Articles

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Ball on tee sign (kidney)

The ball-on-tee sign, golf ball-on-tee sign, or egg in cup appearance, refers to a urographic pattern of papillary excavation that may be seen with renal papillary necrosis. The sign occurs when contrast material fills central excavations in the papilla of the interpolar region giving a ball-on...

Renal coloboma syndrome

Renal coloboma syndrome (also known as papillorenal syndrome) is a rare condition that primarily affects kidney and eye development. Affected individuals typically have hypoplastic kidneys, which can lead to end-stage renal disease. Approximately 10% of children with hypodysplastic kidneys have...

Urinary tract dilatation classification

The urinary tract dilatation (UTD) classification system is a proposed unified classification of urinary tract dilatation for prenatal and postnatal care. This classification was developed by the collaboration of clinicians from eight societies (American College of Radiology (ACR), American Inst...

Global testicular infarction

Global testicular infarction is fortunately rare, and is most commonly seen in the context of testicular torsion. However rarely it can occur secondary to other causes. Diagnosis Doppler ultrasound is the mainstay for assessing testicular blood flow and diagnosing ischemia 1. Hyperemia and in...

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized clinically by abnormalities affecting the eyes, craniofacial structures, and branchial sinuses. Epidemiology More than 80 cases have been reported in the global literature since its f...

Surgical positions

There are various classic surgical positions for patients to be placed in for procedures, which have been adopted/repurposed for interventional radiology and some diagnostic procedures: lithotomy position Trendelenburg position reverse Trendelenburg position lateral decubitus position Litho...

Yo-yo reflux

Yo-yo reflux or uretero-ureteral reflux is noted in partial ureteral duplication 1,2. It is the reflux of urine from the normal caliber ureter to the dilated ureter. Radiographic features Yo-yo reflux should be suspected when there is asymmetric dilatation of ureters. It can be diagnosed with...

Intravenous drug user

Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6. Terminology More neutral terms such as pe...

Angiomyolipoma

Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) refer to hamartomatous lesions composed of abnormal, thick-walled vessels (angio-) and varying amounts of smooth muscle–like cells (-myo-) and adipose tissue (-lipoma). They predominantly occur in the kidney (renal angiomyolipoma) but occasionally occur in other organs suc...

Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is a broad term used to describe all types of cancers affecting the urinary bladder: transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder): most common primary neoplasm of the bladder squamous cell carcinoma (urinary bladder): accounts for around 3-8% of all bladder cancers adenocarcin...

Musculus compressor nuda

Musculus compressor nuda is a small striated musculotendinous sling of the bulbocavernosus muscle, which extends from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the proximal bulbous urethra. Musculus compressor nuda causes the proximal bulbous urethra to form a symmetric convex cone shape where the t...

Whitmore-Jewett staging system

The Whitmore-Jewett staging system (also known as the Jewett staging system or ABCD system) is a superseded staging system for prostate cancer. It was developed by the American Urological Association (AUA). Most societies (including AUA) and clinicians now advocate and use the TNM staging system...

Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is a key enzyme in most cells, catalyzing the reversible conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate. Its contemporaneous main clinical uses are limited primarily to the investigation of hemolysis, serous collections and as a tumor marker. Physiology L-lactate dehydro...

Glomerulocystic kidney disease

Glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD) is a rare cystic kidney disease. Epidemiology Associations Following syndromic associations have been proposed 4: Down syndrome asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Jeune syndrome Marden-Walker syndrome ...

Umbilicus

The umbilicus is the fibrous remnant of the fetal attachment of the umbilical cord after birth. Gross anatomy All layers of the anterior abdominal wall fuse at the umbilical ring, a small round defect in the linea alba located just inferior to the midpoint between the xiphoid process of the st...

Acute tubular necrosis

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a common type of acute kidney injury, particularly in hospitalized patients. Pathology Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by renal tubular cell damage and death and is usually caused by ischemic or nephrotoxic insults. Deposition of cellular debris within ...

Cystic degeneration of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Cystic degeneration of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the forms that a BPH nodule may present as. They are often located in the transition zone. They may have irregular shapes, can be of variable size and may contain hemorrhage or calcifications. Patients usually have symptoms of u...

Ductus deferens cyst

A ductus deferens cyst (also known as a vas deferens cyst) is a type of juxtaprostatic - extraprostatic cyst. They are usually located along the course of the ductus deferens and superior to the prostate. They can arise from congenital abnormalities of the vas deferens or acquired causes such as...

RENAL nephrometry scoring system

The RENAL nephrometry scoring system was developed to categorize renal masses into low, intermediate and high complexity, based on cross-sectional imaging findings. Its purpose is to aid in decision making, patient counseling, surgical planning, and patient follow-up, as well as academic reporti...

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinomas are a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with predominantly cystic appearance. Terminology Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma was first identified as a distinct histopathologic entity in 2005, and subsequently acknowledged as an independent disease cat...

International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver classification of renal neoplasia

The International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver classification of renal neoplasia is a now-outdated classification of renal tumors published in 2013. It formed the basis for the most recent revision of the WHO classification of tumors of the kidney, published in 2016. For reference, ...

WHO classification of tumors of the kidney

The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of tumors of the kidney is the most commonly used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2016 as part of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Urin...

Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential

Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential is a low-grade adult renal tumor composed entirely of numerous cysts. The entity was previously known as multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, which usually had clear cell morphology, but was redefined in the 2016 WHO classificati...

Hockey stick sign (disambiguation)

The hockey stick sign can refer to a variety of different signs and appearances: hockey stick sign (thyroid hemiagenesis) hockey stick sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) hockey stick sign (ureters)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is widely used as a surrogate marker of renal function and is mathematically derived from the patient's serum creatinine, using their age, sex and ethnicity. There is some controversy over whether ethnicity should be included in the calculations. ...

Fallopian (disambiguation)

The eponym fallopian may refer to: fallopian canal (facial nerve canal) fallopian tube (uterine duct) fallopian ligament (inguinal ligament) History and etymology It is named after Gabriele Falloppio (also known by his Latin name Fallopius), Italian anatomist (1523-1562). Despite the eponym...

Utricle (disambiguation)

The utricle may refer to: utricle of the inner ear utricle of the prostatic urethra

Extramammary Paget disease

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is the rarer non-breast form of Paget disease of the nipple. It is considered a form of adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glandular tissue. In men, the penis and scrotum are most frequently involved, and in women the vulva. Nodal and distant organ metastatic diseas...

TWIST score

The Testicular Workup for Ischemia and Suspected Torsion (TWIST) score is a clinical decision tool used for the workup and management of acute scrotal emergencies where torsion is suspected. It uses history and examination to estimate the likelihood of torsion. Currently, validation of the clini...

Seminal vesicle abscess

Seminal vesical abscesses are a complication of seminal vesiculitis. Clinical presentation The associated symptoms can be non-specific and are those typically associated with urinary tract infections: dysuria fever perineal or abdominal pain urinary retention ejaculation of purulent mate...

Isthmus (disambiguation)

Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles: isthmus (aorta) isthmus (auditory tube) isthmus (auricle of the ear) isthmus (c...

Mainzer-Saldino syndrome

Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (also known as conorenal syndrome (CRS)) is a rare condition and is one of the ciliopathies. It is due to mutations in the IFT140 gene, whose protein product is one of the six parts of the intraflagellar transport complex A. The syndrome's key characteristics are: phal...

Hydroureter

Hydroureter refers to abnormal dilation (>3 mm) of the ureter and may occur in combination with hydronephrosis. Terminology The term, megaureter, is usually reserved for ureters >7 mm in diameter. The term hydroureteronephrosis (or hydronephroureterosis) may be used when ureteric dilatation o...

McDonald and McClellan's classification of crossed renal ectopias

McDonald and McClellan classified crossed renal ectopia into four types 1: bilateral crossed renal ectopia without fusion unilateral crossed renal ectopia bilaterally crossed renal ectopia: represents 90% of all crossed ectopias and includes crossed fused renal ectopia crossed unfused rena...

Pediatric cystic nephroma

Pediatric cystic nephromas, previously known as multilocular cystic nephromas, are rare benign renal neoplasms occurring in children. As of the 2016 WHO classification, they are considered distinct from adult cystic nephromas 1,2. Terminology Evolving terminology regarding cystic nephromas and...

Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome

Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD), also known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 5 (MODY5), refers to the combination of renal cortical cysts and diabetes mellitus in patients with mutations in the HNF1B gene. When renal cysts are associated with these mutations without disturb...

Strangury

Strangury (also known as stranguria or vesical tenesmus) describes a symptom of unintentional agonising micturition of small volumes of urine or marked desire to do so, often without any urine passed. In many cases the bladder is empty or near empty. It has been described as the urological form...

Hurley stick ureters

Hurley stick ureters refers to the widening of the distal ureters with abnormal lateral and upward curvature instead of normal oblique intramural course in excretory urogram. The appearance of distal ureter resembles hurley stick used in the traditional Irish game of hurling. This is seen in bla...

Sacral nerve stimulator

Sacral nerve stimulators are a form of neuromodulation therapy. They are used for urogenital disorders such as urge urinary incontinence and detrusor hyperactivity, and colorectal disorders such as chronic constipation refractory to conventional medical therapy, and fecal incontinence. There is ...

Brachytherapy seed migration to the lung

Brachytherapy seed migration to the lung is a known complication of radioactive seed therapy. These seeds are used for localized treatment of malignancies, most commonly prostate cancer. Regarding staging, nearly 79% of the cases are localized, 12% are regional and 5% present with distant disea...

Perinephric bridging septa

Perinephric bridging septa or septa of Kunin are composed of numerous fibrous lamellae which traverse the perinephric fat 1,2 where they suspend the kidneys within the perirenal space. The septa may act as a barrier or conduit for the spread of pus, blood, urine, and neoplasms in the perinephric...

Hairy kidney sign (Erdheim-Chester disease)

The hairy kidney sign refers to the soft tissue ring of perirenal infiltration seen on cross-sectional imaging studies in Erdheim-Chester disease and is considered to be pathognomonic of this disease. The ‘‘hairy’’ description refers to the associated thickening of the bridging perirenal septa (...

Tumors of the seminal vesicles

Tumors of the seminal vesicles usually represent contiguous invasion of the seminal vesicles from malignancies in adjacent organs, most commonly the prostate. Tumors originating de novo within the seminal vesicles themselves are much rarer. Epithelial tumors adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesic...

Renal epithelial cyst

Renal epithelial cysts, also known as simple renal cysts, are common benign lesions of the renal parenchyma. Since they are uncommon in children and progressively more common with age, they are considered acquired lesions. Epidemiology overall high prevalence increasingly common with age 1,2 ...

Intramural fat of the urinary bladder

Intramural fat of the urinary bladder is an occasional benign finding on CT/MRI. Epidemiology The incidence of this finding in histopathological studies is up to 4%. There is a male predominance ref. Clinical presentation It is typically an incidental, asymptomatic finding. Pathology Adip...

Foley catheter

The Foley catheter is a urinary catheter with a balloon at its distal tip, which is inflated post-insertion to ensure that the catheter remains in the bladder. Originally inflation of the balloon required the instillation of fluid or air via a separate port, next to the external end of the cathe...

Peritoneal dialysis catheter

A peritoneal dialysis catheter is a flexible tube designed for peritoneal dialysis, the most well-known and widely-used being the Tenckhoff catheter. From an MRI perspective, the Tenckhoff catheter has an extraperitoneal tungsten tip which is MRI-compatible, however, it will cause some suscept...

Interstitial cystitis

Interstitial cystitis, also known as bladder pain syndrome, is a chronic, non-infectious, inflammatory condition of poorly understood etiology that affects the urinary bladder. It is defined as urinary bladder pain and irritative symptoms of more than six months duration. It usually represents a...

Fungal ball of the urinary tract

Fungal balls of the urinary tract, also known as fungal bezoars or mycetomas of the urinary tract, are a rare manifestation of funguria, usually candiduria. Epidemiology While candiduria may be seen in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients 1, development of fungal balls is considered very...

Selenium toxicity

Selenium toxicity (rarely: hyperselenemia) is caused by excessive intake of the non-metallic element selenium (Se) in the diet. Epidemiology It is less common than selenium deficiency. It is most frequently seen in some parts of India, in which there are naturally high levels of selenium in th...

Canal of Nuck hernia

Canal of Nuck hernias are rare and occur in female children. They are caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck with a connection to the peritoneal cavity and transmitted intra-abdominal contents (e.g. bowel, omentum, fluid, ovary, fallopian tube and/or urinary bladder). ...

Venous intravasation

Venous intravasation is the unintended introduction of radiographic contrast material into the local venous system. It is a well-recognized phenomenon during retrograde urethrograms 1,2 and hysterosalpingograms (HSG), although can occur with other invasive procedures in the vicinity of venous pl...

Emphysematous prostatitis

Emphysematous prostatitis refers to gas-forming infection of the prostate, nearly always occurring concurrently with prostatic abscess. Epidemiology The condition is rare, most commonly presenting in males aged 50-70 years and usually confined to certain patient subgroups 1,2. Risk factors R...

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma. Epidemiology The average age of onset of sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma is 61 years. In cases associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, the average age of onset is 37 years 1. Clinical presentation Patien...

Cystinosis

Cystinosis, also known as Abderhalden Kaufmann Lignac syndrome, is the most common hereditary cause of renal Fanconi syndrome. Cystinosis is one of the lysosomal storage disorders. Epidemiology It has a reported incidence of 1:192,000 1. Cystinosis is typically diagnosed in infancy. Clinica...

Fistula

A fistula (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is an abnormal connection between two epithelial surfaces such as between hollow organs, skin or vessels. Conventionally, the name of a specific fistula type is a combination of the two organs. For discussions of specific fistulae please refer to individu...

Lamellated

The term lamellated (or laminated which means the same thing) is a radiopathological term used to describe the layered appearance of many calculi, including those of the renal tract, the salivary glands, and the biliary tree. The internal structure of these calculi has been likened to that of an...

Epithelioid angiomyolipoma of kidney

Epithelioid angiomyolipomas (EAML) are rare variants of the more common renal angiomyolipoma. They have malignant potential. Pathology Like more common renal angiomyolipomas, EAMLs are considered perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas). EAMLs were regarded as a separate renal mass entit...

Testicular sarcoidosis

Testicular sarcoidosis is a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis. In cases of urogenital sarcoidosis, more commonly the epididymis is affected. Epidemiology Testicular sarcoidosis is more common in African-American patients, as are other forms of sarcoidosis 1. Up to 5% of patients with chronic s...

Hermaphroditism

Hermaphroditism states are a result of abnormalities in embryonic development and may have mixed characteristics of each sex, with variable clinical manifestations. True hermaphroditism is deﬁned as the simultaneous presence in a single individual of both testicular and ovarian tissues, that may...

Ketamine bladder

Ketamine bladder or ketamine bladder syndrome refers to lower urinary tract symptoms associated with long-term ketamine use. Epidemiology The presence of lower urinary tract symptoms in long-term ketamine users has been identified to be as high as 90% in some studies 1. Clinical presentation ...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Hyperdense renal cyst

Benign hyperattenuating renal cysts are also known as hyperdense renal cysts. Epidemiology They are frequently found in patients with either acquired cystic renal disease or autosomal dominant polycystic renal disease 1. Radiographic features homogeneously hyperattenuating (even when a narro...

Testicular embryonal cell carcinoma

Testicular embryonal cell carcinoma is a type of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor and is the second most common histological type of testicular tumor after seminoma 3. Epidemiology Incidence peaks at around 25-30 years. Pathology It may occur as part of a mixed germ cell tumor (more common a...

Testicular choriocarcinoma

Testicular choriocarcinoma is a type of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor. Epidemiology Incidence peaks at around 20-30 years of age. Clinical presentation Can be variable with some patients initially presenting with metastases. Pathology It is most commonly detected as a component of a mi...

Cystocele

A cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a form of pelvic organ prolapse where the bladder descends inferiorly and posteriorly into the vagina and perineum. It may be accompanied by prolapse of other pelvic organs. Radiographic features CT / MRI Sagittal images are particularly use...

Vestibule of the vulva

The vestibule of the vulva (vestibule of the vagina in some texts 2) is the area between the labia minora, and posterior to the glans of the clitoris. It marks the boundary between the vagina and the vulva. The urethra, vagina and the greater vestibular glands open out into the vestibule.

von Hippel-Lindau disease (mnemonic)

Features of von Hippel-Lindau disease can be remembered by the mnemonic: HIPPEL Mnemonic: H: hemangioblastoma of CNS I: increased risk of renal cell cancer P: pheochromocytoma P: pancreatic lesions (cyst, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, neuro-endocrine tumors) E: eye and ear dysfunction ...

Hymen

The hymen (plural: hymens) is a thin fold of mucous membrane which extends across the vaginal opening, usually with some form of internal defect, which permits the free passage of normal menses. It usually ruptures during coitus with the remnants, usually in the form of small tags of tissue ar...

External iliac lymph nodes

The external iliac lymph nodes can be found surrounding the external iliac artery and act as the draining nodes for several regions of the pelvis and lower limb. Gross anatomy The external iliac lymph nodes lie anterior to the internal iliac lymph nodes and usually form three separate subgrou...

Frenulum (disambiguation)

Frenulum (plural: frenula) is an anatomical term and refers to a small fold of soft tissue that checks the movement of an anatomical part. frenulum (clitoris) frenulum (ileocecal valve) frenulum (labia minora) frenulum (penis) frenulum (tongue) History and etymology Frenulum derives from ...

Labia minora

The labia minora (singular: labium minus) are small glabrous cutaneous folds lying between and just superior to the labia majora. At their posterior margin the labia may be conjoined by a thin cutaneous fold of skin, the frenulum of the labia (also known as the fourchette or posterior commissure...

Labia majora

The labia majora (singular: labium majus) form the anteroinferior most part of the vulva, they are continuous with the mons pubis anteriorly and the perineum posteriorly. The labia are apposed in the midline forming the, externally-visible, pudendal cleft. Gross anatomy The labia majora have ...

Paraurethral duct

The paraurethral ducts (or Skene ducts) drain the paraurethral glands of the female urethra. There is one duct, draining each gland, on each side, just proximal to the external urethral meatus. History and etymology Skene ducts are named after the Scottish-American gynecologist Alexander John...

Mons pubis

The mons pubis (plural: montes pubis) refers to the rounded protuberant skin-covered soft tissue overlying the symphysis pubis (in both sexes). It is most prominent in adult females. In females it forms the most superior part of the vulva and it is also called the mons Veneris (plural: montes V...

Vulva

The vulva (plurals: vulvas or vulvae), also known as the pudendum, (plural: pudenda) is the collective term given to the female external genitalia. The vulva consists of the: mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris bulbs of the vestibule vestibule of the vulva vaginal opening hyme...

Unilateral renal enlargement (differential)

Unilateral renal enlargement can arise from a number of causes which include: duplicated pelvicalyceal system crossed-fused renal ectopia renal arterial infarction renal vein thrombosis anatomic compression of the renal vein compensatory hypertrophy acute pyelonephritis obstructive uropa...

Bulbourethral glands

The bulbourethral glands, a.k.a. Cowper glands, are paired small pea-sized glands of the male reproductive tract, homologous to the female Bartholin glands. Gross anatomy The bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch posterolateral to the membranous portion of the male urethr...

Perineal membrane

The perineal membrane is a thin triangular horizontal layer of dense tough fascia in the perineum which divides the urogenital triangle into superficial (inferior) and deep (superior) perineal pouches. It attaches to the inferior margins of the ischiopubic rami, enclosing the anterior portion o...

Testicular fracture

Testicular fracture is a break in the parenchyma of the testis as a result of blunt trauma. Radiographic features Ultrasound A fracture line can be seen as a hypoechoic and avascular area within the testis but is only seen in 17% of cases 1. Disruption of the tunica albuginea suggests test...

Testicular dislocation

Testicular dislocation is a rare condition in which a testis is dislocated from its normal position within the scrotum to another location, most commonly the superficial inguinal pouch. Epidemiology The condition mainly occurs in younger men with a mean age of 25 years 2. Clinical presentatio...

Testicular lipomatosis

Testicular lipomatosis is a rare condition characterized by homogeneously hyperechoic non-shadowing lesions within the testes on ultrasound without flow on color Doppler. It is seen as a component of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) gene hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) which includes: Cowd...

Urine

Urine represents the biofluid end-product of the renal filtration process. Normally it is a transparent, sterile, pale-yellow liquid (although clearly color varies with the person's hydration status). Urine is one of the most easily-accessible biofluids in the human body and has been intensive...

Ureteric jet

Ureteric jets, also known as ureteral jets, are the visualization of the normal physiological periodic efflux of urine from the distal end of each ureter into the bladder. Pathology When the urine passing down the ureter reaches the vesicoureteric junction (VUJ), it is forced out into the bla...

Loin pain hematuria syndrome

Loin pain hematuria syndrome is a rare disorder in which patients suffer episodes of severe unilateral or bilateral flank pain with microscopic or gross hematuria in the absence of renal pathology. Epidemiology Approximately 70% of patients are young females with a peak incidence in the third ...

Tunica (disambiguation)

Tunica is a word used in anatomy to refer to a type of covering. tunica adventitia (also known as tunica externa) tunica albuginea tunica albuginea (clitoris) tunica albuginea (ovary) tunica albuginea (penis) tunica albuginea (testis) tunica intima tunica media tunica vaginalis tunica...

Tunica albuginea (testis)

The tunica albuginea (TA) forms the fibrous covering of the testis and is itself covered by the serous layer, the tunica vaginalis. The covering is total, except for at the point of attachment of the epididymis, and a small defect posteriorly where the spermatic cord vessels enter and leave the ...

Tunica vaginalis (testis)

The tunica vaginalis (TV) represents the investing serosal covering of the testis. It forms as the embryological testis descends and passes out through the superficial inguinal ring carrying its abdominal peritoneal covering with it. The tunica vaginalis is said to consist of two layers, the pa...

PSA density

The PSA density (PSAD), is a calculation performed at diagnosis and is the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level (ng/mL) divided by the volume of the prostate gland (mL), resulting in a value with the units, ng/mL2 1. Prostate volume is calculated from TRUS measurements 2,3. Alternativel...

Prostatic venous plexus

The prostatic venous plexus (also known as Santorini's plexus) is a network of veins around the anterolateral aspect of the prostate and anterior to the bladder. Tributaries include: deep dorsal vein of the penis anterior vesical rami prostatic rami The receipt of blood from the vesical and ...

Chyluria

Chyluria is the finding of chyle in the urine, and is due to a pathological communication between the lymphatic system and the renal tract. It is most commonly found in South-East Asia, where it is due to lymphatic filariasis, but in the non-tropical world it is most commonly encountered after t...

Body imaging

Body imaging is the term assigned to cross-sectional imaging of the body, which radiologically refers to the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is often used by radiologists who report this region (sometimes known as body imagers/radiologists) to differentiate their primary area of interest from othe...

Fanconi syndrome

Fanconi syndrome describes generalized proximal renal tubule dysfunction causing impaired reabsorption of many urinary solutes. Clinical presentation Clinical features include poor growth, fatigue, dehydration, polyuria, muscle weakness, and bone pain. Features on a basic blood panel include ...

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