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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a complex organic disorder, characterized by profound fatigue and associated marked impairment of both physical and mental functioning. Its underlying etiology is undetermined and a curative treatment remains elusive. Terminology ...

Pediatric hand (PA view)

The posteroanterior hand view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the phalanges, metacarpals, carpal bones and distal radioulnar joint. Indications This view is useful in assessing suspected dislocations or fractures, localizing foreign bodies or evaluating juvenile idiopath...

Hand series (pediatric)

The hand series for pediatrics often consist of a posteroanterior and lateral view only in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on the department and clinical indication, an additional oblique view may also be done. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspected di...

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma

Kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas are rare, locally invasive vascular tumors that often present in infancy, most commonly as an enlarging cutaneous mass 1,2. They are currently classified as distinct from tufted angiomas in the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies. However, some consider it...

Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis

Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA) is a rare lymphatic anomaly associated with a poor prognosis. Disease hallmarks include multifocal, intra- and extra-thoracic lymphatic malformations, thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. Epidemiology The exact prevalence and incidence of kaposiform...

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) is a rare interstitial lung disease of childhood that typically presents in the first year of life. Terminology Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy was previously reported as persistent tachypnea of infancy until the disease was found to...

Upper limb radiography (pediatric)

Upper limb radiography involves plain film imaging of the shoulder, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals and carpal bones in pediatric patients. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of...

Tadpole sign

The tadpole sign, also known as the lollipop sign, refers to a characteristic morphology of post-traumatic bridging vein thrombosis with a rounded "head" and a tapering "tail". The finding demonstrates a high specificity for abusive head trauma, a sub-type of non-accidental injury, and should wa...

Branchio-otic syndrome

Branchio-otic syndrome (also known as BOS, BOS1, BO syndrome 1 and branchiootic dysplasia) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. It manifests as abnormalities of the second branchial arch, with predominant abnormalities of the ear. No renal disease is seen, in contradistinction to its close name...

Five Ts of cyanotic congenital heart disease (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the most important congenital heart defects associated with cyanosis is: 5 Ts Mnemonic T: tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) T: transposition of the great arteries (TGA) T: truncus arteriosus T: total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) T: tricuspid valve abnormalities...

Pediatric abdomen (supine cross-table lateral view)

The supine cross-table lateral view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen. As radiation dose is an important consideration for pediatric imaging, the horizontal beam lateral view is not often performed; although this will vary based on the department. Indications Thi...

COVID-19

For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...

Head ultrasound

Head ultrasound (HUS), also called cranial ultrasound (CUS), is obtained for the diagnosis and follow-up of premature and sick neonates. Advantages Head ultrasound has the advantages of: accessibility mobility, i.e. bedside scanning at the NICU and neonatal ward requiring no sedation enabl...

Trisomy 8 mosaic

Trisomy 8 mosaicism or Warkany syndrome is a less severe variant of trisomy 8 and individuals with a low proportion of affected cells may exhibit a comparatively mild range of physical abnormalities and developmental delay. They are more likely to survive into childhood and adulthood but can exh...

Microgallbladder

Microgallbladder is a common abdominal manifestation of cystic fibrosis. It defines a gallbladder that has a length less than 2-3 cm and a width less than 0.5-1.5 cm on sonographic evaluation 1. Epidemiology The incidence of microgallbladder varies considerably in the literature, however most ...

Apodia

Apodia is a rare non-syndromic transverse terminal lower limb defect characterized by the congenital absence of the foot and ankle. The remainder of the lower limb is present including both the tibia and fibular epiphyses. It can be unilateral or bilateral. See also acheiria hemimelia

Hemimelia

Hemimelia is the term used to describe a partial or complete congenital absence of the distal half of a limb. It comprises of: fibular hemimelia tibial hemimelia ulna hemimelia radial hemimelia

Inguinal lymph nodes

The inguinal lymph nodes (often shortened to the inguinal nodes) are a major group of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system. They are the major drainage pathway of the lower limbs, genitals, perineum, gluteal region and the inferior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall. Inguinal lymph nodes large...

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a form of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. It can have variable levels of severity. Epidemiology It is considered the most common inborn error of metabolism of the urea cycle, with an incidence of one case per 14,000 live births. Pathology It is ...

Congenital hallux valgus

Congenital hallux valgus is a very rare finding wherein a fetus or newborn shows lateral deviation of the first toe(s). When found on prenatal imaging, bilateral congenital/foetal hallux valgus is highly suggestive of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva 1,2.

Tit sign (pyloric stenosis)

The tit sign of pyloric stenosis is seen on barium studies as an outpouching of the lesser curve of the stomach proximal to the impression of the hypertrophied pyloric muscle. It represents the transient trap of contrast medium between a peristaltic wave and the thickened, hypertrophied pyloric...

Subpial hemorrhage

Subpial hemorrhage is a rare form of extra-axial intracranial hemorrhage defined as hemorrhage between the cortical surface and the pia mater. It is an entity that is generally difficult to distinguish from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Epidemiology Subpial hemorrhage has been typically described i...

Fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of cognitive disability and is the result of the mutation in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Epidemiology Although the degree of cognitive disability is typically more severe in males with fragile X syndrome, females can al...

Schindler disease

Schindler disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficiency of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (alpha-NAGA or alpha-galactosidase B). Epidemiology It is a rare disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. Clinical presentation Age and severity of presentation depends ...

Premature thelarche

Premature thelarche is the onset of female breast development before age 7–8 years. Pathology As with age-appropriate thelarche, premature thelarche may be asymmetric or unilateral. Premature thelarche may occur as an isolated event or as part of precocious puberty. Isolated premature thelar...

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis refers to lymphadenopathy due to mycobacterial infection other than M. tuberculosis. Epidemiology Most cases occur in immunocompetent children younger than 5 years of age. Clinical presentation Patients present with a firm, painless mass that enlarges ...

Acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis (plural: bronchitides) refers to acute-onset, short-term bronchial inflammation. It is usually self-limiting and often the result of a viral infection. Chest radiography is rarely necessary. Epidemiology Acute bronchitis can affect people of all ages, but it is commonest in ch...

Sanjad Sakati syndrome

Sanjad Sakati syndrome, also known as hypoparathyroidism-intellectual disability-dysmorphism syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Epidemiology The syndrome is almost exclusively found in people of Arab origin. There is an equal distribution in both sexes. Clinical presentation h...

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare lymphoproliferative condition. Clinical presentation It presents with chronic lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and symptomatic multilineage cytopenias in an otherwise healthy child. Pathology It represents a failure of apoptotic mechanis...

Borchardt's triad (gastric volvulus)

Borchardt's triad comprises of the classic three symptoms diagnostic of gastric volvulus 1: severe sudden epigastric pain intractable retching without vomiting inability to pass a nasogastric tube

Encephalomyosynangiosis

Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is an indirect revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease as a way to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and circle of Willis. It entails dissecting strips of vascularized temporalis muscle and subjacent galeal flap and, following craniotomy and openin...

Encephaloduroarteriomyosynangiosis

Encephaloduroarteriomyosynangiosis (EDAMS) is an indirect revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease or syndrome as a way to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and circle of Willis. It represents the combination of encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) and encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (...

MEGDEL syndrome

MEGDEL syndrome (3-MEthylGlutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome) is a recently described syndrome with infantile onset. These patients typically initially receive a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome, based on clinical and biochemical features and an abnormal basal ganglia s...

Turtle sign (fetal shoulder dystocia)

Turtle sign is a clinical sign of fetal shoulder dystocia in which the fetal head retracts 3. The head bobbing, emerging and then pulling back could be conceptualised as similar to a turtle pulling its head into and out of its shell. The sign does not necessarily signify true shoulder dystocia 2.

DICER1 syndrome

DICER1 syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing individual to the development of multiple tumor types. DICER1 is considered a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the endoribonuclease protein Dicer. The first association with pleuropulmonary blastoma was discovered in 2009. Ass...

Fetal tricuspid regurgitation

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (also known as tricuspid insufficiency) is a common finding in imaging of the fetus. Tricuspid regurgitation represents the abnormal backflow of blood into the right atrium during right ventricular contraction due to valvular leakage (i.e. it is a valvulopathy). Ep...

Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is a condition characterized by bilateral edema caused by protein deficiency. Epidemiology The largest population at risk for the condition are children who have begun weaning from breast milk or formula towards diets without sufficient protein. Therefore, kwashiorkor often affects...

Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist

The Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist by WW Greulich and SI Pyle is a classic radiological text that was first published in 1950. Its second edition was released in 1959. Although an old text, which has been reprinted multiple times over the intervening years, many...

Neuroblastoma (image-defined risk factors)

Image-defined risk factors are imaging features seen at the time of neuroblastoma diagnosis that confer a poorer prognosis. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) suggested an update (2009) to the neuroblastoma staging with a list of features that, if present, upstages a patient with ...

Vitamin D deficiency (overview)

Vitamin D deficiency (also known as hypovitaminosis D) is common, and untreated, may result in serious sequelae. Traditionally its pathological manifestations have been regarded through the lens of skeletal maturity: rickets in children osteomalacia in adults However it has become increasingl...

mTOR protein

The mTOR proteins, an abbreviation for mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as mechanistic target of rapamycin, are two proteins that are involved in cell signaling pathways implicated in tumorigenesis. The mTOR proteins are serine/threonine protein kinases that combine with several other ...

Hernia (general)

Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening. The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...

Pseudo-Jefferson fracture

A pseudo-Jefferson fracture, or pseudospread of the atlas on the axis, refers to the normal overhanging of the lateral edges of the lateral masses of C1 over the lateral edges of the body of C2 seen in children. Most often, children will display this physiologically until about 7 years of age wh...

Divry van Bogaert syndrome

Divry van Bogaert syndrome is a familial juvenile-onset syndrome characterized by livedo racemosa, juvenile ischemic stroke, juvenile cerebral white matter disease leading to premature dementia, and epilepsy. Clinical presentation juvenile ischemic stroke epilepsy early-onset cognitive impai...

Congenital facial nerve aplasia

Congenital facial nerve aplasia is a rare condition where the patient presents with signs of facial nerve paralysis. Clinical presentation Patients present with unilateral or bilateral facial weakness characterized by facial asymmetry, incomplete closure of eyelid, deviation of angle of mouth ...

Delbet classification

The Delbet classification helps predict the risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in neck of femur fractures, as well as determine operative vs non-operative management. Classification type I: trans-epiphyseal separation fracture through proximal femoral physis, and represents Salte...

Incarcerated

Incarcerated (also referred to as irreducible) is used to describe herniae, in which their contents are unable to pass back through the hernial opening to their anatomical site of origin 5. Incarceration is a risk factor for bowel obstruction and strangulation, and therefore usually necessitat...

Halberd pelvis

A halberd pelvis refers to a pathognomonic appearance of the pelvis seen in metatropic dysplasia, a rare form of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia. hypoplastic ilia with narrow sacrosciatic notches horizontal acetabular roofs with small associated notches superior to their lateral borders prom...

Yaws

Yaws, also known as framboesia, is a tropical disease produced by the Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. Epidemiology Yaws is a tropical disease. Infections have declined dramatically over the last century, however the disease is still present in several countries in Africa and Asia 1. Y...

Srb anomaly

The Srb anomaly describes an anatomic variant of the ribs, in which there is partial to complete bony ankylosis of the first and second ribs.

Zika virus infection

Zika virus infection is a zoonosis which is associated with congenital birth defects, with microcephaly the most widely known. Epidemiology Zika was once isolated to Africa and Asia, however, it spread to the Americas in the last decade 1. There were thousands of cases confirmed in the America...

Cerebellar mutism syndrome

Cerebellar mutism syndrome, also known as post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS), usually develops after resection of midline cerebellar or intraventricular tumors in the posterior cranial fossa. Typical features of this condition are transient mutism, ataxia, hypotonia and i...

Cholera

Cholera is an acute infective diarrheal illness caused by Vibrio cholerae. Severe cholera causes large volume liquid stools, which may rapidly lead to hypovolemic shock and death, unless intensive rehydration therapy is instituted. Prevention of cholera depends upon access to clean water and eff...

Biotin deficiency

Biotin deficiency is very rare. Biotin is a vitamin which acts as an enzymatic cofactor with a key role in energy production and the synthesis of fats. Biotin is present in a diverse range of cereals, nuts, seeds and eggs. Hence, true deficiency is unusual. It has been observed in the following ...

Rib fractures (NAI)

Rib fractures in non-accidental injury are a relatively common mode of presentation in inflicted non-accidental injury. Rib fractures can be separated based on their location: posterior lateral costochondral junction Posterior rib fractures are most commonly the result of an anteroposterior...

Skeletal survey (non-accidental injury)

A skeletal survey in non-accidental injury is a defined set of images that are obtained to assess the majority of the bones in the child. Referral for a skeletal survey in this context will usually come from a member of the child protection team, and there should be a thorough discussion about t...

Skull fracture (NAI)

Skull fractures in non-accidental injury are the result of abusive impact head trauma. However, not all skull fractures in children are the result of abuse. Accidental head injury may result in a skull fracture and it is important for the radiologist to understand what features make a non-accide...

Abusive head trauma

Abusive head trauma is a term that is used for inflicted head injury that has occurred by either shaking, impact head trauma, or both, as part of the spectrum of non-accidental injury (NAI). Pathology Intracranial injuries Subdural hemorrhage in a child should be viewed with suspicion. Most o...

Oxygen

Oxygen (chemical symbol O) is one of the basic organic elements, and is a constituent of most of the known organic molecules - and therefore all lifeforms - on earth. Chemistry Basic chemistry Oxygen is a colourless odorless diatomic gas with an atomic number 8 and atomic weight 15.999. It h...

Urinary tract dilatation classification

The urinary tract dilatation (UTD) classification system is a proposed unified classification of urinary tract dilatation for prenatal and postnatal care. This classification was developed by the collaboration of clinicians from eight societies (American College of Radiology (ACR), American Inst...

Global testicular infarction

Global testicular infarction is fortunately rare, and is most commonly seen in the context of testicular torsion. However rarely it can occur secondary to other causes. Diagnosis Doppler ultrasound is the mainstay for assessing testicular blood flow and diagnosing ischemia 1. Hyperemia and in...

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized clinically by abnormalities affecting the eyes, craniofacial structures, and branchial sinuses. Epidemiology More than 80 cases have been reported in the global literature since its f...

Blood pressure

The blood pressure (BP) is defined as the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Fundamentally the blood pressure depends upon the interaction of: blood volume cardiac contractility compliance of the arterial walls Blood pressure is traditionally measured i...

Pulmonary blastoma

Pulmonary blastomas comprise a rare group of lung tumors principally consisting of immature mesenchymal and epithelial structures that structurally mimic the embryonic lung. Epidemiology Pulmonary blastomas are usually diagnosed in pediatric populations, however have been identified in young a...

Hereditary hyperphosphatasia

Hereditary hyperphosphatasia, also known as juvenile Paget disease, is an autosomal recessive osteopathy due to osteoprotegerin deficiency which has a similar clinicoradiological presentation to adult Paget disease of bone. Terminology The term "hyperphosphatasia" has been used to describe a h...

Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets

Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, previously known as vitamin D resistant rickets, refers to a genetically heterogeneous group of causes of rickets related to renal phosphate wasting. The disorder is resistant to treatment with vitamin D supplementation. Clinical presentation Children prese...

Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis

Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) is a rare pediatric interstitial lung disease associated with alveolar growth abnormalities. Clinical presentation Patients may present in the neonatal period with disproportionate respiratory distress (neonatal respiratory distress). Pathology It i...

Thyroid transcription factor 1 deficiency

Thyroid transcription factor 1 deficiency is a situation characterized by mutations in the gene encoding thyroid transcription factor, NKX2-1. Pathology It can result in neurological, thyroid, and pulmonary dysfunction (including neonatal respiratory distress). Children can have a range of mil...

Lordosis

Lordosis (plural: lordoses) is the term used to refer to the normal anterior curvature of the cervical and lumbar spines when viewed from the side (concavity at the posterior aspect of the spine (cf kyphosis). Lordosis cervicis and lordosis lumbalis are the respective Terminologia Anatomica term...

Self‐limiting sternal tumors of childhood

Self‐limiting sternal tumors of childhood (SELSTOC) are rare, self-limiting, dumbbell-shaped chest wall tumor found in young children. Epidemiology Median age is 16 months (range 7-50 months). Pathology The pathology is not clearly defined, but often shows aspecific inflammation. Radiograp...

Clothing artifact

Clothing artifacts, like jewelry artifacts, are a regular feature on imaging examinations, especially plain radiographs, but in general are recognized for what they are, either at the time the image is taken by the radiographer, or later by the reporting radiologist. The radiographer will often ...

Lysosomal storage disorders

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) form a large group of clinical entities, more than forty now described, with the common etiological theme being the presence of dysfunctional lysosomal proteins, with the secondary accumulation of toxic metabolites inside the cellular lysosomes. Epidemiology ...

Hepatosplenomegaly

Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly). Pathology Etiology Infection Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive. viral EBV...

Pediatric abdomen (lateral decubitus view)

The lateral decubitus radiograph is an additional projection for assessing the pediatric abdomen. This view is ideal for displaying free air in the abdomen and/or if the patient is unable to lie supine 1. As radiation dose is an important consideration for pediatric imaging, the lateral decubitu...

Anterior lenticonus

Anterior lenticonus is present when the anterior surface of the ocular lens assumes a conical shape. Epidemiology It can be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral anterior lenticonus is associated with Alport syndrome. Clinical presentation Decreased visual activity and irregular refraction that...

Pfeiffer syndrome

Pfeiffer syndrome (also known as type V acrocephalosyndactyly) is characterized by skull and limb abnormalities. Epidemiology It affects about 1 in 100,000 births Clinical presentation craniosynostosis hypertelorism proptosis maxillary hypoplasia brachydactyly syndactyly Pathology Pfe...

Limbus labrum

A limbus labrum is as an enlarged and deformed acetabular labrum, which covers the lateral margin of a subluxed femoral head. Epidemiology Seen in children and young adults. Clinical presentation hip pain and labral tears seen mainly in settings of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) o...

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (also known as type III acrocephalosyndactyly) is characterized by limb and skull abnormalities. Epidemiology It is the most common craniosynostosis syndrome and affects 1:25 - 50,000 individuals. Males and females are equally affected. Clinical presentation The spe...

Barlow disease (disambiguation)

Barlow disease could refer to: infantile scurvy - named after Sir Thomas Barlow (1845-1945) who demonstrated infantile scurvy to be the same disease as adult scurvy Barlow disease - mitral valve: form of mitral valve prolapse - named after John Brereton Barlow (1924-2008) 2

Progressive postnatal pansynostosis

Progressive postnatal pansynostosis (PPP) is a rare form of craniosynostosis characterized by the late fusion of all cranial sutures. Epidemiology This type of craniosynostosis occurs insidiously after birth and presents later in life unlike other types of craniosynostosis which occur during t...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Hip series

The hip series is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiograph of the hip joint. The series is requested for a myriad of reasons from trauma to atraumatic hip pain. Indications Hip radiographs are performed for a variety of indications including 1-3: trauma hip pain a...

Familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) (also known as recurrent polyserositis) is a genetic autoimmune condition that is notable for its spontaneous self-limiting acute episodes of fever and serositis, especially peritonitis and synovitis. Epidemiology Familial Mediterranean fever tends to be ethn...

Vitamin B6 deficiency

Vitamin B6 deficiency (also known as hypovitaminosis B6) is rare, as the B6 vitamers are present in many commonly-consumed foodstuffs. It is most commonly seen in the context of chronic ethanol excess, although many other risk factors are known. In children, deficiency may manifest as seizures. ...

Pediatric abdomen (PA erect view)

The PA erect abdominal radiograph is the standard view for assessing air-fluid levels and free air in the pediatric abdomen. This view may be taken alongside the AP supine and lateral decubitus views. As radiation protection is an essential consideration in pediatrics, some departmental protocol...

Pediatric abdomen (AP supine view)

The AP supine abdominal radiograph is a routine view when imaging the pediatric abdomen. This view may be taken alongside the PA erect and lateral decubitus views. As radiation protection is an essential consideration in pediatrics, some departmental protocols may only perform one view (either t...

Physeal arrest

Physeal arrest refers to the disturbance or complete cessation of normal growth of skeletally immature bone at the physeal growth plate due to the latter's premature closure. Classification Physeal arrests can be either complete 10, i.e. premature closure of the entire physeal growth plate, or...

Abdomen radiograph (pediatric)

The abdomen radiograph is a commonly requested examination in the pediatric patient. Children that present for abdominal x-rays are often very unwell, therefore specialized techniques and appropriate communication are essential for gaining the child's cooperation. Indications Performing abdom...

Foreign body inhalation series (pediatric)

The suspected foreign body inhalation series although not a primary port of investigation aims to detect and identify both foreign bodies or the secondary signs of inhaled foreign bodies 1. It involves a frontal chest radiograph in both the inspiration and expiratory phases and, in some cases, b...

Foreign body ingestion series (pediatric)

The suspected foreign body ingestion series is a set of radiographs utilized to detect and identify foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract. It involves an AP and lateral radiograph of the neck, chest, and abdomen ensuring adequate coverage of the entire gastrointestinal tract 1. Patient p...

Umbilicus

The umbilicus is the fibrous remnant of the fetal attachment of the umbilical cord after birth. Gross anatomy All layers of the anterior abdominal wall fuse at the umbilical ring, a small round defect in the linea alba located just inferior to the midpoint between the xiphoid process of the st...

Heavy charged particle therapy

Heavy charged particle therapy (also known as heavy ion radiotherapy) is a type of particle therapy that uses ionized atoms (e.g. neon, argon, silicon, carbon etc.). Currently carbon ions are most commonly employed, termed carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). It is a technically-demanding technique ...

CyberKnife

CyberKnife is a stereotactic radiotherapy system which uses a compact linear accelerator mounted on a robotic arm, coupled with a digital x-ray image guidance system. The robotic arm allows movement with many degrees of freedom compared to typical linear accelerators which only rotate around the...

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