Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

Create new article

1,073 results found

Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism refers to an absence of a testis (or testes) in the scrotal sac. It may refer to an undescended testis, ectopic testis, or an atrophic or absent testis. Correct localization of the testes is essential because surgical management varies on location. Pathology The testes develop i...

Branchio-oto-renal dysplasia

Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) dysplasia, syndrome, or spectrum disorder is a rare syndromic disorder characterized by cervical branchial apparatus anomalies, ear malformations, and renal anomalies. If there are no renal anomalies, then it is more likely to be branchiootic dysplasia. Pathology When ...

Bell clapper deformity

A bell clapper deformity is a predisposing factor in testicular torsion in which the tunica vaginalis has an abnormally high attachment to the spermatic cord, leaving the testis free to rotate. Bell clapper deformity predisposes to intravaginal torsion of the testis. It is best defined as the c...

Torsion of the appendix testis

Torsion of the appendix testis (occasionally called torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni) is the most common cause of an acute painful hemiscrotum in a child. The appendix testis is located at the upper pole of the testis (between the testis and the head of the epididymis). The normal appendix te...

Tubular ectasia of rete testis

Tubular ectasia of rete testis (rare plural: retia testes 8) represents dilated testicular mediastinal tubules. Epidemiology This condition is more common in men over the age of 55 years. It is often bilateral, is frequently associated with spermatoceles and may occur as result of a vasectom...

Tc-99m pertechnetate

Tc-99m pertechnetate (Na+ 99mTc O4-) is one of the technetium radiopharmaceuticals used in imaging of thyroid, colon, bladder and stomach. Technetium (99mTc) has eight oxidation states 6, from -1 to +7; specifically, the oxidation state of technetium in the pertechnetate anion (99mTcO4-) is +7....

Tc-99m MAG3

Tc-99m MAG3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine) is one of the technetium radiopharmaceuticals used in renal imaging. Due to favorable energy and dosimetric characteristics, MAG3 radiolabeled with technetium has replaced the iodide-131 Hippuran for the study of renal function (tubular secretion physiology...

Periurethral cystic lesions

There are several periurethral cystic lesions. These include: female genitourinary tract: vaginal cysts Mullerian cyst Gartner duct cyst epidermal inclusion cyst of the vagina Skene duct cyst Bartholin gland cyst endometrial cyst of perineal-vulval-vaginal region male genitourinary trac...

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) is a type of gonadal dysgenesis characterized by gonadal asymmetry, and/or sex chromosomal mosaicism, as well as retained Müllerian ducts. Pathology Depending on the chromosomal composition, patients may have testes and/or streak gonads. Genetics affected indiv...

Cystic renal dysplasia

Cystic renal dysplasia refers to a subgroup of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract characterized by the dysplastic renal parenchyma and formation of cysts. The most severe form is multicystic dysplastic kidney, in which functional renal parenchyma is absent and only undifferenti...

True hermaphroditism

True hermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development. Pathology Patients with true hermaphroditism have mosaicism of 46XX and 46XY. They therefore have both ovarian and testicular tissues. Subtypes There are three forms of true hermaphroditism: unilateral true hermaphroditism ...

Male pseudohermaphroditism

Male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) is a variation of gender development. Pathology Patients with male pseudohermaphroditism have 46 XY karyotype and may manifest as a female phenotype with various degrees of undervirilization secondary to partial androgen insensitivity. Causes androgen insen...

Female pseudohermaphroditism

Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development. Pathology Patients with female pseudohermaphroditism have female internal genitalia and female karyotype (46 XX) with various degrees of external genitalia virilization. Causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): c...

Renal hypoplasia

Renal hypoplasia refers to a congenitally small kidney where there is essentially normal residual parenchyma but smaller calyces, lobules and papillae. This is in contrast to renal atrophy where renal development was initially normal but the kidney has become smaller secondary to various other p...

Renal dysgenesis

Renal dysgenesis is a very broad term which can include any form underdevelopment of the kidneys. The spectrum includes: renal agenesis: complete lack of formation renal hypoplasia: partial lack of formation Some authors also classify any form of renal maldevelopment affecting size, shape of ...

Finnish type congenital nephrotic syndrome

The Finnish type congenital nephrotic syndrome is a sub type of congenital nephrotic syndrome. A large placenta and proteinuria from birth are considered hallmarks of the disease 2. The proteinuria is often of intra-uterine onset. Although it is named the Finnish type, it can occur outside Finla...

Fetal urinary ascites

Fetal urinary ascites is one of the causes of fetal ascites and can arise from a number of pathologies: in utero bladder perforation fetal megacystis transudation from the fetal bladder persistent urogenital sinus Radiographic features Ultrasound The presence of fetal ascites without fe...

Milk of calcium (disambiguation)

The term milk of calcium (MOC) is given to dependent, sedimented calcification within a cystic structure or hollow organ. This sort of colloidal calcium suspension layering can occur in various regions: renal: milk of calcium in renal cyst (most common) ureter: milk of calcium in the ureter 7 ...

Fetal urachal cyst

A fetal urachal cyst refers to a urachal cyst occuring in utero. It may or may not communicate with the vertex of the fetal bladder. It may also arise within the umbilical cord. Umbilical cord urachal cysts originate from an extra-abdominal urachal system. See also fetal intra-abdominal cysts...

Atresia

Atresia (plural: atresias) refers to a situation where there is absence, underdevelopment or abnormal closure, of a normal anatomical tubular structure or opening. Contrast this with agenesis which refers to the complete absence of any anatomical structure including its primordial precursors. ...

Lowe syndrome

Lowe syndrome, also known as the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe, is a multisystem disorder characterized by anomalies primarily affecting the eyes, nervous system, and kidneys. Epidemiology It is an extremely rare, pan-ethnic disease, with an estimated prevalence in the general population ...

Congenital renal anomalies

Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include: renal agenesis renal dysgenesis congenital renal hypoplasia congenital megacalyectasis congenital cystic renal disease infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic ki...

Primary urethral cancer (staging)

Primary urethral cancer staging often uses the TNM system and is as follows: TNM staging Primary tumor staging (T) Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed T0: no evidence of primary tumor Tis: carcinoma in situ Ta: non-invasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma T1: invasion of sube...

Megacystis megaureter syndrome

Megacystis megaureter syndrome describes the radiologic appearance of a large capacity thin-walled bladder and massive primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pathology The pathophysiology of these massively dilated ureters and the large capacity bladder is the constant recycling of large volumes of r...

Hypospadias

Hypospadias refers to a type of congenital malformation affecting the male external genitalia. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence is ~2 (range 0.2-4.1) per 1000 live births. Pathology The urethral meatus is abnormally positioned proximally and ventrally to its normal position. It is thou...

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF), is a condition that has previously been described as chronic periaortitis. It is an uncommon fibrotic reaction in the retroperitoneum that typically presents with ureteric obstruction. The disease is part of a spectrum of entities that have a common pathogenic pr...

Chronic periaortitis

Chronic periaortitis is an inflammatory condition which typically involves the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta. It is a rare disease usually occurring in middle-aged men. It has various clinical presentations: idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) perianeurysmal retroperitoneal ...

Low signal intensity renal parenchyma

There are relatively few causes of low signal intensity renal parenchyma. Causes include: hemolysis paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria mechanical: malfunctioning prosthetic cardiac valve sickle cell disease infection hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) vascular disease acute re...

PET-CT indications

PET-CT is a combination of cross-sectional anatomic information provided by CT and the metabolic information provided by positron emission tomography (PET). PET is most commonly performed with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Fluorine-18 (F-18) is an unstable radioisotope and has a half-...

Claw sign (mass)

The claw sign is useful in determining that a mass arises from a solid structure rather than is located adjacent to it and distorts the outline. It refers to the sharp angles on either side of the mass, which the surrounding normal parenchyma forms when the mass has arisen from the parenchyma. ...

Fetal cystic renal disease

Fetal cystic renal disease can be in included in three of the four types classified according the system by Osathanondh and Potter 1: Potter type I: infantile polycystic kidney disease Potter type II: multicystic dysplastic kidneys Potter type III: adult polycystic kidney disease Potter type...

Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia

Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia, or Potter type IV cystic renal disease, is a potential complication that can occur from prolonged obstruction of the bladder outlet or urethra during gestation. Pathology Ureteric obstruction during active nephrogenesis results in cystic renal dysplasia; th...

Fetal hydrocele

A fetal hydrocele refers to a hydrocele present in utero. Epidemiology They may be sonographically identified in ~15% of male fetuses in the third trimester 6. Pathology Often result from a patent processus vaginalis. They are more frequently unilateral. Associations hydrops fetalis meco...

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome, is a rare anomaly characterized by Müllerian duct anomalies (MDA) associated with mesonephric duct anomalies 3. This entity is also known as obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA). It is not to be confused with the Wunderlich syndrom...

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), also known as the testicular feminization syndrome, results from end-organ resistance to androgens, particularly testosterone. AIS may be complete or incomplete with variable imaging findings. Epidemiology The incidence may vary depending on whether it i...

Fetal hydronephrosis

Fetal hydronephrosis represents the abnormal dilatation of the fetal renal collecting system, with pelviureteric junction obstruction the most commonly encountered cause. Please, refer to the article on fetal pyelectasis for a dedicated discussion on this relatively common and usually benign f...

Potter sequence

The Potter sequence is a constellation of findings demonstrated postnatally as a consequence of severe, prolonged oligohydramnios in utero. Clinical presentation It consists of: pulmonary hypoplasia: often severe and incompatible with life growth restriction (IUGR) abnormal facies (Potter f...

Urethral agenesis

Urethral agenesis (or urethral atresia) refers to a situation where there is a congenital absence of the urethra. It can be a cause of fetal obstructive uropathy. Pathology Associations prune belly syndrome 5 bladder agenesis 2 Radiographic features Antenatal ultrasound May show a dilate...

Paraurethral duct cyst

Paraurethral duct cysts are retention cysts that form secondary to inflammatory obstruction of the paraurethral (Skene) ducts in females. Pathology The cysts are lined by stratified squamous epithelium due to their origin from the urogenital sinus. Clinical presentation Usually asymptomatic....

Tc-99m DTPA

Tc-99m DTPA (diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate) is one of the technetium radiopharmaceuticals used in renal imaging and primarily used to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Characteristics photon energy: 140 KeV physical half-life: 6 hours oxidation state of technetium: +4 biologi...

Tc-99m DMSA

Tc-99m DMSA (2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid) is a technetium radiopharmaceutical used in renal imaging to evaluate renal structure and morphology, particularly in pediatric imaging for detection of scarring and pyelonephritis. DMSA is an ideal agent for assessment of the renal cortex as it binds to...

Fetal megacystis

Fetal megacystis refers to the presence of an unusually large urinary bladder in a fetus. Epidemiology The estimated incidence of antenatal imaging is at ~1:1500 pregnancies. Pathology It can result from a number of causes but the main underlying mechanism is either distal stenosis or reflu...

Fetal pyelectasis

Fetal pyelectasis refers to the prominence of the renal pelvis in utero that is a relatively common finding, which in the majority of cases resolves spontaneously. Please refer to the article on fetal hydronephrosis for a continued discussion on this matter. Terminology Although there is a...

Nephroblastomatosis

Nephroblastomatosis refers to diffuse or multifocal involvement of the kidneys with nephrogenic rests (persistent metanephric blastema). Epidemiology Nephrogenic rests are found incidentally in 1% of infants. Pathology Nephrogenic rests are foci of metanephric blastema that persist beyond 36...

Mesoblastic nephroma

Mesoblastic nephroma, also sometimes known as a congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN), Boland's tumor or fetal renal hamartoma, is generally a benign renal tumor that typically occurs in utero or in infancy. Epidemiology It is the most common neonatal renal tumor. Diagnosis is usually made in ...

Cloacal exstrophy

Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is an extensive congenital abdominal wall defect which encompasses: exstrophy of the bladder omphalocele lower abdominal wall defect Epidemiology The estimated prevalence is at around 1 in 50,000 to 200,000 live births. There is a recognized male predilection with a M...

Müllerian duct cyst

A Müllerian duct cyst is a cyst that arises from remnants of the Müllerian duct and is one of the midline cystic masses in the male pelvis. Epidemiology Müllerian duct cysts usually occur in the 3rd and 4th decades of life (whereas prostatic utricle cysts are most often detected in the 1st an...

Lower urinary tract symptoms

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) refers to a constellation of symptoms originating in the bladder. Terminology Lower urinary tract symptoms are now subdivided into three discrete groups 2: storage LUTS high daytime frequency, nocturia, urgency +/- related incontinence, altered bladder sen...

Calciphylaxis

Calciphylaxis, or calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a rare condition which manifests as subcutaneous vascular calcification and cutaneous necrosis (small blood vessels of the fat tissue and the skin). Some authors describe as a syndrome of vascular calcification, thrombosis and skin necrosis. ...

Lumbar hernia

Lumbar hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a rare form of posterior abdominal hernia. Epidemiology Most common in patients aged between 50 and 70 years with a male predominance 1. Clinical presentation Patients with lumbar hernias can present with a variety of symptoms, including a p...

Cystitis cystica

Cystitis cystica is the same condition as ureteritis cystica and is closely related to cystitis glandularis. It is a relatively common chronic reactive inflammatory disorder that occurs in the setting of chronic irritation of the bladder mucosa. Epidemiology Cystitis cystica is seen in a varie...

Cystitis glandularis

Cystitis glandularis is a proliferative disorder of the urinary bladder in which there is glandular metaplasia of the transitional cells lining the urinary bladder. This entity is closely related to cystitis cystica, with which it commonly co-exists. It is a relatively common chronic reactive in...

Putty kidney

A putty kidney refers to a pattern of renal calcification associated with renal tuberculosis conventionally described on plain radiography. The calcification can be large, round or oval, dense or very homogeneous and ground glass-like, representing calcified caseous tissue within dilated calyces...

Obstructive uropathy

An obstructive uropathy is a catch-all term encompassing any cause of complete or partial, congenital or acquired, and permanent or intermittent obstruction of the urinary tract. Depending on the severity of obstruction and extent, it may result in permanent change in both the collecting system ...

Circumcaval ureter

Circumcaval ureter, also known as retrocaval ureter, is a term used to describe an abnormal course of a ureter that encircles the inferior vena cava. Both of these terms are somewhat misleading, as this configuration is considered a developmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC). There ar...

Keyhole sign (posterior urethral valves)

The keyhole sign is an ultrasonographic sign seen in boys with posterior urethral valves. It refers to the appearance of the proximal urethra (which is dilated) and an associated thick walled distended bladder which on ultrasound may resemble a keyhole.

Posterior urethral valves

Posterior urethral valves (PUVs), also referred as congenital obstructing posterior urethral membranes (COPUM), are the most common congenital obstructive lesion of the urethra and a common cause of obstructive uropathy in infancy. Epidemiology Posterior urethral valves are congenital and only...

Testicular germ cell tumors

Testicular germ cell tumors account for 90% of primary tumors of the testes. They are the most common nonhaematologic malignancy in men 15-49 years old. They are divided into: testicular seminoma: 40% of germ cell tumors 1 non-seminomatous germ cell tumor: 60% of germ cell tumors ...

Urethral stricture

Urethral strictures are relatively common and typically occur either in the setting of trauma or infection. Epidemiology The demographics of the affected population is dictated by the etiology, but in general, it is safe to say that adult males make up the vast majority of cases. Clinical pre...

Drooping lily sign (ureter)

The drooping lily sign is a urographic sign in some patients with a duplicated collecting system. It refers to the inferolateral displacement of the opacified lower pole moiety due to an obstructed (and unopacified) upper pole moiety. The similarity to a lily is further strengthened by the smal...

Weigert-Meyer law

The Weigert-Meyer law describes the relationship of the upper and lower renal moieties in duplicated collecting systems to their drainage inferiorly. Weigert-Meyer law With duplex kidney and complete ureteral duplication, the upper renal and lower renal moieties are drained by separate ureters...

Oxalosis

Oxalosis is supersaturation of calcium oxalate in the urine (hyperoxaluria), which in turn results in nephrolithiasis and cortical nephrocalcinosis. This article focus on the secondary oxalosis, please refer to primary oxalosis for a specific discussion on this entity. Pathology Calcium oxa...

Urinary bladder trauma

Urinary bladder trauma describes a spectrum of damage that can be caused to the urinary bladder, usually in the context of significant trauma. Epidemiology Bladder trauma is generally associated with high energy injuries, and is associated with pelvic fractures in the majority of cases 3,6. Th...

Schistosomiasis (urinary tract manifestations)

Bladder schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia of the bladder, is an infection by the Schistosoma flukeworm and is a major health problem in developing parts of the world predisposing individuals to bladder squamous cell carcinoma. Epidemiology Schistosomiasis is very common, affecting over ...

Malakoplakia

Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the body but most frequently involves the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder, causing one or more soft yellowish plaques. Epidemiology Risk factors include chronic disease and immunosuppression, s...

Spermatocele

Spermatoceles are a common type of extratesticular cyst (occasionally intratesticular) and represent cystic dilatation of tubules of the efferent ductules in the head of the epididymis. Clinical presentation Usually, a painless, incidental finding but can present as a mass lesion if large 3. ...

Epididymitis

Epididymitis refers to inflammation of the epididymis and may be associated with inflammation extending to the testis itself, in which case the term epididymo-orchitis is used. This should be distinguished from isolated orchitis, which is by comparison much less common. Epidemiology There are...

Urinary bladder hernia

Herniation of the urinary bladder is a relatively uncommon but not a rare condition. It occurs when the urinary bladder or ureter herniates into the inguinal canal, scrotal sac or femoral canal. Herniations through ischiorectal, obturator, or abdominal wall openings have also been described. Bla...

Vesicoureteric reflux

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the term for the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and is typically encountered in young children. For grading of vesicoureteric reflux, please refer to vesicoureteric reflux grading. Epidemiology The incidence of urinary tract...

Bladder exstrophy

Bladder exstrophy (also known as ectopia vesicae) refers to a herniation of the urinary bladder through an anterior abdominal wall defect. The severity of these defects is widely variable. Epidemiology The estimated incidence of bladder exstrophy is 1:10,000-50,000 live births 3,5. There is a ...

Dromedary hump

Dromedary humps are prominent focal bulges on the lateral border of the left kidney. They are normal variants of the renal contour, caused by the splenic impression onto the superolateral left kidney. Dromedary humps are important because they may mimic a renal mass, and as such is considered a...

Renal medullary carcinoma

Renal medullary carcinoma is a very rare and highly aggressive variant of renal cell carcinoma centered in the renal medulla. Epidemiology The overwhelming majority of cases occur in individuals with sickle cell trait (HbAS) and, less commonly, with the hemoglobin SC (HbSC) variant of sickle ...

Renal cortical necrosis

Renal cortical necrosis occurs as a result of severe systemic illness in a variety of settings and can result in permanent renal impairment. The most common cause is hemorrhage in the third trimester of pregnancy, most often associated with placental abruption 3. The condition is usually bilat...

Bartholin gland cyst

Bartholin gland cysts (often shortened to Bartholin cysts) are cysts of the Bartholin gland, found in the posterolateral inferior third of the vagina and are associated with the labia majora. Clinical presentation Most patients are asymptomatic 4. Complications infection: may turn into Barth...

Artificial urethral sphincters

Artificial urethral sphincters, also known as inflatable artificial sphincters and urinary control systems, are devices used for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence (e.g. due to pelvic floor dysfunction in females or prostate surgery in males) and are sometimes used in combination with ...

Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor

Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor is a non-neoplastic proliferation of cells. Epidemiology This entity is more common in adults, with a mean age at diagnosis of 38 years. Clinical presentation Patients present most commonly with an ulcerating bleeding mass, hematuria, and voiding symptoms. ...

Testicular cyst

Simple testicular cysts are usually nonpalpable and thus are detected incidentally. Radiographic features Ultrasound well-marginated imperceptible wall anechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement no flow on color Doppler MRI follows the signal characteristics of fluid on all pulse seque...

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, also known as purpura fulminans 9 or hemorrhagic adrenalitis 10, is characterized by adrenal insufficiency that results from atraumatic adrenal hemorrhage in consequence of septicemia. Pathology Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is due to septicemia and common...

Ascites

Ascites (hydroperitoneum is a rare synonym) is defined as an abnormal amount of intraperitoneal fluid. Terminology Ascites (plural is same word) tends to be reserved for relatively sizable amounts of peritoneal fluid. The amount has not been defined formally, however it is noted that physiolog...

Cobra head sign (ureter)

The cobra head sign, also known as the spring onion sign, refers to dilatation of the distal ureter, surrounded by a thin lucent line, which is seen in patients with an adult-type ureterocele. The cobra head appearance indicates an uncomplicated ureterocele. During an excretory phase of an intr...

Adrenal arteries

The adrenal glands are highly vascular. Threefold arterial supply includes the: superior adrenal arteries: typically 6-8 in number, arising from the ipsilateral inferior phrenic artery middle adrenal artery: one or more, arising from lateral side of abdominal aorta inferior adrenal artery: o...

Sickle cell disease (abdominal manifestations)

Abdominal manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD) are wide and can involve many organs. For a general discussion, please refer to sickle cell disease. Splenic splenomegaly may occur transiently with the sequestration syndrome, where rapid pooling of blood occurs in the spleen, resulting ...

Prostatic utricle cyst

A prostatic utricle cyst (PUC), also known as a utricular cyst, is an area of focal dilatation that occurs within the prostatic utricle. They are midline cystic masses in the male pelvis and can be very difficult or impossible to distinguish from a Mullerian duct cyst. Epidemiology Utricle cy...

Renal infarction

Renal infarction results from interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or to the whole kidney. The main imaging differential diagnosis includes pyelonephritis and renal tumors. Epidemiology The demographics of affected patients will depend on the underlying cause, although as most c...

Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney

Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney is a rare, highly aggressive malignancy of early childhood, closely related to atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) of the brain (see rhabdoid tumors). Epidemiology Rhabdoid tumors occur exclusively in children, with 60% occurring before the age of 1 year of a...

Bardet-Biedl syndrome

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), previously known as the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (LMBBS), is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary condition. Clinical presentation The clinical spectrum includes: retinal anomalies: similar to that of retinitis pigmentosa intellectual disability rena...

Bladder outlet obstruction

Bladder outlet obstruction can arise from a number of conditions affecting the urethra and/or bladder outlet but is most commonly encountered in elderly men due to prostate enlargement. Clinical presentation Patients often present with difficulty in urination, retention, and urinary discomfor...

Vicarious contrast media excretion

Vicarious contrast media excretion (VCME) refers to the excretion of intravascularly-administered water-soluble iodinated contrast media in a way other than via normal renal excretion. More rarely it may occur following oral contrast medium administration 6. Epidemiology The most common vicari...

Renal papillary necrosis

Renal papillary necrosis refers to ischemic necrosis of the renal papillae. Necrosis also occurs in the medullary pyramids. Clinical presentation Patients can present with both acute episodes or chronic renal papillary necrosis. Calyceal or ureteral obstruction by sloughed papillae manifests w...

Renal vein thrombosis

Renal vein thrombosis (plural: renal vein thromboses) can be either from "bland" thrombus or tumor thrombus (extension of tumor into the vein). There are numerous etiologies for bland thrombus, but it most commonly occurs in the hypercoagulable nephrotic syndrome. Renal vein thrombus is commoner...

Mondor disease (breast)

Mondor disease is a rare benign breast condition characterized by thrombophlebitis of the subcutaneous veins of the breast and anterior chest wall. It can also occur in the axilla, when it is called axillary web syndrome, or the penis. Epidemiology Although Mondor disease is rarely reported i...

Throckmorton sign (pelvis)

Throckmorton sign, also known as John Thomas sign, refers to when the penis points in the direction of unilateral disease, typically of the pelvis or hip. Throckmorton sign is a slang term used humorously by medical students and residents. According to the first serious study of the sign publ...

Vesicourachal diverticulum

Vesicourachal diverticulum, or just urachal diverticulum, is one of the congenital urachal remnant abnormalities. Gross anatomy It is the proximal equivalent of a urachal umbilical sinus, representing a result of the failure of the urachus to close at the urinary bladder, forming an out-pouchi...

Filtered (1)Done (clear)

+Systems

+Article Sections

+Sort By

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.