-growing soft tissue tumor prone to recurrence, which is often found in the hands and feet of children. Terminology Infantile or juvenile fibromatosis variant is an alternative term, which has been used but is now discouraged 1. Ep...

Gardner fibroma

Gardner fibromas or Gardner associated fibromas are benign fibrous plaque-like soft tissue masses formed by a haphazard arrangement of collagen fibers usually associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. Terminology The term 'desmoid precursor lesion' is now discouraged 1. Epidemiology Ga...

Infantile fibrosarcoma

Infantile fibrosarcomas also known as congenital fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma-like tumor, and cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma are locally aggressive rarely metastasizing fibroblastic tumors found in the pediatric population. Epidemiology Infantile fibrosarcomas are most common...

Absent posterior limb sign

The absent posterior limb sign is one of the main MRI findings of prognostic significance in term neonates with suspected hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. An absent posterior limb sign is defined as loss of the normally distinct hyperintensity on T1-weighted images in the posterior part of the pos...

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of pre- and postnatal overgrowth syndrome represented by mild to severe intellectual disability 3,7, anomalies of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, renal and gastrointestinal tract were ...

Cerebellar cleft

Cerebellar clefts are rare congenital abnormalities of the posterior fossa, where cerebellar grey matter extends from the surface into the parenchyma, in some cases even reaching the fourth ventricle. Clinical presentation Language and speech disorders, cognitive impairment, truncal ataxia, o...

Perlman syndrome

Perlman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive overgrowth syndrome with earlier neonatal mortality. Maximum survival documented in the literature is up to nine years 4. Clinical presentation Perlman syndrome is demonstrated by a combination of many clinical features which includes polyhydramni...

Pediatric finger (PA view)

The posteroanterior finger view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the distal metacarpal, distal, middle and proximal phalanges of the finger of interest. Indications This projection demonstrates the metacarpal and interphalangeal joint spaces in their natural anatomic posi...

Legius syndrome

Legius syndrome is a neurocutaneous disease, one of the RASopathies, and is characterized by multiple café-au-lait spots, with or without freckles and macrocephaly. Epidemiology More than 200 cases were reported between 2007 and 2013 1,3. Although rare, it is estimated that up to 2% of patien...

Riley-Day syndrome

Riley-Day syndrome, also known as familial dysautonomia, is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic autosomal recessive disorder that primarily affects the autonomic nervous system 1,9. Epidemiology Familial dysautonomia is more common in Ashkenazi Jews 1. Clinical presentation Recurrent aspiratio...

Pediatric opioid use‐associated neurotoxicity with cerebellar edema (POUNCE) syndrome

Pediatric opioid use‐associated neurotoxicity with cerebellar edema (POUNCE) syndrome is a toxic encephalopathy in children with opioid overdose that features prominent cerebellar edema. Cerebellar predominance, along with variable supratentorial involvement, appears to be a distinct pattern of ...

Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome

The Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome is characterized by chronic hypothyroidism with high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), delayed bone age, precocious puberty but lacking pubic and axillary hair growth 1. Epidemiology The acquired form of hypothyroidism is seen in children caused by chr...

Leukoencephalopathy due to autosomal recessive mutations in the mitochondrial alanyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase gene (AARS2-L)

Leukoencephalopathy due to autosomal recessive mutations in the mitochondrial alanyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase gene (AARS2-L) refers to a rare, adult-onset leukodystrophy 1. AARS2-L strongly resembles adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). Epidemio...

Ossification centers of the hand

Primary ossification centers present at birth Visible on x-ray from birth: metacarpal diaphyses: 9 weeks in utero phalangeal diaphyses: 9-12 weeks in utero Primary ossification centers developing after birth Ossification of the carpal bones occurs in a predictable sequence, starting with th...

Levene index

The Levene index or ventricular index is a marker of ventricular size in infants. It is defined as the distance between the falx and the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle in the coronal plane 1. Usage The Levene index is a marker of ventricular volume and thus can be...

Keutel syndrome

Keutel syndrome is an extremely rare inherited condition. Clinical presentation It is characterized by: cartilage calcification of: ears nose larynx trachea - with resultant tracheobronchial stenosis ribs pulmonary arterial stenoses brachytelephalangism (short fingers and nails that re...

Pituitary blastoma

Pituitary blastomas are a very rare type of pituitary tumor. Epidemiology Pituitary blastomas typically affect children under 2 years old. They are almost pathognomonic for DICER1 syndrome and warrant testing for germ-line DICER1 mutation if found 1,2. Clinical presentation Pituitary blastom...

Claustrum sign

The claustrum sign refers to the bilateral claustral involvement seen in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). This sign is described on T2 and FLAIR sequences, seen as hyperintensity of both claustra during the acute phase and posterior hypointensity during the chronic phase if ...

Juvenile recurrent parotitis

Juvenile recurrent parotitis is a form of recurrent inflammatory parotitis occurring in childhood. Epidemiology Juvenile recurrent parotitis is considered the second most common cause of parotitis in childhood and commonly begins between 3 and 6 years of age. Clinical presentation Multiple ...

Finger series (pediatric)

The finger series for pediatrics often consist of a posteroanterior and lateral view only in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on the department and clinical indication, an additional oblique view may also be done. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspected...

Thumb series (pediatric)

The thumb series for pediatrics often consist of a posteroanterior and lateral view only in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on the department and clinical indication, an additional oblique view may also be done. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspec...

Chondromesenchymal hamartoma

Chondromesenchymal hamartomas are rare, benign, tumor-like nasal masses in children that have been associated with DICER1 mutations. Epidemiology The entity is rare: a systematic review of the literature in 2015 identified fewer than 50 reported cases 2. The mean age of presentation is 10 year...

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis diagnostic criteria (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the diagnostic criteria of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is: THRALL PVC Mnemonic T: tuberous sclerosis H: HRCT characteristic or compatible lung findings of LAM RA: renal angiomyolipoma L: lymphatic malformations L: lung biopsy-proven LAM P: pneumothorax V: V...

Burkitt lymphoma (abdominal manifestations)

Abdominal manifestations of Burkitt lymphoma occur in the non-pandemic variant of Burkitt lymphoma. For a general discussion of Burkitt lymphoma, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to Burkitt lymphoma. Whenever Burkitt lymphoma presents, it is predominantly an e...

Greulich and Pyle method

The Greulich and Pyle method is one of the two main ways to assess the bone age of children. Both main methods of bone age assessment require a left hand and wrist radiograph. The Greulich and Pyle method makes use of a standard bone age atlas that the reporter can compare their image to and m...

Little league shoulder

Little league shoulder is thought to occur due to overuse damage of the proximal humeral epiphysis/metaphysis, seen typically in young baseball players, especially pitchers. Epidemiology Although it is most commonly seen in baseball players particularly in pitchers, it also presents in adolesc...

Bile plug syndrome

Bile plug syndrome, also known as inspissated bile syndrome, is an uncommon cause of jaundice in neonates. Refers to a rare extrahepatic mechanical obstruction of the major bile duct in the perinatal period caused by viscous bile (sludge) within its lumen 3. Epidemiology Risk factors Risk fa...

GM2 gangliosidoses

The GM2 gangliosidoses are a small group of three closely-related rare genetic conditions, all due to a deficiency of beta-hexosaminidase, an enzyme vital for the metabolism of GM2 gangliosides in lysosomes, especially important in the brain. The GM2 gangliosidoses form a subgroup of the lysosom...

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy

The progressive myoclonic epilepsies form a disparate group of rare severe conditions that are characterized by deteriorating action myoclonus, although other CNS symptoms and signs are often present. Unverricht–Lundborg disease (EPM1) Lafora body disease (EPM2) action myoclonus renal failure...

Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease

Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants is a well-known side-effect from the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Prostaglandin-E1 (injectable form), and prostaglandin-E2 (oral form) are E-type prostaglandins (PGE), that are commonly used in newborns with cyanotic cong...

Soap bubble appearance (differential diagnosis)

Soap bubble appearance describes a multi-loculated bubbly appearance of lesion or structure. A soap bubble appearance of a bone lesion refers to: an expansile lytic lesion with internal trabeculations and preserved cortex, usually of benign nature but may be used to describe more aggressive ...

Tanner-Whitehouse method

The Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) method is a way of assessing the bone age of children. There are several variations of this method, but all use a DP radiograph of the left hand and wrist to assess the relative maturity of the bones of the patient. The TW2 (Tanner-Whitehouse 2) methods 1: RUS (radiu...

Fontanelle

Fontanelles are the soft membraneous regions of the fetus and neonate calvarium where the corners of three or four developing flat bones meet and allow for the growth over the skull over the developing brain. There are two main, palpable fontanelles in the midline: anterior fontanelle, the lar...

Pediatric wrist (lateral view)

The lateral wrist view for pediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the carpal bones, distal radioulnar joint and metacarpals. Indications This projection is an orthogonal view of the PA wrist and is used to diagnose fractures and localize foreign bodies in pediatric patients. It a...

Pediatric abdomen (invertogram view)

The invertogram view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen and is often used exclusively in characterizing anal atresia. However, as this view may be less comfortable for the patient and result in a more technically challenging examination, a more ideal alternative tec...

Pediatric abdomen (prone cross-table lateral view)

The prone cross-table lateral view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen and is a more ideal alternative to the invertogram, which may be less comfortable for the patient. This discomfort may result in a continuously crying baby, causing the puborectalis sling to contr...

Salter-Harris type V fracture

Salter-Harris type V fractures are very uncommon injuries that occur in children. These fractures involve a crush injury of the physis secondary to compressive forces that involve all or part of the physis 1,2. In general Salter-Harris fractures are childhood injuries where there is a fracture t...

Salter-Harris type IV fracture

Salter-Harris type IV fractures are relatively uncommon injuries that occur in children. They are intra-articular injuries in which the fracture extends through the epiphysis, across the physis and through the metaphysis. Salter-Harris fractures are a group childhood injuries where a fracture in...

Tyrosinemia type 1

Tyrosinemia type 1 is an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolic origin. Progressive renal tubular defects and hepatocellular carcinoma are the primary manifestations. Epidemiology More common in Turkey, India and Europe. Clinical presentation Presentation is typically in the first few mon...

Hepatic teratoma

Hepatic teratomas are extremely rare and represent either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal teratomas that have invaded the liver. Hepatic teratomas comprise <1% of all teratomas. Epidemiology These are extremely rare with only a few case reports have been described in the literature. The ma...

Pediatric forearm (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral forearm view for pediatrics is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require as...

Pediatric forearm (PA view)

The posteroanterior forearm view for pediatrics is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require assessment...

Pediatric forearm (lateral view)

The lateral forearm view for pediatrics is one of two standard projections in the forearm series to assess the radius and ulna. Indications This view allows for the assessment of suspected dislocations or fractures and localizing foreign bodies within the forearm. However, this view should no...

Pediatric forearm (AP view)

The anteroposterior forearm view for pediatrics is one of two standard projections in the forearm series to assess the radius and ulna. Indications This view demonstrates the elbow joint in its natural anatomical position allowing for assessment of suspected dislocations or fractures and local...

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). Epidemiology Affects 1 per 380,000 individuals, which are nearly all male given the X-linked inheritance 1. Clinical presentation hyperuricemia-...

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastomas (CPDN) are rare pediatric cystic renal tumors. They are distinct from pediatric cystic nephromas although they have very similar imaging appearances. Terminology Evolving terminology regarding cystic nephromas and other cystic renal tumors reflec...

Myofibroma

Myofibromas are benign neoplasms of soft tissues of myofibroblastic differentiation. Terminology 'Myofibroma' is used for solitary lesions and 'myofibromatosis' for multicentric lesions. Epidemiology Myofibromas can occur at any age, but most predominantly occur in infants and young childre...

Pediatric wrist (oblique view)

The oblique wrist view for pediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the carpal bones, distal radioulnar joint and metacarpals. Indications This projection is useful for diagnosing subtle wrist fractures and the location of the fracture; particularly in adults. However, the oblique...

Forearm series (pediatric)

The forearm series for pediatrics comprises an anteroposterior and lateral projection. These projections examine the entire radius and ulna including the distal and proximal articulations. Indications Forearm x-rays are indicated for a variety of settings including: trauma bony tenderne...

Propylene glycol peak

Propylene glycol is one of the possible peaks in MR spectroscopy (MRS) and resonates at 1.13 ppm. Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is a solvent of various intravenous drugs (e.g. phenobarbital), which is the ﬁrst therapeutic choice for neonatal convulsions ref. Due to metabolic immaturity, n...

Pediatric immobilization

Pediatric immobilization relates to techniques used to keep children still for medical imaging examinations. Since radiation dose can affect children up to ten times more than adults 1, it is important to keep the radiation dose to a minimum. One method of achieving this is by avoiding repeat im...

Pediatric elbow (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral elbow view for pediatrics is an alternative projection to the lateral view in the elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. Indications This view demonstrates an orthogonal view of the AP elbow and is ideal for patients who are unable to...

Filling defect

A filling defect is a general term used to refer to any abnormality on an imaging study which disrupts the normal opacification (filling) of a cavity or lumen. The opacification maybe physiological, for example, bile in the gallbladder or blood in a dural venous sinus, or maybe due to the instal...

Pediatric wrist (PA view)

The posteroanterior wrist view for pediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the carpal bones, distal radioulnar joint and metacarpals. Indications This projection demonstrates the wrist joint in its natural anatomical position allowing for evaluation of the distal radius, ulna and...

Afibrinogenemia

Afibrinogenemia, also called congenital afibrinogenemia, is a rare autosomal recessive inherited blood disorder due to deficiency of the clotting protein fibrinogen. The disorder is associated with increased risk of spontaneous hemorrhage1. Epidemiology Afibrinogenemia has an estimated prevale...

Pediatric elbow (horizontal beam AP view)

The horizontal beam anteroposterior elbow view for pediatrics is an alternative projection to the anteroposterior view in the elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard ...

Pediatric elbow (AP view)

The anteroposterior elbow view for pediatrics is part of the two view elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. Indications The projection demonstrates the elbow joint in its natural anatomical position allowing for adequate radiographic examination of the articula...

Pediatric elbow (lateral view)

The lateral elbow view for pediatrics is part of a two view elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. Indications The projection is the orthogonal view of the AP elbow allowing for examination of the ulna-trochlear joint, coronoid process, and the olecranon process....

Elbow series (pediatric)

The elbow series for pediatrics is a set of radiographs taken to investigate elbow joint pathology, often in the context of trauma. It usually comprises an anteroposterior and lateral projection in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on the department and clinical indicati...

Hyperpyrexia

Hyperpyrexia, also known as hyperthermia, is a term reserved for very high fevers and is usually only deemed to be present when the core body temperature is >41.5°C 1,2. Clinical presentation Very high fevers appear to be markedly deleterious for cognitive wellbeing, patients often being delir...

Wrist series (pediatric)

The wrist series for pediatrics often consist of a posteroanterior and lateral view only in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on departmental protocols, the oblique view may also be included as a standard view. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspecte...

CASK related disorders

CASK related disorders are caused by mutations of the CASK gene and have a wide phenotypic spectrum, with a typically more disabling phenotype in females. Clinical presentation In males there may be mental retardation and congenital nystagmus. In females there may be only mental retardation, ...

Hunter syndrome

Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1. Epidemiology Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...

Radiation effects on embryonic and fetal development

Radiation effects on embryonic and fetal development are generally considered low risk compared to the normal risks of pregnancy. Most diagnostic x-ray and nuclear medicine examinations are <50 mSv and have not been demonstrated to produce any significant impact on fetal growth and development. ...

Pediatric hand (lateral view)

The lateral hand view for pediatrics is an orthogonal view taken along with the PA view of the hand. The lateral view is used to primarily assess for foreign bodies and/or displacement of fractures/dislocations. Indications This view is useful in assessing suspected dislocations, fractures or ...

Pediatric hand (oblique view)

The oblique hand view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the phalanges, metacarpals, carpal bones and distal radioulnar joint. Indications This view is useful in assessing suspected dislocations or fractures, localizing foreign bodies or evaluating juvenile idiopathic/rheuma...

Lateral humeral line

The lateral humeral line is used to confirm the alignment of the pediatric radiocapitellar joint in the coronal plane 1. This is particularly important in injuries such as a Monteggia fracture-dislocation or in a radial neck fracture. Measurement The lateral humeral line is drawn on a pediatri...

Patterns of normal bone marrow distribution in the spine

Patterns of normal bone marrow distribution in the spine have been described by Ricci 1. They apply to patients from the age of 6 months. Gross anatomy There are four patterns of normal red and yellow bone marrow distribution, with great variability not only between patients, but between respe...

Coalition

A coalition is a joining of two bones that are normally discrete 1. It is usually a congenital abnormality. The bridge between the bones is initially fibrous, then gradually becomes cartilaginous, finally ossifying. Symptoms tend to arise as the coalition forms a synostosis, which is usually fro...

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a complex organic disorder, characterized by profound fatigue and associated marked impairment of both physical and mental functioning. Its underlying etiology is undetermined and a curative treatment remains elusive. Terminology ...

Pediatric hand (PA view)

The posteroanterior hand view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the phalanges, metacarpals, carpal bones and distal radioulnar joint. Indications This view is useful in assessing suspected dislocations or fractures, localizing foreign bodies or evaluating juvenile idiopath...

Hand series (pediatric)

The hand series for pediatrics often consist of a posteroanterior and lateral view only in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on the department and clinical indication, an additional oblique view may also be done. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspected di...

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma

Kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas are rare, locally invasive vascular tumors that often present in infancy, most commonly as an enlarging cutaneous mass 1,2. They are currently classified as distinct from tufted angiomas in the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies. However, some consider it...

Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis

Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA) is a rare lymphatic anomaly associated with a poor prognosis. Disease hallmarks include multifocal, intra- and extra-thoracic lymphatic malformations, thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. Epidemiology The exact prevalence and incidence of kaposiform...

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) is a rare interstitial lung disease of childhood that typically presents in the first year of life. Terminology Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy was previously reported as persistent tachypnea of infancy until the disease was found to...

Upper limb radiography (pediatric)

Upper limb radiography involves plain film imaging of the shoulder, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals and carpal bones in pediatric patients. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of...

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