Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,049 results found
Article
Encysted spermatic cord hydrocele
Encysted spermatic cord hydroceles are one of the subtypes of spermatic cord hydrocoele where the fluid collection does not communicate with the peritoneum above or the tunica vaginalis below.
Pathology
In this encysted type, a loculated hydrocoele occurs along the spermatic cord due to oblit...
Article
Chemical ablation
Introduction
Chemical ablation is a technique in which chemical ablative substances are used to cause cell death in neoplastic tissue. It is used as a standalone procedure or in combination with other techniques like TACE and radiofrequency ablation.
Agents
Absolute ethanol (most commonly use...
Article
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are an extremely rare renal tumor, with only six cases reported in the literature (c. 2022) 1.
Epidemiology
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma represents <1% of the total reported cases of primary renal cancers. The most affected population i...
Article
Metanephric adenofibroma
Metanephric adenofibroma, originally referred to as 'nephrogenic adenofibroma', is a rare, biphasic, and benign metanephric tumor.
Epidemiology
Metanephric adenofibroma typically occurs in children and young adults with a mean age of 13 years 1,3.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with...
Article
Metanephric stromal tumor
Metanephric stromal tumor (MST) is a very rare, benign renal neoplasm that predominantly affect children.
Epidemiology
Metanephric stromal tumor is characterized by pure stromal morphology, hyper-differentiation, and no metastasis. The median age of diagnosis was 2 years. Less than fifty cas...
Article
Effman Classification of urethral duplication
The Effman classification is a widely adopted system to classify the several distinct types of urethral duplication. It's considered to be the most complete classification from a clinical and functional point of view, but it's only based on male forms and does not distinguish sagittal from coron...
Article
Clitoral ultrasound
Clitoral ultrasound is a modality for imaging clitoral pathology, which can be the etiology of female sexual dysfunction. It can also be performed before and after gynecologic surgery to assess clitoral anatomy and blood flow. The exam involves a transperineal component.
Normal ultrasound anato...
Article
Nephrostogram
Nephrostogram, also known as antegrade pyelogram, is a special x-ray procedure that fluoroscopically evaluates the upper collecting system by introducing water-soluble contrast through the nephrostomy catheter.
Indications
Nephrostogram can be useful to determine tube position or assess resid...
Article
Crescent sign (disambiguation)
The characteristic shape of the crescent has been given to many radiological signs over the years.
crescent sign (disambiguation)
crescent sign (arterial dissection)
crescent sign (inguinal hernia)
crescent sign (intravenous pyelogram)
crescent sign (lung hydatid)
crescent sign (osteonecro...
Article
Doughnut sign (missed testicular torsion)
The doughnut sign, also known as the bull's-eye, halo or ring sign, is the name of a distinctive appearance of a missed testicular torsion on scrotal scintigraphy.
In a missed torsion (i.e. established testicular infarction), there is a reactive hyperperfusion of the ipsilateral dartos muscle ...
Article
Hypovascular retroperitoneal lesions
Hypovascular retroperitoneal lesions are those which do not enhance in the late arterial and portal venous phases on CT. Some of these lesions may show progressive enhancement in the delayed phase due to their fibrous or myxoid matrix components.
Non-enhancing lesions
retroperitoneal lipoma
r...
Article
Hypervascular retroperitoneal lesions
Hypervascular retroperitoneal lesions are findings that enhance avidly in the late arterial phase with or without washout in the portal venous and delayed phases, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
Early enhancement with slow washout
sympathetic paragangliomas
retroperitoneal paragangliomas - of...
Article
Salt and pepper sign (autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease)
The salt and pepper sign has been given to the heterogeneous echotexture of the enlarged kidneys on ultrasound in children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPCKD).
Article
Penile calcification
Penile calcifications are a relatively rare finding. The commonest cause is Peyronie disease.
Pathology
Etiology
Peyronie disease
penile calciphylaxis (considered by some to be a form of calcinosis cutis)
penile urethral calculus
calcinosis cutis of the penis
idiopathic calcinosis cutis o...
Article
Dent disease
Dent disease is a very rare inherited renal disorder that is characterized by proximal tubule dysfunction.
Clinical presentation
polyuria
hypercalciuria, renal stones and nephrocalcinosis
proteinuria, although not presenting with nephrotic syndrome
glucosuria
aminoaciduria
phosphaturia
c...
Article
CT renal mass (protocol)
The renal mass CT protocol is a multi-phasic contrast-enhanced examination for the assessment of renal masses. It is most often comprised of a non-contrast, nephrogenic phase and excretory phase. However, this article will cover the optional, corticomedullary phase too.
NB: This article is inte...
Article
Excretory phase
The excretory phase also known as the urographic phase is a postcontrast injection time range in which there is an optimal enhancement of the renal collecting systems.
Technique
The acquisition time depends on the intravenous device (central or peripheral), the concentration of the contrast me...
Article
Commissure (disambiguation)
A commissure (TA: commissura) is a location at which two anatomical structures are united. Though the term most commonly refers to the commissures in the brain, there are a number which exist in the human body:
central nervous system
corpus callosum
anterior commissure
posterior commissure
...
Article
Pelvic organ prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse refers to a pathological downward herniation of various pelvic organ structures into or through the perineum. It usually results from a pelvic floor weakness by impairment of various ligaments, fasciae, and muscles that support the pelvic organs.
The prolapse can include o...
Article
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma is a subtype renal cell carcinoma.
Epidemiology
Generally uncommon but thought to be the fourth most common histologic type of renal cell carcinoma at the time of new classification (c. 2016) 1.
Pathology
This subtype is characterized by low-grade, c...
Article
Deep artery of the penis
The deep artery of the penis, also known as cavernosal artery, is one of the two terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery.
Gross anatomy
Origin
The internal pudendal artery bifurcates terminally into the deep artery of the penis and the dorsal artery of the penis at the anterior marg...
Article
Dorsal artery of the penis
The dorsal artery of the penis is one of the two terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery.
Gross anatomy
Origin
The internal pudendal artery bifurcates into the deep artery of the penis and the dorsal artery of the penis at the anterior margin of the perineal membrane 1.
Terminatio...
Article
Artery to the bulb
The artery to the bulb of the penis (male) or vestibule (female) is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. It differs slightly in males and females.
Artery to the bulb of the penis
Origin: internal pudendal artery, distal to the perineal artery1.
a common penile artery, serving as the or...
Article
Lymphangiomatosis
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare mesenchymal disorder that is characterized by developmental "malformation" of multiple lymphatic channels (usually with dilatation).
Terminology
If lymphatic channels are purely dilated and not malformed the term lymphangiectasia is usually used. If lymphangiomatosi...
Article
Mitrofanoff procedure
The Mitrofanoff procedure, also known as appendicovesicostomy, is a surgical procedure where a conduit is created using the appendix to form a connection between the urinary bladder and skin surface. Intermittent catheterization is performed through the surgically constructed conduit, thus provi...
Article
Perineal artery
The perineal artery arises from the internal pudendal artery and supplies some of the perineal musculature and external genitalia.
Summary
Origin: branches off the internal pudendal artery, arising at the level of the posterior angle of the perineal membrane
Branches: it has two branches:
a ...
Article
Carcinoma of the Littré glands
Carcinoma of the Littré glands is rare. The Littré (urethral) glands of the penis may be the origin of cancers of the penis, usually adenocarcinomas 1.
Epidemiology
There are only a few scattered case reports of true Littré gland malignancy, although it is probably under-reported due to the fa...
Article
Sphincter (disambiguation)
A sphincter (TA: musculus sphincter) is a term used in anatomy to refer a ring of muscle which narrows a tube or closes off a bodily orifice 1.
anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
internal anal sphincter
hepatic sphincter
esophageal sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
upper esophagea...
Article
Renal artery calcification
Renal artery calcifications, also known as renovascular calcifications, are deposits of calcium salts on the wall of a renal artery, found incidentally on imaging, usually CT 1. They are associated with extrarenal atherosclerosis and linked to hypertension 2.
Terminology
The term “renal artery...
Article
UTI-causing microorganisms (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest micro-organisms responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is:
KEEPS
Mnemonic
K: Klebsiella spp.
E: Enterococcus faecalis / Enterobacter cloacae
E: Escherichia coli
P: Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Proteus mirabilis
S: Staphylococcus saprophyticus / S...
Article
Dialysis indications (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the basic indications of dialysis is
HAVE PEE
Mnemonic
H: hyperkalemia (refractory)
A: acidosis (refractory)
V: volume overload
E: elevated BUN > 35 mM
P: pericarditis
E: encephalopathy
E: edema (pulmonary)
Article
Hematuria causes (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of hematuria is:
I PEE RBCS
Mnemonic
I: infection
P: pseudohaematuria (menses, dark urine)
E: exercise
E: external trauma
R: renal glomerular disease
B: benign prostatic hypertrophy
C: cancer
S: stones
Article
Nephrogenic phase
The nephrogenic phase, also known as the nephrographic phase or the renal parenchymal phase, is a postcontrast injection time range in which there is an optimal enhancement of the renal parenchyma including the medulla.
Technique
The acquisition time depends on the intravenous device (central ...
Article
Tension hydrocele
A tension hydrocele is a rare form of hydrocele that may result in impeded arterial inflow and venous outflow to and from the testis 1; testicular ischemia may result, leading to necrosis of the testicular parenchyma 2.
Diagnosis
Tension hydrocele can be diagnosed through a combination of clin...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is an uncommon condition that often presents at an advanced stage. Imaging is more often used for staging than for the initial diagnosis. It is the commonest histological subtype of penile cancer.
Epidemiology
Penile cancer is a relatively infrequent ...
Article
Renal imaging in nuclear medicine
Renal imaging in nuclear medicine is a method to assess the kidneys and collecting systems via multiple different radioactive tracers.
Dynamic renal imaging is performed using Tc-99m MAG3 or Tc99m DTPA, and static renal imaging is performed with Tc-99m DMSA. In addition, Tc-99m DTPA can be used ...
Article
Coiled catheter sign (ureter)
The coiled catheter sign is sometimes seen in transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. When a retrograde ureteropyelogram is attempted in the afflicted ureter, the catheter tip is seen to coil in the dilated portion of the ureter distal to the obstruction 1.
Article
CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram.
Note: This article aims to frame a genera...
Article
Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder
A spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is usually on a background of a pre-existing pathology and is a urological emergency.
For a general discussion of the perforation of the urinary bladder, please refer to the article on urinary bladder rupture.
Epidemiology
Intraperitoneal bladder t...
Article
Urogenital diaphragm
The urogenital diaphragm is an incorrect historic term describing a structure or structures in the perineum. The term is still in occasional use despite not appearing in Terminologia Anatomica.
Most descriptions of the diaphragm relate to a discoid space between the superficial and deep fasciae...
Article
Prostate atrophy
Prostatic atrophy is characterized by reduced cytoplasm prostatic acinar cells and constitutes a benign mimic of prostate cancer not only on imaging but also histologically.
Terminology
The term 'proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA)' is used if it is associated with inflammation.
Epidemio...
Article
Tulip sign
The tulip sign is a sonographic clue for in utero diagnosis of severe hypospadias.
The configuration of a tulip is given by the severe curvature of the penis in association with the penoscrotal transposition of a bifid scrotum.
History and etymology
The tulip sign was first described in 2002 ...
Article
Prostatic leiomyoma
Prostatic leiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumors of the prostate.
Epidemiology
Prostatic leiomyomas are very rare 1-3.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of prostatic leiomyoma is based on histology.
Clinical presentation
Prostatic leiomyomas can present with voiding difficulties or obstructive sym...
Article
Seminal vesicle cystadenoma
Seminal vesicle cystadenomas are a benign subgroup of mixed epithelial and stromal tumors of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Benign tumors of the seminal vesicles are very rare and so are cystadenomas 1.
Clinical presentation
Voiding difficulties or hematuria have been reported as clinica...
Article
Seminal vesicle stones
Seminal vesicle stones or calculi refer to solid mineralized pieces of material within the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Seminal vesicle calculi are rare and have been mainly reported after the age of 40 years 1.
Associations
Seminal vesicle calculi are often associated with hematospermia.
...
Article
Seminal vesicle amyloidosis
Seminal vesicle amyloidosis refers to the deposition of amyloid in the seminal vesicles and can occur as organ-limited amyloidosis and/or as part of systemic amyloidosis.
Epidemiology
Amyloid deposition in the seminal vesicles is apparently commonly seen in elderly men with a prevalence rangin...
Article
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) also known as prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is an enzyme generated by prostatic glandular tissue.
Usage
It can be used in immunohistochemistry to identify prostatic tissue including prostatic epithelium and prostatic ducts and is usually expressed ...
Article
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate or colloid adenocarcinomas of the prostate are a variant of acinar adenocarcinoma and characterized by mucinous features.
Epidemiology
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate are rare and account for less than 0.5% of prostate cancers 1-4.
Diagnosis
...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle
Adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Primary adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are very rare 1,2 and can be observed at a wide age range 2.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria
The following modified diag...
Article
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate or prostatic adenoid basal proliferation of uncertain significance is a type of prostate cancer resembling adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands.
Terminology
Other terms include 'adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'adenoid basal cell tumor', 'adenoid cyst...
Article
Squamous neoplasms of the prostate
Squamous neoplasms of the prostate include squamous cell carcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the prostate that account for two separate entities in the WHO classification of prostate tumors.
Epidemiology
Squamous cell carcinomas of the prostate are very rare and encompass <1% of prostat...
Article
Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate
Urothelial carcinomas or transitional cell carcinomas of the prostate are malignant neoplasms that can occur as primary cancers of the prostate gland.
Epidemiology
Prostatic urothelial carcinomas account for less than 2-4% of all prostate cancers 1 and are usually seen in middle-aged men 2.
A...
Article
Viscera
The viscera (singular: viscus) refers to all the internal organs within the major cavities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Therefore it does not include organs of the CNS, head and neck or musculoskeletal compartments nor does it encompass non-internal organs (e.g. the skin) 1.
Splanchnology...
Article
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) refers to a proliferation of glandular epithelial cells and is generally considered a nonobligatory precursor lesion of invasive prostate cancer.
Epidemiology
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is diagnosed in core needle biops...
Article
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate
Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate (IDCP) are a new subtype of prostate cancer that has been included as a new entity in the WHO classification of prostate tumors in 2016.
Epidemiology
Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate are rarely found isolated on needle core biopsy samples in 0.1-0.3...
Article
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Ductal adenocarcinomas of the prostate or prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas are malignant glandular neoplasms of the prostate and tend to be more aggressive than acinar adenocarcinomas.
Terminology
Due to its morphologic resemblance, it has been formerly referred to as 'endometrial' or 'endomet...
Article
Renal atrophy
Renal atrophy refers to a shrunken small appearance of the kidneys usually due to a secondary cause in contrast to renal hypoplasia which is the term given to a congenitally small kidney.
Renal atrophy can be unilateral or bilateral depending on the cause and when unilateral, the left kidney is...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate which only differs from acinar or ductal adenocarcinoma on immunohistochemistry staining.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differe...
Article
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate also known as low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate or carcinoid tumors of the prostate are low-grade neuroendocrine tumors arising from the prostate that may metastasize.
Epidemiology
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tum...
Article
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) of the prostate or prostatic large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are very aggressive and rare high-grade neuroendocrine tumors that are usually observed in the presence of an already existing adenocarcinoma and very rarely found alone.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate
Small cell carcinomas of the prostate (SCCP) or small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate are neuroendocrine tumors and are characterized by aggressive behavior and a proliferation of small cells.
Epidemiology
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate are rare 1,2 and mak...
Article
Flip-flop renal enhancement
Flip-flop renal enhancement describes when an infarcted renal parenchyma alternates between hypoattenuation during the arterial phase, and hyperattenuation on the delayed phase of a contrast enhanced CT 1,2.
Terminology
Flip-flop renal enhancement should not be confused with the flip-flop eff...
Article
Prostate imaging recurrence reporting
Prostate imaging recurrence reporting (PI-RR) or prostate MRI for local recurrence reporting is a structured reporting scheme similar to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) v2.1 on multiparametric prostate MRI for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy ...
Article
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...
Article
Dialysis-related spondyloarthropathy
Dialysis-related spondyloarthropathy is a relatively uncommon complication of renal dialysis. It is part of the spectrum of dialysis-related amyloidosis.
Pathology
Thought to be mainly due to extensive deposition of beta-2 microglobulin (amyloid-like substance) within the spine (especially in...
Article
CT adrenals (protocol)
CT of the adrenal glands is a study utilized in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal lesions on other studies, in order to characterize the lesions, and to seek adrenal abnormalities in patients with hormonal biochemical abnormalities.
Indications
Characterize incidentally discovered ...
Article
Renal emphysema
Renal emphysema, or intrarenal gas, refers to the presence of gas within the kidney, with or without extension to the urinary tract.
It is a rare finding and only a few differentials need to be considered 1:
infections
emphysematous pyelonephritis 1
iatrogenic
instrumentation
biopsy
surge...
Article
Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses (version 2019)
The Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses (version 2019), or usually simply Bosniak classification, version 2019, is a proposed update of the classic/current Bosniak criteria. The update hopes to improve on the classification's predictive power for malignancy and minimize the number of b...
Article
Urethral glands of Littré
The urethral glands of Littré, often shortened to just the glands of Littré, and also known as the glands of Morgagni or intramural glands of the urethra (TA: glandulae urethrales masculinae), are small glands located in the mucosa of the anterior male urethra which secrete mucus.
Terminology
...
Article
Uvula (disambiguation)
The uvula (plural: uvulae or uvulas) may refer to several different anatomical structures. When used as a standalone term it is usually understood to refer to the soft palate uvula.
uvula (soft palate)
uvula (cerebellum)
uvula (male bladder)
History and etymology
Uvula is Latin for 'little ...
Article
Granulomatous epididymitis
Granulomatous epididymitis refers to a form of epididymitis secondary to a granulomatous process. It may or may not be associated with concurrent orchitis.
It is usually associated with:
tuberculosis - tuberculous epididymitis
bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine
Occasionally cases are idi...
Article
Buried penis
A buried penis is a condition in which a normal sized penis is entrapped partially or completely by the surrounding subcutaneous fat and soft tissues of the scrotum, thighs, or hypogastrium.
Pathology
Etiology
Congenital
congenital poor fixation of the penile skin at its base 3
Acquired
ob...
Article
Prostate MRI (an approach)
Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is mainly conducted for the detection, active surveillance and staging of prostate cancer. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of a prostate MRI (usually mpMRI) wi...
Article
Perineal body
The perineal body, also known as the central tendon of the perineum, (TA: corpus perineale) is a key midline fibromuscular structure, with important muscular attachments, which acts to stabilize the structures of the pelvis and perineum. It is located between the anal canal and the vagina, or in...
Article
Transverse perineal muscles
The transverse perineal muscles are important for the stability of the pelvic and perineal structures via their intimate relationship with the perineal body. For many years, it was thought that these muscles directly inserted into the perineal body. It is now known that fibers from the muscles o...
Article
Deep transverse perineal muscle
The paired deep transverse perineal muscles (TA: musculus transversus profundus perinei) lie in the perineum and are important for stabilizing the perineal body.
Summary
origin: ischial ramus
insertion: the fibers of each muscle meet in the midline at the perineal body and decussate to intert...
Article
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
The paired superficial transverse perineal muscles (TA: musculus transversus superficialis perinei) lie in the perineum and are important for stabilizing the perineal body.
Summary
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: the fibers of each muscle meet in the midline at the perineal body and dec...
Article
Cellular angiofibroma
Cellular angiofibromas are benign densely vascularized fibroblastic neoplasms usually found in the lower genital tract specifically vulva, vagina or perineum in women and the scrotum or groin in men.
Epidemiology
Cellular angiofibromas are rare tumors found in the adult population. There is no...
Article
Seminal vesicle invasion
Seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) is referred to as the secondary involvement of the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens by neoplasms not originating from the seminal vesicles themselves and are much more common than their primary counterparts. Involvement of the seminal vesicles stages prostate c...
Article
Seminal vesicle fusion
Seminal vesicle fusion is a congenital abnormality that refers to the midline fusion of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
This is a very rare anomaly that has been reported in some sporadic case series and case reports in infertile men 2.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Only one case desc...
Article
Ejaculatory duct obstruction
Ejaculatory duct obstruction refers to the congenital or acquired obstruction of the ejaculatory ducts.
Epidemiology
Ejaculatory duct obstruction is rare, accounting for approximately 5% of infertile patients, but thought to be underdiagnosed 2.
Clinical presentation
Patients may complain ab...
Article
Seminal vesicle hypoplasia
Seminal vesicle hypoplasia is a congenital anomaly that refers to the underdevelopment of one or both seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Associations
All mesonephric duct maldevelopments may be observed:
renal agenesis
seminal vesicle agenesis
seminal vesicle cysts
congenital agenesis of the ...
Article
WHO classification of prostate tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of prostate tumors is a commonly used classification system for prostate tumors. The current version was published in 2016 as part of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs 1,2 and replaces the previous c...
Article
Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential
Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is a rare stromal tumor of the prostate with a broad spectrum of histologic patterns and variable clinical behavior.
Terminology
Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential has been also known as atypical stromal hyperplasia, cystic epi...
Article
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is a rare malignant prostatic tumor variant usually composed of both malignant glandular cells and spindle cells.
Terminology
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is also known as carcinosarcoma, metaplastic carcinoma or spindle cell carcinoma of the pros...
Article
Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate
Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate is a rare mesenchymal smooth muscle malignancy of the prostate gland.
Epidemiology
It is a rare tumor with less than 200 cases reported in the literature accounting for approximately 25% of all sarcomas of the prostate gland and less than 0.1% of primary prostate...
Article
Cystic dilatation of the seminal vesicles
Cystic dilatation of the seminal vesicles refers to dilatation to one or both seminal vesicles often occurring as a result of a downstream obstruction (atresia of the ejaculatory ducts or ectopic ureteral insertion into the seminal vesicles). On imaging it is seen as continuous dilatation to one...
Article
Seminal vesicle agenesis
Seminal vesicle agenesis is a condition that refers to the congenital absence of one or both seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Seminal vesicle agenesis is a rare finding with a reported incidence of 0.08 % 2.
Associations
Developmental anomalies of the ipsilateral urogenital tract may be observ...
Article
Watchful waiting
Watchful waiting, also known as watch and wait, describes a palliative management option with the main goal to maintain/improve quality of life, to control complications as well as minimize adverse treatment-related effects.
Usage
Watchful waiting is usually considered in elderly patients with...
Article
Active surveillance
Active surveillance describes a management option aiming at close monitoring of a specific stage in disease and minimizing adverse treatment-related effects without compromising survival at the same time. Curative or definite treatment is intended and offered upon deterioration or explicit patie...
Article
Ureteral calcification
Ureteral calcification refers to the presence of calcium concretions within the ureteral lumen or wall.
Common
ureteric calculi
Uncommon
neoplastic 3
transitional cell carcinoma
hemangioma
papilloma
infections
tuberculosis 1
schistosomiasis of the urinary tract
iatrogenic
radiation u...
Article
Thrombosis of the pampiniform plexus
Thrombosis of the pampiniform plexus is a rarely reported phenomenon of the formation of thrombus within the pampiniform plexus of the testes. It may occur with or without a varicocele. Its exact etiology is not well known but has sometimes been seen following epididymo-orchitis 1. Spontaneous o...
Article
Horseshoe-shaped (disambiguation)
Several normal anatomical structures and rare organ variants have been described as being horseshoe-shaped.
Organ anomalies
horseshoe kidney
horseshoe lung
horseshoe adrenal
horseshoe appendix
horseshoe pancreas 1
Horseshoe-shaped organs
hyoid bone
limbic lobe
supramarginal gyrus
tymp...