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Intramuscular degloving injury

An intramuscular degloving injury is a term referred to as a circumferential intermuscular dissociation of inner and outer muscular components with or without retraction. It has been described in the rectus femoris muscle. Terminology An intramuscular degloving injury has been also described a...

Rectus femoris muscle injury

Rectus femoris muscle injuries are muscle injuries, which encompass contusions, strains, tears and avulsions of the rectus femoris muscle. Epidemiology Rectus femoris muscle injuries are a common injury in athletes, especially in football/soccer players 1. The rectus femoris muscle is most fr...

Quadriceps injury

Quadriceps injuries are injuries affecting the quadriceps muscle or quadriceps tendon and comprise a spectrum of strains, tears, avulsion and contusions up to the quadriceps tendon rupture. Epidemiology Quadriceps injuries are common injuries in athletes and the quadriceps muscle is often affe...

Muscle contusion

A muscle contusion (a.k.a. muscle bruising or bruise) is a form of muscle injury usually due to direct impact and associated with intramuscular hemorrhage. Epidemiology Muscle contusions are common injuries and are more frequently seen in males 1,2. In athletes, muscle contusions are the most ...

Buttress plate

Buttress plates are osteosynthetic implants commonly used in the metaphyseal area for internal fixation of articular fractures to support intraarticular fragments. Usage They are used to counteract vertical shear forces during axial loading in the metaphyseal area and to prevent sliding/shorte...

Forearm (PA view)

The posteroanterior forearm view is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require assessment of suspected r...

Forearm (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral forearm view is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require assessment of sus...

Dorsal bridge plate fixation

Dorsal bridge plate fixation is an open reduction internal fixation technique for extensive comminuted articular and metaphyseal radial fractures. Terminology Dorsal bridge plate fixation is also known as dorsal spanning plate fixation. Indications The main indication is the treatment of dif...

Posterior malleolus fracture

Posterior malleolus fractures are fractures of the posterior segment of the tibial plafond and a common occurrence in the setting of bimalleolar or trimalleolar ankle fractures. Epidemiology Posterior malleolar fractures occur in up to 46% of type Weber B or C fracture-dislocations and are rar...

Bile duct injury

Bile duct injuries are a potentially serious surgical problem associated with high morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalization 1,2. These injuries typically occur infrequently as a complication of technically difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures or in the setting of hepatobi...

Volar locking plate

Volar locking plates or distal volar radial anatomical plates are the most commonly used metallic device in the open reduction and internal stabilization of distal radius fractures. These devices allow immediate postoperative return of motion, and are good at preventing angular displacement. The...

Dislocation vs subluxation

Malalignment of a joint may be a dislocation or subluxation: dislocation is the complete (100%) loss of articular congruity, i.e. no part of the articular surfaces of the bones contributing to the joint are touching each other subluxation is the partial (<100%) loss of articular congruity, i.e...

Emphysema (disambiguation)

Emphysema refers to any disease process involving an abnormal accumulation of air/gas in the tissues. When used alone, it is usually taken to mean the lung disease, pulmonary emphysema, which forms part of the spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). gastric emphysema: include...

Trapezoid fracture

Trapezoid fractures are the least common carpal fracture. They typically occur as the result of an axial force through the second metacarpal. Epidemiology They account for ~0.4% of all carpal fractures 1. Radiographic features The trapezoid is in a relatively immobile, and protected locatio...

Latissimus dorsi injury

Latissimus dorsi muscle injuries refer to muscle injuries of the latissimus dorsi muscle or tendon and have gained increasing awareness as sports injuries. Epidemiology The injury is fairly uncommon and mainly seen in overhead athletes, e.g. professional baseball pitchers 1. Risk factors ov...

Retrobulbar hemorrhage

Retrobulbar hemorrhage is the presence of a post septal orbital hematoma and is usually due to craniofacial trauma causing an extraconal hematoma. It may cause orbital compartment syndrome which is an ophthalmologic emergency. Clinical features If small, there may be no orbital or ocular sympt...

Medial collateral ligament injury of the knee

Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee comprise of strains, partial and complete tears. Medial collateral ligament injuries are one of the most common ligamentous injuries of the knee. Epidemiology Medial collateral ligament injuries are very common in athletes 1-4 and it is likely th...

Hallux sesamoid fracture

Hallux sesamoid fractures are the commonest foot sesamoid fractures, with the medial sesamoid fractured more frequently than the lateral one 1. These hallucal sesamoids are also vulnerable to weight-bearing stress injury 2. Radiographic features A sharp fracture line is seen separating irregul...

Distal femoral fracture

Distal femoral fractures involve the femoral condyles and the metaphyseal region and are often the result of high energy trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or a fall from a height. In the elderly, they may occur as a domestic accident 1-3. ICD-11 NC72.6Z Epidemiology They are quite rare a...

Intra-articular fragments

Intra-articular fragments are a form of intra-articular bodies that result from traumatic injuries such as fractures, dislocations and chondral injury. Clinical presentation Symptoms are variable and also depend on the underlying cause and extent of the injury, but usual complaints are pain, l...

Dupuytren fracture

Dupuytren fracture is an eponymous name (although not widely used in the English-speaking medical world) for an injury originally described as a mid-distal fibular fracture occurring above the syndesmosis with diastasis 1 but now refers to that fracture pattern with various other injuries: medi...

Anomalous insertion of the medial meniscus

Anomalous insertion of the medial meniscus (AIMM) is an anatomical variation of the insertion of the anterior root of the medial meniscus. Terminology Defined as a congenital variation in the insertion of the anterior root of the medial meniscus onto the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The...

Lumbar spine fracture

Lumbar spine fractures are often a result of significant blunt trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or a fall from height. Non-traumatic causes include osteoporotic and pathological fractures. Epidemiology Traumatic fractures are more common in males. The risk of osteoporotic fractures incre...

Thoracolumbar spine fracture

Thoracolumbar spine fractures are often the result of significant blunt trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or falling from a height. Fractures in this region range from non-complex to highly complex and will vary in prognosis. Epidemiology Males are affected more commonly than females wit...

Talar body fractures

Talar body fractures are a subtype of talar fractures, subdivided into: talar dome osteochondral fracture posterior talar process fracture lateral talar process fracture

Popeye sign

Popeye sign is a pronounced bulging muscle in the distal aspect of the biceps region of the arm. It is clinically apparent with a complete long head of biceps tendon tear which causes distal migration of the long head of biceps muscle. History and etymology Defined by the distal migration of...

Ice cream cone sign (disambiguation)

The ice cream cone sign may refer to: ice cream cone sign (middle ear ossicles) ice cream cone sign (vestibular schwannoma)

Ice cream cone sign (middle ear ossicles)

The ice cream cone sign describes the normal appearance of the middle ear ossicles on axial CT scan. The ball of the ice cream is formed by the head of the malleus and cone is formed by the body of the incus, with the tapering conical point formed by the short process pointing towards the aditus...

Salter-Harris type V fracture

Salter-Harris type V fractures are very uncommon injuries that occur in children. These fractures involve a crush injury of the physis secondary to compressive forces that involve all or part of the physis 1,2. In general Salter-Harris fractures are childhood injuries where there is a fracture t...

Salter-Harris type IV fracture

Salter-Harris type IV fractures are relatively uncommon injuries that occur in children. They are intra-articular injuries in which the fracture extends through the epiphysis, across the physis and through the metaphysis. Salter-Harris fractures are a group childhood injuries where a fracture in...

Sandwich sign (disambiguation)

The sandwich sign is used for two different imaging appearances: sandwich sign (Marchiafava-Bignami disease) sandwich sign (mesentery) Sandwich sign has also been coined for the appearance of: primary pleural lymphoma 1,2 mediastinal lymphoma 3 marrow edema and hemorrhage on MRI of flexion...

Translation-rotation spine injury

Translation-rotation spine injuries are severe injuries characterized by horizontal displacement or rotation of one vertebral body with respect to another. Pathology These injuries result from torsional and shear forces. This type of injury is usually severe and involves the posterior ligament...

Pediatric forearm (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral forearm view for pediatrics is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require as...

Pediatric forearm (PA view)

The posteroanterior forearm view for pediatrics is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require assessment...

Pediatric elbow (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral elbow view for pediatrics is an alternative projection to the lateral view in the elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. Indications This view demonstrates an orthogonal view of the AP elbow and is ideal for patients who are unable to...

Pneumolabyrinth

Pneumolabyrinth refers to the presence of gas within the inner ear and is a sign of perilymphatic fistula in a trauma setting. It manifests in HRCT of the temporal bone as gas bubbles in the cochlea, vestibule or semicircular canals. Epidemiology Pneumolabyrinth is not a rare finding following...

Retroclival hematoma

A retroclival hematoma is a collection of blood located along the dorsum sellae and clivus which may reach the dens. It has been classified into either an epidural or subdural retroclival hematoma depending on the anatomical location of the blood accumulation. Epidemiology It is an uncommon f...

Pediatric elbow (horizontal beam AP view)

The horizontal beam anteroposterior elbow view for pediatrics is an alternative projection to the anteroposterior view in the elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard ...

Glenoid labral tear

Glenoid labral tears are the injuries of the glenoid labrum and a possible cause of shoulder pain. Clinical presentation Patients with labral tears may present with a wide range of symptoms (depends on the injury type), which are often non-specific: pain or discomfort (usually a precise point...

Hand series (pediatric)

The hand series for pediatrics often consist of a posteroanterior and lateral view only in order to minimize radiation dose to the patient. Depending on the department and clinical indication, an additional oblique view may also be done. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspected di...

Neer classification of clavicle fractures

The Neer classification of clavicular fractures along with the AO classification system is one of the more frequently used classification systems when assessing clavicular fractures. Classification The classification system, broken into five categories communicates both the stability and treat...

Tadpole sign

The tadpole sign, also known as the lollipop sign, refers to a characteristic morphology of post-traumatic bridging vein thrombosis with a rounded "head" and a tapering "tail". The finding demonstrates a high specificity for abusive head trauma, a sub-type of non-accidental injury, and should wa...

Tarsal fracture

Tarsal fractures are fractures of the tarsal bones of the foot, which are further divided by anatomic site: calcaneal fracture (most common) calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fracture lover's fracture talar fractures talar head fracture talar neck fracture aviator fracture lateral talar (sno...

Fleck sign (disambiguation)

The radiographic fleck sign refers to an avulsion fracture in the lower limb at either of two sites: fleck sign (ankle) due to superior peroneal retinaculum injury fleck sign (foot) due to Lisfranc injury

Whiplash syndrome

Whiplash syndrome, also known as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), are the various symptoms caused by rapid acceleration and/or deceleration injuries, which result in cervical sprain or strain. Epidemiology Whiplash is a common injury, usually associated with motor vehicle collisions 1-5. T...

Molar tooth sign (disambiguation)

The molar tooth sign may refer to: molar tooth sign (CNS) molar tooth sign (abdomen)

Acromion fracture

The acromion process is the lateral projection of the scapula spine that extends anteriorly. Fractures of the scapula are uncommon injuries and account for ~3% of all shoulder fractures 1,2 while isolated acromion fractures occur rarely and account for only 9% of all scapular fractures 3. Patho...

Yo-yo on a string sign - Stener lesion

The yo-yo on a string sign denotes the characteristic appearance of the torn, proximally retracted and superficially displaced ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) due to a Stener lesion. Mechanism The sign occurs as a consequence of the tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb (gamekeepe...

Capitellum fracture

Capitellum fractures are uncommon, but their prompt diagnosis and management are crucial due to the severity of the consequent functional impairment resulting from these intra-articular elbow fractures. Epidemiology Capitellar fractures are relatively rare, with approximately 3-4% of distal h...

Dental luxation

Dental luxation is a common manifestation of dental trauma and may be associated with socket fractures. Pathology Dental luxation is a general term encompassing 1: concussion: tender tooth, no loosening/displacement subluxation: tender tooth, loosening without displacement extrusive luxat...

Dental fracture

Dental fractures are often clinically apparent but can be overlooked in cases with associated facial fractures, especially as root fractures may be clinically occult. Terminology When both a tooth and alveolar process are fractured, the term dentoalveolar fracture may be used 1. Pathology ...

Dental trauma

Dental trauma is common, affecting up to one-third of the population. While often clinically apparent, they may be overlooked in the setting of severe trauma. Pathology The maxillary incisors are the most commonly injured tooth. Dental trauma is commonly classified as 1,2: luxation concuss...

Hernia (general)

Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening. The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...

Nasolacrimal injury

Nasolacrimal injuries are reported to be common and may result in temporary or permanent dysfunction. Epidemiology Fracture of the nasolacrimal apparatus has been reported in ~10% of patients with craniofacial fracture, with ~10% of these reporting symptoms of epiphora or dacryocystitis 1. ...

Thoracic spine fracture-dislocation

Thoracic spine fracture-dislocations are severe forms of spinal column injuries that occur secondary to high-energy trauma, in which there is vertebral fracture concomitant with dislocation of facet joints and/or the intervertebral disc space. They are mechanically unstable and are associated wi...

Supermicrosurgery

Supermicrosurgery is the specialized surgical technique employed to anastomose blood vessels and nerves measuring 0.3 to 0.8 mm in caliber (so-called microneurovascular anastomosis) 1. The instruments developed for these demanding procedures are very fine microsurgical devices. Microsurgery as a...

Delbet classification

The Delbet classification helps predict the risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in neck of femur fractures, as well as determine operative vs non-operative management. Classification type I: trans-epiphyseal separation fracture through proximal femoral physis, and represents Salte...

Abusive head trauma

Abusive head trauma is a term that is used for inflicted head injury that has occurred by either shaking, impact head trauma, or both, as part of the spectrum of non-accidental injury (NAI). Pathology Intracranial injuries Subdural hemorrhage in a child should be viewed with suspicion. Most o...

Hamstring injury

Hamstring injuries are the most common muscle injury, and are very common in athletes and can cause a significant loss of playing time depending on the sport. Epidemiology Amongst professional athletes, hamstring injuries are reported to make up 15% of all injuries in Australian Football play...

Systemic hypotension

Systemic hypotension - or often just - hypotension - is the presence of an abnormally low blood pressure. This may be relative, so that a poorly-controlled hypertensive patient who runs a normal blood pressure at 160/100, may be severely hypotensive at 80/60. Hypotension is usually defined with...

Blood pressure

The blood pressure (BP) is defined as the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Fundamentally the blood pressure depends upon the interaction of: blood volume cardiac contractility compliance of the arterial walls Blood pressure is traditionally measured i...

Clothing artifact

Clothing artifacts, like jewelry artifacts, are a regular feature on imaging examinations, especially plain radiographs, but in general are recognized for what they are, either at the time the image is taken by the radiographer, or later by the reporting radiologist. The radiographer will often ...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Muscle tear

Muscle tears or strains are common injuries, both in athletes and non-athletes. Terminology Muscle strain is a term that is used variably clinically and in the medical literature. The Munich consensus statement (expert level evidence) states muscle tear is the preferred term denoting "structu...

Coccygeal fracture

Coccygeal fractures are generally low-severity injuries, which nonetheless can be diagnostically challenging. Diagnosis may be delayed or missed due to coccygeal anatomy and patient/technical factors (e.g. obesity, overlying bowel gas/feces). Given that management of coccygeal fractures is nea...

Orbital compartment syndrome

Orbital compartment syndrome is an ophthalmological emergency referring to an increased intraorbital pressure that may lead to permanent visual impairment if left untreated. Clinical presentation Findings on exam may include: decreased visual acuity 6 globe palpably tense and resistant to ma...

Salivary gland trauma

Salivary gland trauma is infrequent due to their anatomic position. Epidemiology The reported incidence of parotid gland injuries is ∼0.2% of trauma cases. Parotid gland and duct injuries, although rare, is far more common than injuries to submandibular and sublingual glands. This can readily ...

Blunt cardiac injury

Most commonly a result of sudden deceleration or direct precordial impact, blunt cardiac injury (BCI) encompasses a spectrum of structural and functional cardiac derangements which may occur after trauma to the heart 7. Terminology While sometimes referred to with general terms such as "cardia...

Subaxial cervical spine injury classification

The subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC) system and severity score is a system for cervical spine trauma that helps guide treatment and predicts prognosis. Classification Three parameters are assessed, two being radiologic determined and the last being a clinical assessment 1. ...

Round belly sign (abdominal compartment syndrome)

Round belly sign is a sign of increased abdominal pressure of greater than 20 mmHg in abdominal compartment syndrome where the abdomen has a rounded appearance of transverse section on CT, rather than its typical oval shape. The sign is positive when the AP to transverse diameter of the abdomen...

Abdominal compartment syndrome

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a disease defined by the presence of new end-organ dysfunction secondary to elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Radiological diagnosis is difficult and usually suggested when a collection of imaging findings are present in the appropriate clinical set...

Deep sulcus sign (disambiguation)

The deep sulcus sign can refer to two different radiographic signs but is best known in the chest: deep sulcus sign (chest): of pneumothorax on supine CXR: deep sulcus sign (knee): better known as the lateral femoral notch sign of ACL injury

Condyle-C1 interval (CCI)

The condyle-C1 interval (CCI) is the measurement of the interval between condyle and C1 at four equidistant points on the joint surface in sagittal and coronal reconstructions of computed tomography. The CCI is reported to have a high lateral symmetry in children 1. Used with a cut-off of 4 mm,...

Pericardial fat tag sign (pneumothorax)

The pericardial fat tag sign is a sign of pneumothorax on supine CXR where the cardiac border has a lumpy contour. When gas is located in the pleural space between the lung and mediastinum, the pericardial fat is no longer compressed against the mediastinum and therefore can hang or dangle late...

Stove-in chest

A stove-in chest is a rare and complex type of flail chest injury where the flail segment collapses into the chest. It is usually due to severe blunt trauma to the chest wall and is rarely encountered in imaging or emergency medicine due to the high mortality at the scene. It may evolve over day...

Schenck classification of knee dislocation

The Schenck classification is categorizing knee dislocation based on the pattern of ligament tears. The four major ligamentous stabilizers are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) compl...

Holdsworth fracture

Holdsworth fracture is the eponymous name for an unstable thoracolumbar junction fracture involving the vertebral body and articular processes as well as posterior ligamentous complex rupture 1,2.

Malunited fractures - most common (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the most common malunited fractures is: CSI - Miami Mnemonic C: Colles fracture S: scaphoid fracture I: intertrochanteric femoral neck fracture Miami: malunion See also fracture malunion

Burst lobe

A burst lobe is an uncommonly used description of traumatic lobar intraparenchymal hemorrhage of the brain that ruptures into the subdural space and communicates with subdural hemorrhage 1. As traumatic hemorrhages are more common in the frontal and temporal lobes, these lobes are the most affe...

Navicular fracture

Navicular fractures, along with cuboid fractures, form the most common isolated mid-foot fractures. Epidemiology Navicular fractures are responsible for approximately 5% of all foot fractures and 35% of all midfoot fractures 7. Clinical presentation May present with pain, swelling or hemato...

Pivot shift test

The pivot shift test forms part of the orthopedic examination of a post-traumatic knee. A positive test shows high specificity for injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. Procedure The pivot shift test is performed on a supine patient. At the start the subject's knee is permitted to droop ...

Tension hemothorax

A tension hemothorax refers to a hemothorax that exerts a considerable mass effect. It often results from massive intrathoracic hemorrhage and often causes ipsilateral lung compression and mediastinal displacement.

Superior orbital fissure syndrome

Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) (also known as Rochon–Duvigneaud syndrome) is a rare complication of craniofacial trauma with an orbital fracture that extends to the superior orbital fissure that results in injury to the cranial nerves III, IV, V (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ner...

Pilon fracture of the hand

The pilon fracture of the hand is a comminuted, intraarticular fracture involving a proximal interphalangeal joint of the hand. The fracture is generally reported to involve the more ulnar digits and the pattern is considered unstable with case reports documenting poor outcomes. Pathology The...

Roentgenology - the borderlands of the normal and early pathological in the skiagram (book)

Roentgenology - The borderlands of the normal and early pathological in the skiagram, is a classic radiology text, which was first published in 1910, and has been in continual print ever since. The original writer was Alban Köhler, a pioneering German radiologist, and it was the first book to co...

Straight left heart border sign

Straight left heart border sign is a recently described finding on chest radiograph. It is a fairly specific (84%) sign of hemopericardium after a penetrating chest trauma, although sensitivity at 40% is relatively poor. Positive predictive value (PPV) was found to be 89% 1. It is different to ...

Seymour fracture

The Seymour fracture is a clinically important subtype of mallet finger type injury. The Seymour fracture is comprised of a distal phalanx physeal fracture that has an associated nail bed injury commonly with ungual subluxation. Clinical presentation The skeletally-immature patient presents wi...

Pectoralis major injury

Pectoralis major injuries are uncommon and include strains, tears and ruptures. Epidemiology mostly young, physically-active males age 20-40 years old, although has also reported in elderly women 1 associated with weight lifting (mostly bench press), although also reported during various ath...

Psoas sign (abdominal x-ray)

The psoas sign is a classic albeit non-specific finding on the abdominal radiograph, potentially representing retroperitoneal pathology. Normally on an abdominal radiograph, the lateral margins of both the psoas muscles are clearly visible due to adjacent fat. When the lateral edge of one, or b...

Blast injury

Blast injuries are traumatic injuries sustained due to the energy released during a rapid chemical or nuclear reaction or the escape of gas under high pressure. They can affect numerous organ systems. Epidemiology Blast injuries may occur in any number of situations including in combat, indust...

AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries

The AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries is a concise and comprehensive system for categorizing the spectrum of traumatic bony and ligamentous injuries involving the occipital condyles, atlas (C1), or axis (C2). Usage The AO Spine upper cervical classification system is relativel...

AO Spine classification systems

The AO Spine classification systems is a group of imaging morphology-based classification system, combined with clinical factors for injury of spinal trauma. It is designed to be a simple and reproducible method of describing injury patterns. AO Spine has published four injury classification sy...

Spinal hematoma

Spinal hematomas are a rare clinical entity and are often idiopathic. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial, lest they cause permanent neurological damage. Identifying the location of the hematoma is important for treatment, as is distinguishing it, to the extent possible, from other entit...

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