Articles

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Umbilical-urachal sinus

An umbilical-urachal sinus belongs to the spectrum of congenital urachal anomalies and represents a non-communicating dilatation of the urachus at the umbilical end. Clinical presentation Presentation is commoner in children and rare in adult. Radiographic features An umbilical-urachal sinus...

Urachal cyst

Urachal cysts are one of the manifestations of the spectrum of congenital urachal remnant abnormalities. Epidemiology An infected urachal cyst can occur at any age. Clinical presentation Urachal cysts usually remain asymptomatic until complicated by infection or bleeding. Pathology Uracha...

Patent urachus

A patent urachus is one of the spectrum of congenital urachal anomalies. It has occasionally been termed "urachal fistula". Clinical presentation A patent urachus is often diagnosed in neonates when urine is noted leaking from the umbilicus. The umbilicus may also have an abnormal appearance o...

Adenomatoid tumors of the scrotum

Adenomatoid tumors of the scrotum are benign, solid extratesticular lesions that can originate from the epididymis, tunica vaginalis, or spermatic cord (90% derived from the funiculus). Epidemiology They are the most common extratesticular neoplasm, and most common tumor of the epididymis, and...

Epispadias

Epispadias is a rare congenital anomaly that is almost always associated with bladder exstrophy. Epidemiology It occurs in 1 in 30,000 births, with a male: female ratio of 3:1. Clinical presentation The roof of the urethra is absent and the urethra opens anywhere between the base and the gl...

Crossed fused renal ectopia

Crossed fused renal ectopia refers to an anomaly where the kidneys are fused and located on the same side of the midline. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is around 1 out of 1000 births 1. There is a recognized male predilection with a 2:1 male to female ratio. More than 90% of crossed ren...

Radiation and chemotherapy induced cystitis

Both radiation and chemotherapy can result in severe hemorrhagic cystitis, the appearances of which vary with time from the therapy. It can be divided into acute and chronic. Pathology Acute In the acute phase of radiation and chemotherapy cystitis, there is hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to...

Bladder calcification (mnemonic)

A simple mnemonic to recall the common causes of bladder calcification is: SCRITT Mnemonic S: schistosomiasis C: cytotoxic: see radiation and chemotherapy induced cystitis R: radiation: see radiation and chemotherapy induced cystitis I: interstitial cystitis T: tuberculosis T: transition...

Adrenal pseudocyst

Adrenal pseudocysts account for ~40% of adrenal cysts and are more likely than simple adrenal cysts to be symptomatic. Pathology Pseudocysts do not have an epithelial lining and typically arise after an episode of adrenal hemorrhage. There is an ~7% association with malignancy (e.g. from hemor...

Behçet disease

Behçet disease is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology. Epidemiology The mean age at which Behçet disease occurs is 20-30 years. The disease is most prevalent in the Mediterranean region, Middle East and East Asia. The highest incidence has been reported in T...

Testicular adrenal rests

Testicular adrenal rests are a rare cause of a testicular mass. Terminology Testicular adrenal rests can be known by a variety of terms 2: testicular adrenal rest tumor (TART) testicular adrenal rest tissue testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome testicular adrenal-like tis...

Sarcoidosis (abdominal manifestations)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas. Virtually any organ system may be involved. Although less common than pulmonary and mediastinal disease, abdominal sarcoidosis can mimic more common infectious or neoplast...

Alport syndrome

Alport syndrome is an X-linked dominant disease characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss, renal disease and, at times, ocular lesions. Clinical presentation hematuria sensorineural hearing loss: typically high frequency 2 ocular abnormalities anterior lenticonus: most common ...

Mature metastasizing teratoma

A mature metastasizing teratoma is an uncommon complication of mature testicular teratomas, whereby distant metastatic deposits of histologically mature cells are encountered.

Testicular mixed germ cell tumors

Testicular mixed germ cell tumors are, as the name suggests, testicular tumors composed of two or more types of germ cell tumor. They are considered to be part of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, as it is that component which dictates prognosis and treatment. Overall they account for over 10...

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis results from infection by the zoonotic Leptospira spp. The condition can have multiorgan manifestations. Commonly affected organs include: lung: pulmonary leptospirosis liver: hepatic leptospirosis central nervous system: CNS leptospirosis skeletal muscle: muscular leptospirosi...

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a rare condition in female children caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck 1. The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending anterior to the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora 2. Incomplete oblite...

Germ cell tumor (classification)

Germ cell tumors are classified into two broad groups: seminoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT). The later is then divided further according to histology: seminoma non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) embryonal cell carcinoma choriocarcinoma yolk sac tumor teratoma mixe...

Testicular teratoma

Testicular teratoma, unlike ovarian teratoma, is often aggressive in its biological behavior, and often exists as part of testicular mixed germ cell tumors. Epidemiology Pure testicular teratomas account for only 4-9% of all testicular tumors. A similar number are seen in the context of test...

Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder

Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the bladder. The most common presenting complaints are urinary voiding symptoms such as obstruction and irritation. These leiomyomas exhibit imaging characteristics on ultrasound, CT and MRI similar to those of uterine leio...

Adrenal hemangioma

Adrenal hemangiomas are rare benign tumors that are usually incidentally identified (one example of an adrenal incidentaloma). Its significance mainly relates to the difficulty in differentiation from other malignant lesions. Epidemiology Although these can be found at any age, they are most ...

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT), also known as plasma cell granulomas, are rare neoplasms that have a diverse spectrum of biological behavior. Terminology These tumors were previously referred to as inflammatory pseudotumor. Epidemiology They can occur at any age and there is cu...

Prostate sarcoma

Prostate sarcomas are an uncommon and heterogeneous group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells in and around the prostate (as opposed to the more common prostate adenocarcinoma which derives from the glandular tissue). Pathology In children, the most common tumor type is a prostatic rhabd...

Primary urethral malignant melanoma

Melanoma of the urethra is a very rare tumor of the male urethra and often presents as an invasive prostatic mass. As such it is usually referred to as primary prostatic malignant melanoma.

Tumors of the male urethra

Tumors of the male urethra are uncommon. They can be categorized both on the grounds of histology and location. Histology squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra: 80% urothelial/transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra: 15% (predominantly posterior urethra) adenocarcinoma of the urethra: 5%...

Primary prostatic malignant melanoma

Primary melanoma of the prostate is rare, and usually cannot be diagnosed on imaging alone. In many cases, it is believed that in fact, the tumor represents prostatic involvement by melanoma of the urethra. Epidemiology Primary malignant melanoma of the prostate represents both a tiny fraction...

Urethral diverticulum

Urethral diverticula, or urethroceles, are focal outpouchings of the urethra. They should not be confused with a ureterocele of the distal ureter. Epidemiology Urethral diverticula occur far more frequently in women than in men and are estimated to occur in 1-6% of women, especially those with...

Testicular abscess

Testicular abscess is usually a complication of severe epididymo-orchitis and needs to be distinguished from other testicular pathology that may present with similar clinical or imaging features. Epidemiology The majority of patients develop a testicular abscess as a result of untreated or se...

Scrotal infections

The scrotum and its content are subject to a number of infective processes including: scrotal cellulitis scrotal abscess Fournier gangrene epididymitis epididymo-orchitis orchitis testicular abscess scrotal filariasis

Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion occurs when a testis torts on the spermatic cord resulting in the cutting off of blood supply. The most common symptom is acute testicular pain and the most common underlying cause, a bell-clapper deformity. The diagnosis is often made clinically but if it is in doubt, an ultr...

Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia

Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia (PPNAD) is a rare benign adrenal condition characterized by ACTH-independent autonomous hypersecretion of cortisol, leading to Cushing syndrome. Epidemiology PPNAD is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, which has yet to be confidently mapped. ...

Incidentaloma

An incidentaloma is a radiological neologism to denote a lesion found incidentally and of dubious clinical significance. Although it can refer to any incidental lesion (e.g. pituitary 3, thyroid 4), it is most often used to denote an incidental adrenal lesion, which is commonly an adrenal adenom...

Renal oncocytosis

Renal oncocytosis, also known as renal oncocytomatosis, is the presence of many concurrent renal oncocytomas with or without renal cell carcinomas. Typically a dominant larger tumor is present, with bilateral innumerable smaller tumors. Sometimes renal failure may develop 1.

Adrenal gland tumors

Despite its small size, the adrenal gland is affected by a relatively large number of neoplastic entities: adrenal adenoma adrenal myelolipoma adrenal cortical carcinoma adrenal pheochromocytoma adrenal neuroblastoma adrenal metastases See also adrenal lesions: for a more general list of...

Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...

Technetium-99m agents

Technetium agents based on the technetium-99m (Tc-99m) radioisotope are frequently used agents in medical imaging. A radiopharmaceutical labeled with Tc-99m constitutes a co-ordination complex in which ligands bond to a central atom of Tc-99m by co-ordinate covalent bonds 4 . The radioactive te...

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article. Epidemiology It is primarily a disease of the...

Congenital urachal anomalies

Congenital urachal anomalies are a spectrum of potential anomalies that can occur due to incomplete involution of the urachus. Epidemiology A urachal remnant occurs in approximately 1 in 5000 patients. Pathology The urachus connects the dome of the bladder to the umbilical cord during fetal ...

Urinary bladder wall or lumen calcification (differential)

Causes of urinary bladder wall or lumen calcification include: Common bladder calculus schistosomiasis of the urinary tract tuberculosis Uncommon neuroblastoma; pheochromocytoma radiation reaction alkaptonuria (ochronosis) amyloidosis calculus in a urachal cyst or in a bladder divertic...

Soft tissue rim sign (ureteric calculus)

The soft tissue rim sign is used to distinguish a ureteric calculus from a phlebolith. The former appears as a calcific density with a surrounding soft tissue rim, representing the edematous ureteric wall. On the other hand, phleboliths usually have invisible walls (up to 8% may have a soft tiss...

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), also sometimes referred to as "adult polycystic kidney disease", is an inherited form of adult cystic renal disease. Epidemiology Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common serious hereditary diseases, found in ...

Contrast-induced nephropathy

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) describes an association between intravenous or intra-arterial contrast administration and renal impairment, but increasingly the evidence shows that contrast is not the cause of the renal impairment and that confounding factors such as sepsis are likely to be ...

Bilateral adrenal gland enlargement

The differential for bilaterally enlarged adrenal glands (adrenomegaly) is relatively limited: adrenal hyperplasia micronodular adrenal hyperplasia macronodular adrenal hyperplasia adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH) 2 adrenal metastases a...

Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors

Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) include: Caucasians at higher risk than African Americans (9:1) undescended testis 10-40x increased risk around 10% of all tumors are associated with undescended testis higher risk if intra-abdominal testis compared with intrainguinal orc...

Pediatric urinary tract infection

Pediatric urinary tract infections are common and are a source of significant imaging in young children. Epidemiology Pediatric urinary tract infections affect up to 2.8% of all children every year, with approximately 2% of boys and 8% or more of girls developing a urinary tract infection at s...

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

Primary adrenal cortical carcinoma (also known as adrenocortical carcinoma) is a highly malignant but rare neoplasm. It may present as a hormonally active or inactive tumor. Epidemiology Although men and women are affected equally, functioning tumors are more common in females, who are also m...

Lobar nephronia

Lobar nephronia, also known as acute focal nephritis, refers to an intermediate stage between acute pyelonephritis and renal abscess, and is a focal region of interstitial nephritis. It appears as a wedge of poorly perfused renal parenchyma, without a cortical rim sign. The condition is discu...

Cortical rim sign (kidneys)

The cortical rim sign describes the thin, viable rim of subcapsular cortex seen on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI in major renal vascular compromise including: renal artery obstruction from embolism, thrombosis or dissection renal vein thrombosis acute tubular necrosis acute cortical necrosis ...

Striated nephrogram

Striated nephrogram is a descriptive term indicating the appearance of alternating linear bands of high and low attenuation in a radial pattern extending through the corticomedullary layers of the kidney on iodine-based intravenous contrast-enhanced imaging. It is important to know that a simil...

Acute pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis (plural: acute pyelonephritides) is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma most commonly seen in young women. It remains common and continues to have significant morbidity in certain groups of patients. Epidemiology The incidence of acute pyelonephritis p...

Bear paw sign (kidney)

The bear paw sign refers to the cross-sectional appearance of the kidney affected by xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. There is a radial arrangement of multiple, low attenuation rounded spaces representing dilated calyces, surrounded by thin renal parenchyma that has higher attenuation or cont...

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP/XPN) is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis and represents a chronic granulomatous disease resulting in a non-functioning kidney. Radiographic features are usually specific. Epidemiology Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is seen essentially in all age...

Comet tail artifact

The comet tail artifact is a grey scale ultrasound finding seen when small calcific / crystalline / highly reflective objects are interrogated and is believed to be a special form of reverberation artifact. It is similar to the color comet tail artifact and is seen in similar situations, althou...

Cortical nephrocalcinosis

Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis is ~20 times less common than medullary nephrocalcinosis. Pathology Etiology renal cortical necrosis: common 2 renal infarction/ischemia sepsis toxemia of pregnancy drugs snake bites arsenic poisoning extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) hemolyt...

Medullary nephrocalcinosis

Renal medullary nephrocalcinosis is the commonest form of nephrocalcinosis and refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the medulla of the kidney. Due to the concentrating effects of the loops of Henle, and the biochemical milieu of the medulla, compared to the cortex, it is 20 times more co...

Primary hyperoxaluria

Primary hyperoxaluria, also referred to as primary oxalosis, is a congenital autosomal recessive disease related to a liver enzyme deficiency leading to massive cortical nephrocalcinosis and renal failure. Please refer to secondary oxalosis for a discussion on the acquired form of hyperoxaluri...

Staghorn calculus (kidney)

Staghorn calculi, also sometimes called coral calculi, are renal calculi that obtain their characteristic shape by forming a cast of the renal pelvis and calyces, thus resembling the horns of a stag. They refer to struvite calculi involving the renal pelvis and extending into at least two calyce...

Sigmoid kidney

A sigmoid kidney is an uncommon variant of the horseshoe kidney. Whereas the typical horseshoe kidney is fused only at the lower poles, in a sigmoid kidney both the upper and the lower poles are fused 1.

Developmental anomalies of the kidney and ureter

Developmental anomalies of the kidneys and ureters are numerous and not only potentially render image interpretation confusing but also, in many instances, make the kidneys more prone to pathology: number renal agenesis supernumerary kidney fusion horseshoe kidney: most common cross fused ...

Testicular seminoma

Testicular seminomas are a type of germ cell tumor and the most common testicular tumors, accounting for ~45% of all primary testicular tumors. This article concerns itself only with testicular seminomas; however, seminomas can arise outside of the testis; most often within the anterior mediasti...

Renal mass

A renal mass can be broadly divided into two broad categories: renal tumor renal pseudotumor

Renal tumors

Renal tumors (for the purposes of this article taken to broadly mean neoplastic lesions) should be distinguished from renal pseudotumors. Whilst renal tumors can be broadly divided into primary and secondary (metastatic), benign and malignant, or adult and pediatric tumors, they are more formal...

Epididymal cyst

Epididymal cysts are the most common epididymal mass. Epidemiology Epididymal cysts have been reported in ~30% (range 20-40%) of asymptomatic individuals 5. Pathology They are usually of lymphatic origin 2. The cysts contain clear serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa and debris. Clinical ...

Urothelial cell carcinoma (urethra)

Urothelial cell carcinoma of the urethra (formerly transitional cell carcinoma) is rare and is almost always limited to the proximal urethra in men (membranous and prostatic). The vast majority of urethral malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas. This article concerns itself with transitional...

Adenocarcinoma (urinary bladder)

Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is rare and accounts for only ~1% of all bladder cancers (90% are transitional cell carcinomas). Pathology Metaplasia of urinary bladder induced by chronic irritation or infection can lead to adenocarcinoma. Pathological types of adenocarcinoma of the urin...

Squamous cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is rare, nevertheless SCC is the most common type of non-transitional cell carcinoma involving the bladder 2. Most bladder cancers are transitional/urothelial cell carcinomas. SCC is much more common where Schistosomiasis infections are more p...

Phantom calyx

A phantom calyx is a solitary calyx which fails to opacify with contrast amidst an otherwise well-opacified pelvicalyceal system. It is due to an intrarenal process which has infiltrated and caused obliteration of the involved collecting system element. It may be seen in: tumor: especially tra...

Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis (staging)

Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the ureter. TNM staging (8th edition) T Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat) T1: through lamina propria into s...

Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter (staging)

Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the renal pelvis. TNM staging (8th edition) T Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat) T1: through lamina propria into ...

Balkan nephropathy

Balkan nephropathy (a.k.a. Balkan endemic nephropathy) refers to a degenerative interstitial nephropathy endemic to the Balkan states, which is associated with a very high rate of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and upper ureter. Epidemiology The condition is largely restricte...

Perirenal lymphocele

Perirenal lymphoceles are the most common cause of perinephric fluid collection. They can potentially occur in a post-transplant situation in up to 25% of cases. Clinical presentation Perirenal lymphocele is usually asymptomatic but they can be large enough to cause hydronephrosis or venous ob...

Goblet sign (ureter)

The goblet sign, also known as the champagne glass sign, refers to the appearance of the ureter when it is focally dilated by an intraluminal mass. It is best seen when the ureter is opacified by retrograde contrast (retrograde ureterogram). Presence of this sign indicates the pathology to be ch...

Faceless kidney

A faceless kidney refers to one in which the normal appearance of the renal sinus on cross-sectional imaging is absent. It was initially described as a sign of duplication of the collecting system 1 (a slice obtained between the two collecting systems will not demonstrate the normal components o...

Oncocalyx

An oncocalyx is a tumor-filled, distended renal calyx, typically seen in patients with transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis.

Ureteral tumors

A number of tumors may affect the ureter, by far the most common histology being transitional cell carcinoma. transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter: 95% 1 squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter: 5% adenocarcinoma of the ureter: <1%

Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder, is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, and bladder TCC is the most common tumor of the entire urinary system. This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas of the...

Transitional cell carcinoma (ureter)

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the ureter, also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the ureter, are uncommon compared to similar tumors elsewhere along the urinary tract but are nonetheless the most common primary tumor of the ureter. This article concerns itself with transitional c...

Transitional cell carcinoma (renal pelvis)

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis, also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the renal pelvis, is uncommon compared to renal cell carcinoma and can be challenging to identify on routine imaging when small. This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas ...

Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary tract)

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length, from the renal pelvis to the bladder. As imaging findings and treatment vary according to where along the urinary...

Pelviureteric junction obstruction

Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction/stenosis, also known as ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction/stenosis, can be one of the causes of obstructive uropathy. It can be congenital or acquired with a congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction being one of the commonest causes of antenat...

Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome (also known as arteriohepatic dysplasia) is a congenital genetic multisystem disorder. Clinical presentation Infants typically present with symptoms relating to the liver where it is one of the most common causes of hereditary cholestasis. Genetics Alagille syndrome is inhe...

Hereditary renal cancer syndromes

Despite the vast majority of renal cancers being sporadic, there are a number of hereditary renal cancer syndromes: von Hippel Lindau syndrome: predominantly clear cell type tuberous sclerosis: predominantly clear cell type (also associated with angiomyolipoma) hereditary paraganglioma-pheoch...

Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuromas are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements and potentially occur anywhere along with the peripheral autonomic ganglion sites. On imaging, usually, they present as well-defined solid masses and can be quite large at presentation. Generally, th...

Echogenic renal pyramids (differential)

Echogenic renal pyramids in children can be due to many different causes. Differential diagnosis Nephrocalcinosis Iatrogenic (most common cause) furosemide (frusemide) vitamin D steroids Non-iatrogenic idiopathic hypercalcemia Williams syndrome hyperparathyroidism m...

Urinary bladder diverticula (causes)

There are numerous causes of urinary bladder diverticula: Primary (congenital or idiopathic) Hutch diverticulum (in paraureteral region) Secondary bladder outlet obstruction bladder neck stenosis neurogenic bladder posterior urethral valve prostatic enlargement (hypertrophy; carcinoma) ...

Teratoma

Teratomas are germ cell tumors that arise from ectopic pluripotent stem cells that fail to migrate from the yolk sac endoderm to the urogenital ridge during embryogenesis. By definition, they contain elements from all three embryological layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm although frequentl...

Germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors are found widely throughout the body and encompass a wide range of individual tumors. This article does not deal with any specific body locations. For detailed discussion please refer to the articles listed at the end of this page. Pathology Germ cell tumors arise from ectop...

Germ cell tumors (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for the differential diagnosis for germ cell tumors is: SECTE Mnemonic S: seminoma E: embryonal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: teratoma E: endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor)

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease is characterized by the development of numerous benign and malignant tumors in different organs (at least 40 types 1) due to mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3. Epidemiology The disease is rare with an estimated prevalence of 1:35,000-50,...

Multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma

Multicystic peritoneal mesotheliomas are a rare benign subtype of mesothelioma. Terminology The nomenclature for this condition can be confusing due to the use of multiple interchangeable synonyms that lump it together with the peritoneal inclusion cysts. Although there is still some debate o...

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis (plural: pyelonephritides) refers to an upper urinary (renal) tract infection with associated renal pelvis, renal calyceal and renal parenchymal inflammation, and comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions. bacterial pyelonephritis chronic pyelonephritis renal tubercu...

Renal pseudotumor

Renal pseudotumors simulate a tumor on imaging but are composed of non-neoplastic tissue. Differential diagnosis There are many examples 1-3: Developmental prominent column of Bertin persistent fetal lobulation dromedary hump splenorenal fusion cross-fused renal ectopia ...

Paratesticular tumors

A paratesticular mass may derive from a number of structures that surround the testis within the scrotum; most commonly, they derive from the spermatic cord. Pathology The masses can be categorized as benign (70%) or malignant (30%). Etiology Benign spermatic cord lipoma (most common parat...

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