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1,386 results found

Sincipital encephalocele

Sincipital encephaloceles are congenital herniations of cerebral parenchyma through a cranial defect. There are three main types 1,2: frontonasal encephalocele (~50%): more common in Asia and Latin America 4 nasoethmoidal encephalocele (30%): more common in North America 4 nasoorbital (nasola...

Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF)

Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder. Clinical presentation Patients usually present in late adolescence or early adulthood with 1-3 myoclonus epilepsy cerebellar ataxia intellectual disability vision and/or hearing loss cardiomyo...

Kump's bump

Kump's bump, also known as the Kump hump, is a superior convexity of the growth plate located in the anteromedial quadrant of the distal tibia physis, which is the first site of physeal fusion. Closure usually occurs at about 12-13 years of age. The Kump's bump should not to be mistaken for a fr...

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy, also known as Ganz osteotomy, is an orthopedic procedure involving osteotomy surrounding the acetabulum and subsequent angulation to improve coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. It is performed in the context of hip dysplasia. There is an osteotomy th...

Congenital muscular dystrophies (central nervous system manifestations)

Congenital muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive myopathies presenting at birth with hypotonia, delayed motor development, and early onset of progressive muscle weakness, confirmed with a dystrophic pattern on muscle biopsy. Clinical presentation There is a wid...

Leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts

Leukoencephalopathy with calcification and cysts, also known as Labrune syndrome, is a rare condition that consists of a triad of leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcification and edematous cysts. Epidemiology Leukoencephalopathy with calcification and cysts is an extremely rare condition, with ...

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) (previously known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONK)) is a serious metabolic derangement that can occur in patients with diabetes mellitus, predominantly those with type 2. While there are no distinct imaging features, it is useful for a radiologist to...

Meningocele

Meningoceles (also spelled meningocoele) are protrusions of the meninges through a defect or weak point in the skull or spine, usually involving the soft tissues beneath the surface of the skin. They are typically categorized into congenital, iatrogenic (e.g. following a craniotomy, sinus surger...

Periosteal new bone formation in children

Periosteal reaction in the pediatric population, also known as periostitis in children, is relatively common occurrence and can result from many causes. Differential diagnosis The differential diagnosis for multiple bone periostitis include but not limited to the following: physiological peri...

Snowman sign (disambiguation)

Snowman sign, also sometimes referred to as a figure of 8 sign or dumbell sign, is a radiologic sign related to conditions that have a shape which resembles a snowman. This include: snowman sign (total anomalous pulmonary venous return) 1 snowman sign (pituitary macroadenoma) 2,3

M-line of Cremin

M-line of Cremin is an imaginary line that can be used to determine the level at which the blind pouch ends in anal atresia, determining whether the anal atresia is a high or a low type. The line is drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the ischium on the lateral view and passes through the j...

Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes

Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) are rare small round blue cell tumor of the central nervous system. They are one of the most aggressive brain tumors usually encountered in children and are WHO grade 4 tumors. Terminology Previously embryonal tumors with multilayered rosette...

Dandy-Walker continuum

Dandy-Walker continuum, also referred to as Dandy-Walker spectrum or Dandy-Walker complex, corresponds to a group of disorders believed to represent a continuum spectrum of posterior fossa malformations, characterized by inferior vermian hypoplasia and incomplete formation of the fourth ventricl...

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, also referred as pontocerebellar hypoplasia of Barth, is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hypoplasia of the pons and cerebellum. This condition has 10 different described subtypes, all of them with a prenatal onset 3. History and et...

Growth arrest lines

Growth arrest lines, also known as growth resumption lines, Harris lines or Park lines, are alternating transverse rings of sclerosis at the metaphysis of a long bone. Pathology The radiographic finding occurs from alternating cycles of osseous growth arrest and growth resumption. This appears...

Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome

Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome, also known as cerebellotrigeminal-dermal dysplasia, is a rare phakomatosis characterized by rhombencephalosynapsis, parietal-occipital scalp alopecia, brachycephaly, facial malformations and trigeminal anesthesia. Epidemiology There have only been 35 reported c...

Isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia

Isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia (IIVH), also referred as part of Dandy-Walker variant (DWV), is a congenital malformation characterized by partial absence of the inferior portion of the cerebellar vermis. Terminology The term Dandy-Walker variant was created to include those malformations...

Colonic transit study

The colonic transit study is an older technique to estimate colonic transit time. Terminology Various names are used for this type of study including shapes study, colon motility test, Sitz marker study and Transit-Pelletsmethod, and variations thereof. Indications In constipation, it can ...

Lethal omphalocele-cleft palate syndrome

Lethal omphalocele-cleft palate syndrome is, as the name suggests, characterized by the association of omphalocele and cleft palate. Prevalence is assumed to be <1 per 1,000,000. It has been postulated that this syndrome is likely to be an autosomal recessive condition 1. History and etymolog...

Tracheal buckling

Tracheal buckling is a normal finding in young infants when the trachea is more flexible. There is typically deviation of the trachea anteriorly and to the right (up to 90°). Normal deviation to the left is observed only when aortic arch is locate to the right of the trachea 4. Any other configu...

Neonatal hydronephrosis

Neonatal hydronephrosis is most commonly diagnosed antenatally as fetal pylectasis, and in the majority of cases is due to pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction. Pathology Etiology pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction (50% of cases 1,6) vesicoureteric reflux (~20% of cases 5) poste...

Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries

Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) are persistent tortuous fetal arteries that arise from the descending aorta and supply blood to pulmonary arteries in the lungs usually at the posterior aspect of hilum. Pathology Embryologically, the intersegmental arteries regress with the no...

Surgically-created cardiac shunts (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for surgically-created cardiac shunts for congenital heart disease is: Great Flow Really Would Be Perfect The mnemonic is ordered by the position of the shunt antegrade to normal blood flow through the heart, proceeding from the systemic venous system into the right heart, and then...

Multicystic encephalomalacia

Multicystic encephalomalacia corresponds to a variant of encephalomalacia commonly seen in neonates in which numerous loculated lacy pseudocysts within the white matter and cortex are present as a result of an extensive brain insult. Pathology It is a common feature observed in neonatal hypox...

Congenital cataract

Congenital cataracts are a major cause of blindness with early detection the most important factor in reducing impact on future vision. Epidemiology Incidence is ~3 per 100,000 in the United Kingdom 1. Although the incidence tends to be higher in areas with increased rates of congenital infec...

Sacral dimple

Sacral dimples are a clinical and radiological feature that is associated with occult spinal dysraphism (e.g. tethered cord syndrome) but are more frequently a non-significant isolated finding. Epidemiology Common in healthy children (~5%) 1. Pathology Simple sacral dimples have the followin...

Subcortical leukomalacia

Subcortical leukomalacia corresponds to a continuous disease spectrum of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) as the vascular border zones shift towards the periphery as the brain further matures. For this reason white matter lesions move from the periventricular to the subcortical zone. Please r...

Neonatal encephalopathy

Neonatal encephalopathy is a clinical syndrome referring to signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function in the first few days of life in a neonate born at or beyond 35 weeks of gestation. It is described as decreased level of consciousness, difficulty with initiating and maintaining re...

Patterns of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury

Neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injuries can manifest in different patterns of involvement depending on the severity and timing of the insult. When considering the perinatal maturation process of the brain and the severity of an insult, it is possible to understand the various manifestations. T...

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterized by the triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis. There are two forms of this syndrom...

Haystack sign (pneumomediastinum)

The haystack sign on chest radiographs in pediatric patients is indicative of pneumomediastinum. The pediatric heart is surrounded above and below with gas, giving it an appearance of a haystack from Monet's paintings.

Cardiovascular shunts

Cardiovascular (cardiac) shunts are abnormal connections between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Most commonly they are the result of congenital heart disease. Pathology Blood can either be shunted from the systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation (i.e. 'left-to-right shunt') or ...

Chronic hereditary lymphedema

Chronic hereditary lymphedema (also known as Milroy disease) is a condition characterized by lower limb lymphedema. Patients typically present with pedal edema at or before birth or soon after. Occasionally, it develops later in life. Clinical presentation The commonest presentation is bilater...

Posterior ring apophyseal fracture

Posterior ring apophyseal fracture or separation, also called limbus fracture, occur in the immature skeleton, most commonly in the lumbar spine. They represent bony fractures of the vertebral body rim at the site of attachment of the Sharpey fibers of the intervertebral disc. Terminology Not ...

Vesicovaginal reflux

Vesicovaginal reflux is a well-known entity rarely encountered by radiologists. It is a behavioral disorder, a type of dysfunctional elimination syndrome commonly encountered in pre-pubertal girls. It is defined as reflux of urine into the vaginal vault either in supine or upright position durin...

Fibrosing colonopathy

Fibrosing colonopathy a condition characterized by progressive submucosal fibrosis, particularly of the proximal colon. It is associated with high dose lipase supplementation used to treat exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas, such as in treatment for cystic fibrosis. Epidemiology It is more...

Lipomyelocele

Lipomyelocele, also known as lipomyeloschisis, is one of the most common closed spinal dysraphism. It is seen in the thoracolumbar region and usually presents as a fatty subcutaneous mass. It is twice as common as lipomyelomeningocele. Clinical presentation Affected individuals are usually as...

Infectious mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is the term for infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The infection classically occurs in teenagers and young adults, hence its popular name kissing disease. It is usually a clinical diagnosis, with confirmation by serum testing, but ma...

Type I choledochal cyst

Type I choledochal cysts appear as a fusiform or cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary system (common bile duct +/- common hepatic duct). Epidemiology Although uncommon in Western countries (1:100,000 to 1:150,000), they are the most common type of biliary cyst. Their prevalence may be...

Johanson-Blizzard syndrome

Johanson-Blizzard syndrome is a disorder of ectodermal dysplasia with wide variability in its manifestations. It is thought to have an autosomal recessive inheritance. Clinical presentation There is wide variability in the clinical presentation, but common features are: low birth weight hypo...

Bent bone dysplasias (differential)

Bent bone dysplasias are a class of bone dysplasia included in a 2010 classification of genetic skeletal disorders 1. campomelic dysplasia Stuve-Weidemann dysplasia kyphomelic dysplasias, a diverse class, including congenital bowing of the long bones cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; metaphys...

Kyphomelic dysplasias

Kyphomelic dysplasias (also known as "pseudocampomelia") is thought to be a heterogeneous class of "bent bone" skeletal dysplasias. Entities included in a differential for the class are: congenital bowing of the long bones cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; metaphyseal dysplasia, McKusick type) ...

≤11 ribs (differential)

≤11 ribs is associated with a number of congenital abnormalities and skeletal dysplasias, including: Down syndrome (trisomy 21) campomelic dysplasia kyphomelic dysplasias asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (Jeune syndrome) short rib polydactyly syndromes trisomy 18 chromosome 1q21.1 deletion...

Preaxial polydactyly

Preaxial polydactyly refers to polydactyly where the additional digit is towards the first digit of the hand (radial side) or foot (medially). Epidemiology Preaxial polydactyly is less common than postaxial polydactyly, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 7000. Associations Preaxial polydact...

Biotinidase deficiency

Biotinidase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive condition in which the body is unable to break down the conjugated form of biotin (vitamin B7), resulting in low levels of bioavailable biotin, and clinical biotin deficiency. Epidemiology Profound deficiency (<10% of normal level) is estima...

Acromial apophysiolysis

Acromial apohysiolysis is a finding on shoulder MRI that may be encountered in patients with an unfused acromial apophysis. It is associated with athletes in throwing sports. Clinical presentation Presents with superior shoulder tenderness in a patient <25 years old, often in a young throwing ...

Osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome

Osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by severe osteoporosis and blindness. This disease is frequently mistaken for osteogenesis imperfecta. Epidemiology This disease is encountered in approximately 1 in 2 million births. Pathology T...

Imperforate hymen

Imperforate hymen is a congenital condition in which the hymen lacks a normal opening. Epidemiology It happens in 0.1% of the female population, usually an isolated finding. Clinical presentation Primary amenorrhea with cyclic lower abdominal pain during menarche age. An imperforate hymen c...

Gonadoblastoma

Gonadoblastomas are uncommon sex cord / stromal tumors. They are associated with disorders of sexual development (previously known as "intersex disorders"). Epidemiology The vast majority are found <30 years of age. Most are discovered in the perinatal period. May occur in phenotypic males or ...

Kabuki syndrome

Kabuki syndrome (Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome) is a rare polydysplasia that is thought to be more common in Japan. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 1:32.000 in Japan. It is sporadically seen elsewhere in the world. The reason for the disparity in incidence is controversial. Clinical present...

Yunis-Varón syndrome

Yunis Varón syndrome is a rare skeletal dysplasia. It is thought to be autosomal recessive. Radiographic features severe neurologic impairment include small cerebellar vermis and dandy walker malformation cleidocranial dysplasia absent clavicles macrocrania diastasis of sutures micrognath...

Transient synovitis of the hip

Transient synovitis of the hip refers to a self-limiting acute inflammatory condition affecting the synovial lining of the hip. It is considered one of the most common causes of hip pain and limping in young children. Over 90% of hip joint effusions in children tend to be due to transient synovi...

Costal cartilage injury

Costal cartilage injuries occur in the cartilage connecting the ribs anteriorly to the sternum. They most commonly manifest as edema and fractures with the latter being the focus of this article. Epidemiology There is little published data (c. 2021) on costal cartilage fractures. Most reporte...

Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Juvenile polyposis syndrome, also referred as familial juvenile polyposis, is one of the polyposis syndromes and consists of hundreds of juvenile polyps. Epidemiology Presentation in the second decade is most common 2. Clinical presentation Rectal bleeding, bowel obstruction and intussuscept...

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAPS) is characterized by the presence of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon. It is the most common of the polyposis syndromes. Terminology Familial polyposis coli and attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis are variants of the same disease a...

Burkitt lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma predominantly affecting children. Epidemiology Burkitt lymphoma is the most common (40%) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood. Median age is eight years with a male predominance (M:F = 4:1) 1. It is less common in adults, accounting for 1-...

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome, also known as pituitary stalk transection syndrome, is a syndrome characterized by an absent or hypoplastic anterior pituitary gland, thin or absent infundibulum, and ectopic posterior pituitary location. Epidemiology Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome...

Orthoroentgenogram

Orthoroentgenogram is a radiographic study used to evaluate anatomic leg length and calculate leg-length discrepancies. This study utilizes a long ruler placed on the film, and three radiographs including bilateral hips, knees and ankles. Similar studies used to evaluate true leg length include...

Ladd bands

Ladd bands are the most commonly encountered form of peritoneal bands in disarrangement of intestines, e.g. intestinal malrotation. Pathology Classically they extend from the abnormally positioned cecum to peritoneum and liver, crossing the duodenum in their course. Extension, however, can inc...

CLOVES syndrome

CLOVES syndrome is an acronym denoting a rare condition consisting of: Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth Vascular malformations Epidermal nevi Skeletal/Scoliosis/Spinal anomalies Terminology Although first described as CLOVE the term "CLOVES" syndrome, with the "S" emphasizing the skeletal ...

Vascular rings and slings

Vascular rings and slings refer to the congenital vascular encirclement of the esophagus and/or trachea by anomalous/aberrant vessels. Epidemiology Vascular rings are rare, occurring in <1% of patients 1. No gender or ethnic predispositions have been identified 3. Clinical presentation Man...

Senning repair

The Senning repair is one of two "atrial switch" procedures used to functionally correct transposition of the great arteries (the other being the Mustard repair). The two repairs share a similar fundamental principle. Systemic blood flow is redirected away from the right ventricle and toward t...

Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum

Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum (PA-IVS) is a subtype of pulmonary atresia that presents as cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pathology PA-IVS is the combination of obstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract from pulmonary valve atresia without a ventricular septal defe...

Lipoblastomatosis

Lipoblastomatosis is an uncommon presentation of a benign fatty neoplasm. The condition is more common in infants and young children. It differs from a lipoblastoma in that it is extensive and infiltrative. Pathology Lipoblastomatosis consists of immature adipose tissue surrounding myxomatous...

Arterial switch procedure

The arterial switch procedure, also known as the Jatene switch procedure, is an intervention designed to correct D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) at the level of the aorta and main pulmonary artery. It is generally preferred over atrial switch procedures for simple D-TGA due to impr...

Ghost vertebra

Ghost vertebra is a sign, that is generally used synonymously with bone-within-a-bone vertebra, and as such, the causes form a subset of those causing bone within a bone appearance 2: Thorotrast administration: bone within a bone appearance due to temporary growth arrest 1 stress line rickets...

Prenatal onset infantile cortical hyperostosis

Prenatal onset infantile cortical hyperostosis is a rare variant of infantile cortical hyperostosis, however, it is a more severe and lethal form and newborns die early postnatally. Pathology Both sporadic and autosomal recessive inheritance have been suggested. A missense mutation in the gene...

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, previously known as adrenogenital syndrome, is a group of seven autosomal recessive disorders relating to an enzyme deficiency affecting adrenal steroidogenesis. Epidemiology The incidence is highly variable depending on the enzyme deficiency, ranging from 1 in ...

Hypovitaminosis A

Hypovitaminosis A results from inadequate intake of vitamin A, fat malabsorption, or liver disorders and produces a variety of epithelial alterations. Epidemiology The World Health Organizatiοn currently estimates that 45-122 countries have a vitamin A deficiency of public health significance ...

Hypervitaminosis A

Hypervitaminosis A results from an excess of vitamin A. It usually manifests in children, and one recognized cause is administration from 13-cis retinoic acid for treatment of cancers such as neuroblastoma. Clinical presentation Manifestations can differ depending on whether it is an acute or ...

Ingested foreign bodies in children

Ingested foreign bodies in children are common as the world is a curious place to young children, who will put anything and everything into their mouth, and will often inadvertently swallow. The usual practice is for plain films of the chest and/or abdomen to identify a foreign body. Epidemio...

Kasai classification

Kasai classification is used to describe the three main anatomical types of biliary atresia. Classification type I: obliteration of common bile duct (patent cystic and common hepatic duct) type II IIa: obliteration of common hepatic duct (patent cystic and common bile duct), sometimes with a...

Cerebellar agenesis

Cerebellar agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality which can result from failure to develop normal cerebellar tissue or destruction of normally developed tissue. For a more general overview of cerebellar malformations, please refer to the article on classification systems for malformations of...

Pericardial teratoma

Pericardial teratomas are type of primary pericardial tumor. They are usually diagnosed in infants and neonates. As with all teratomas, they are comprised of contain endodermal, mesodermal and neuroectodermal germinal layers. While they are usually benign tumors, they may be life-threatening du...

Sphenoid wing dysplasia

Sphenoid wing dysplasia is a characteristic but not pathognomonic feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), it can also occur in isolated cases. Epidemiology Sphenoid wing dysplasia is seen in 5-10% of cases of NF1 and is one of the diagnostic criteria of NF1 5,6. Clinical presentation Puls...

Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis and hip

Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis and hip are relatively common among physically active adolescents and young adults. Epidemiology Pelvic and hip apophyseal injuries typically occur in the 14 to 25 year age range. Mechanism Kicking sports, such as soccer, and gymnastics are frequen...

Double outlet left ventricle

Double outlet left ventricle (DOLV) is an extremely rare congenital cardiac anomaly where both the aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from the anatomical left ventricle. It is usually classified as a conotruncal anomaly and is often associated with a ventricular septal defect with normal continuity...

Bucket handle appearance (disambiguation)

Bucket handle appearance is used in imaging to refer to several different entities: bucket handle fracture - non-accidental injury bucket handle fracture of the pelvis bucket handle meniscal tear bucket handle mesenteric injury

Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia epilepsy syndrome

Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia epilepsy syndrome (HHE) is a clinical syndrome of infancy or early childhood that is associated with seizures, cerebral hemiatrophy and transient or permanent epilepsy. It refers to the characteristic holohemispheric global atrophy of one hemisphere, that is independen...

Congenital radial head dislocation

Congenital radial head dislocation is the most common congenital elbow abnormality. It can occur in isolation, or more commonly may be associated with other conditions or syndromes. Epidemiology Overall, congenital radial head dislocation is rare 2. Clinical presentation Congenital radial he...

Scham sign (hip)

The Scham sign of slipped capital femoral epiphysis is one of the subtle signs that may be seen on the AP view of an adolescent hip radiograph with early slip. In the normal adolescent hip, an intra-articular portion of the diaphysis of the collum overlies the posterior wall of the acetabulum i...

Metaphyseal blanch sign

The metaphyseal blanch sign (or metaphyseal blanch sign of Steel) is one of the signs seen on AP views of the adolescent hip indicating posterior displacement of the capital epiphysis. It is a crescent-shaped area of increased density, that overlies the metaphysis adjacent to the physis on the ...

Pulmonary lymphangiectasia

Pulmonary lymphangiectasia (PL) refers to a rare, fatal congenital abnormality of the lungs characterized by grossly dilated lymphatic channels in the sub pleural, interlobar, perivascular and peribronchial areas 3. It is divided into two main types 1: cardiac-associated lymphangiectasia (seco...

Asplenia

Asplenia refers to absence of the spleen thereby leading to deficient splenic function. Epidemiology Seen in 3% of neonates with structural heart disease and in 30% of patients who die from cardiac malposition. The male-to-female ratio is 2:1. Associations heterotaxy isomerism congenital h...

Isomerism

Isomerism is a term which in general means 'mirror-image' and refers to finding normally-asymmetric bilateral structures to be similar. It is used in the context of heterotaxy and is of two types: left isomerism right isomerism Left isomerism Mirror image of the structures on the left side o...

Leaky lung syndrome

Leaky lung syndrome refers to a form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Pathology Pulmonary edema due to increased capillary permeability. Radiographic features Leaky lung syndrome is considered a mild form of a part of the spectrum of acute lung injury with ARDS at the other end of the s...

Lines and tubes: neonatal (chest radiograph)

Neonatal lines and tubes are widely used in the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) in the management of critically ill neonates. Examples include: nasogastric (NG) tube endotracheal (ET) tube central venous line umbilical artery catheter umbilical vein catheter Nasogastric tube The NG tu...

Neonatal pneumonia

Neonatal pneumonia refers to inflammatory changes of the respiratory system caused by neonatal infection. Epidemiology It is one of the leading causes of significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Neonatal pneumonia accounts for 10% of global child mortality. At the time of w...

Cerebral hypoventilation syndrome

Cerebral hypoventilation syndrome refers to a congenital condition characterized by hypoventilation during sleep with no other abnormalities of the cardiorespiratory system. There is a decrease in the depth of breathing. It is also known as central sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilatio...

Birth defects linked to antithyroid drug treatment in pregnancy

Birth defects linked to antithyroid drug treatment in pregnancy have for a long time been known to exist. A recent Danish register-based cohort study has assessed the degree of association of antithyroid drugs (ATD), such as methimazole (MMI) / carbimazole (CMZ) and propylthiouracil (PTU), and t...

Egg-on-a-string sign (heart)

Egg-on-a-string sign, also referred to as egg on its side, refers to the cardiomediastinal silhouette seen in transposition of the great arteries (TGA). The heart appears globular due to an abnormal convexity of the right atrial border and left atrial enlargement and therefore appears like an ...

Fetal circulation

Fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation due to the presence of certain vessels and shunts. These shunts close after birth, and most of the fetal vessels are visible as remnants in the adult circulation. The function of these shunts is to direct oxygen-rich venous blood to the syst...

Terminal zones of myelination

The terminal zones of myelination are located at the posterior aspect of the lateral ventricles (the peritrigonal regions) and are the only part of the cerebral white matter that may exhibit high T2 signal in a normal brain at 2 years of age, when myelination of cerebral white matter normally be...

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