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Indusium griseum

The indusium griseum is a thin layer of grey matter which covers the superior surface of the corpus callosum, extending from the paraterminal gyrus anteriorly to the dentate gyrus and hippocampus posteriorly via the gyrus fasciolaris. It has four longitudinal bundles (medial and lateral longitud...

Corpus callosum

The corpus callosum (plural: corpora callosa) is the largest of the commissural fibers, linking the cerebral cortex of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest white matter tract in the brain. Summary located inferior to the cerebral cortices, and superior to the thalamus co...

Buccinator artery

The buccinator artery is a small branch from the second part of the maxillary artery. It runs obliquely forward, between the medial pterygoid and the insertion of the temporalis, to the outer surface of the buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the facial artery a...

Masseteric artery

The masseteric artery is a small branch from the second part of the maxillary artery. It passes laterally through the mandibular notch to the deep surface of the masseter muscle. It supplies the muscle, and anastomoses with the masseteric branches of the external maxillary and with the transvers...

Deep temporal arteries

The deep temporal arteries (anterior, middle and posterior) are branches from the second part of the maxillary artery. They ascend between the temporalis muscle and the pericranium supplying the overlying muscle. The anterior branch communicates with the lacrimal artery by means of small branch...

Infraorbital artery

The infraorbital artery is a branch of the third part of the maxillary artery. It runs through the inferior orbital fissure, orbit, infraorbital canal then the infraorbital foramen. Here it gives off the anterior superior alveolar artery which supplies the anterior teeth and the anterior part of...

Mental artery

The mental artery is a terminal branch of the inferior alveolar artery which itself is a branch of the first part of the maxillary artery. It emerges onto the face from the mandibular canal with the mental nerve at the mental foramen, and supplies muscles and skin in the chin region. The mental ...

Maxillary artery

The (internal) maxillary artery is the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. Origin and course The maxillary artery's origin is behind the neck of the mandible, at first, it is embedded in the substance of the parotid gland. From there it passes anterior between ...

Eustachian tube

The Eustachian tube, also known as the pharyngotympanic tube or auditory tube, is the channel via which the tympanic cavity communicates with the nasopharynx. Gross anatomy It is ~36 mm in length and is directed downward, forward, and medially, forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the sag...

Occipital artery

The occipital artery is a branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. It sweeps an oblique posterosuperior course under the skull base to supply regions of the upper neck, occiput and posterior fossa. Summary origin: posterior from the proximal external carotid artery termination: post...

External carotid artery

The external carotid artery (ECA) is one of the two terminal branches of the common carotid artery that has many branches that supplies the structures of the neck, face and head. The other terminal branch is the internal carotid (ICA), which is somewhat larger than the ECA, which supplies the in...

Mega cisterna magna

Mega cisterna magna refers to a normal variant characterized by a truly focal enlargement of the CSF-filled subarachnoid space in the inferior and posterior portions of the posterior cranial fossa. It is an incidental finding on neuroimaging, and no imaging follow up is necessary. Epidemiology...

Uterus

The uterus is an extraperitoneal hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ of the female reproductive tract that lies in the lesser pelvis. Gross anatomy The uterus has an inverted pear shape. It measures about 7.5 cm in length, 5 cm wide at its upper part, and nearly 2.5 cm in thickness in adults....

Cervix

The cervix or uterine cervix is the lower constricted segment of the uterus providing the passage between the uterus proper and the vagina. Gross anatomy The cervix is somewhat conical in shape, with its truncated apex directed posteriorly and inferiorly. The inferior aspect of the cervix pro...

Notochord

The notochord represents the earliest fetal axial skeleton, extending from the Rathke pouch to the coccyx. It is a primitive cell line from which the skull base and vertebral column develop. The notochord is cylindrical and is replaced by sclerotomes that produce cartilage, and subsequently bone...

Ovary

The ovaries (TA: ovarium 9) are paired female gonads of the reproductive and endocrine systems. They lie within the ovarian fossa on the posterior wall of the true pelvis and form part of the adnexa. Gross anatomy The ovaries are firm and ovoid in shape and measure approximately 1.5-3.0 cm × ...

Diencephalon

The diencephalon is connected above and in front of the cerebral hemispheres; behind the mid-brain. Its upper surface is concealed by the corpus callosum, and is covered by a fold of pia mater, named the tela choroidea of the third ventricle; inferiorly it reaches to the base of the brain. It c...

Internal carotid artery

The internal carotid artery (ICA) is one of the two terminal branches of the common carotid artery (CCA) which supplies the intracranial structures. The other terminal branch is the external carotid artery (ECA), which is somewhat larger in caliber than the ICA, and gives off several branches to...

Middle cerebral artery

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the brain. The MCA arises from the internal carotid artery as the larger of the two main terminal branches (the other being the anterior cerebral artery), coursing laterally into the lateral sulcus wh...

Falciform crest

The falciform crest, also known as the crista falciformis, is a horizontal bony ridge that divides the lateral portion of the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) into superior and inferior portions. Superior The facial nerve (VII) and superior vestibular nerve (SVN) travel in the superior portion o...

Internal acoustic canal

The internal acoustic canal (IAC), also known as the internal auditory canal or meatus (IAM), is a bony canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone that transmits nerves and vessels from within the posterior cranial fossa to the auditory and vestibular apparatus. Gross anatomy The op...

Couinaud classification of hepatic segments

The Couinaud classification (French eponym: pronounced kwee-NO) is currently the most widely used system to describe functional liver anatomy. It is the preferred anatomy classification system as it divides the liver into eight independent functional units (termed segments) rather than relying o...

Barrow classification of caroticocavernous fistulae

Barrow caroticocavernous fistula classification divides caroticocavernous fistulas into direct (type A) or indirect (types B-D). This classification was proposed by Barrow et al. in 1985 1 and at the time of writing (mid-2016) remains the most widely used system for describing caroticocavernous ...

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus (plural: hypothalami) is located, as the name would suggest, below the thalamus, and is intimately associated with both the limbic system and the pituitary gland. Gross anatomy Boundaries Its boundaries are in some places poorly defined (outlined in blue in Figure 2): anter...

Vestibulocochlear nerve

The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth (CN VIII) cranial nerve (TA: nervus vestibulocochlearis or nervus cranialis VIII). It exits the brainstem through the cerebellopontine angle, passing into the internal acoustic meatus as part of the acousticofacial bundle. Within the internal acoustic me...

Vidian nerve

Vidian nerve, also known as the nerve of the pterygoid canal or nerve of the Vidian canal, is so named because of the canal in which it travels: the Vidian canal. It is formed by the confluence of two nerves: greater superficial petrosal nerve (from the geniculate ganglion of nervus intermediu...

Vascular anatomical variants

Vascular anatomical variants are common: aortic variants thoracic aorta ascending aorta aortic arch descending aorta abdominal SVC and IVC - caval variants intracranial arteries - variants

Unfused spinous process

Unfused spinous process, which is really failure of fusion of the neural arch, is a relatively common anatomical variant and is part of the spectrum of spina bifida occulta. This should be differentiated from accessory ossicles of the spinous process, which appear after non-fusion of the secon...

Trochlear nerve

The trochlear nerve is the fourth (CN IV) and thinnest cranial nerve. It exits the midbrain posteriorly, eventually passes into the cavernous sinus and into the orbit where it supplies superior oblique muscle with motor fibers (TA: nervus trochlearis or nervus cranialis IV). Gross anatomy Nuc...

Triangle of Guillain and Mollaret

The triangle of Guillain and Mollaret, also known as the dentatorubro-olivary pathway, has three corners 1: red nucleus inferior olivary nucleus contralateral dentate nucleus Rubro-olivary fibers descend from the parvocellular division of each red nucleus along the central tegmental tracts t...

Trigeminal nerve

The trigeminal nerve is the fifth (CN V) cranial nerve and its primary role is relaying sensory information from the face and head, although it does provide motor control to the muscles of mastication via the mandibular division (TA: nervus trigeminus or nervus cranialis V). It is both large an...

Thyroidea ima artery

The thyroidea ima artery is an uncommon variant of the blood supply to the inferior aspect of the thyroid gland. It is reported in ~7.5% (range 1.5-12.2%) of individuals and can arise from: brachiocephalic trunk (most common: 1.9-6.0%) right common carotid artery aortic arch internal thoraci...

Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is a single midline endocrine organ in the anterior neck responsible for thyroid hormone production which lies in the visceral space completely enveloped by pretracheal fascia (middle layer of the deep cervical fascia). Gross anatomy The thyroid extends from C5 to T1 and lies...

Thoracic aorta

The thoracic aorta is the most superior division of the aorta and is divided into three sections: ascending aorta aortic arch descending aorta The thoracic aorta begins at the aortic valve, located obliquely just to the left of the midline at the level of the third intercostal space. It term...

Tendinous ring

The tendinous ring, also known as the annulus of Zinn, is the common origin of the four rectus muscles (extraocular muscles). The tendinous ring straddles the lower, medial part of the superior orbital fissure. It attaches to a tubercle on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone (at the margin of...

Tarsal coalition

Tarsal coalition describes the complete or partial union between two or more bones in the midfoot and hindfoot. Tarsal coalition refers to developmental fusion rather than fusion that is acquired secondary to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, trauma or post-surgical. Epidemiology It occ...

Facial nerve branches (mnemonic)

There are many mnemonics to recall the branches of the facial nerve (superior to inferior) as they exit the anterior border of the parotid gland. Examples include: Tall Zulus Bear Many Children Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx Ten Zebras Buggered My Car To Zanzibar By Motor Car Two Zombies Buggered...

Talocalcaneal coalition

The talocalcaneal coalition is one of the two most common subtypes of the tarsal coalition, the other being the calcaneonavicular coalition. It accounts for 45% of all tarsal coalitions, and although all three facets of the talocalcaneal joint can be involved, the middle facet is most commonly i...

Superior orbital fissure

The superior orbital fissure is the communication between the cavernous sinus and the apex of the orbit. It is straddled by the tendinous ring which is the common origin of the four rectus muscles (extraocular muscles). Gross anatomy Boundaries medial: body of sphenoid superior: lesser wing ...

Sublabral foramen

A sublabral foramen is simply a focal detachment of the anterosuperior labrum from the underlying glenoid and constitutes a normal labral variant of no clinical significance 1-4. On imaging, it might be confused with a SLAP lesion or an anterior labral tear 1. Gross anatomy Sublabral foramina...

Stapedius muscle

The stapedius muscle is the tiny muscle in the middle ear that attaches to the posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes, which when contracted dampens vibrations passed to the cochlea via the oval window. The muscle is anchored within the petrous temporal bone and emerges anteriorly into the m...

Stapes

The stapes (plural: stapedes) is the smallest and most medial of the three middle ear ossicles. It is the smallest bone in the standard human skeleton. It has a base (foot piece/footplate) that articulates with the oval window and conducts vibrations to the cochlea. The base is attached to the ...

Small bowel

The small bowel (or small intestine) is the section of bowel between the stomach and the colon. It has distinctive mucosal folds, valvulae conniventes, and is made up of three functional units: duodenum jejunum ileum Terminology Although anatomically it is stated that the duodenum forms the...

Situs inversus

Situs inversus, (rare plural: sitūs inversi) short form of the Latin “situs inversus viscerum”, is a term used to describe the inverted position of chest and abdominal organs. Terminology The condition is called situs inversus totalis when there is a total transposition of abdominal and thorac...

Situs classification

Situs classification (plural: sitūs) or body situs can be a daunting topic, but it falls into three main groups: situs solitus: the normal configuration of thoracic and abdominal organs situs inversus: mirror image of the normal configuration situs ambiguus (heterotaxy): an intermediate confi...

Sinotubular junction

The sinotubular junction is the region of the ascending aorta between the aortic sinuses (of Valsalva) and where the normal tubular configuration of the aorta is attained. It marks the junction of the aortic root and ascending aorta.

Sigmoid plate

The sigmoid plate is variously described as the plate of bone between the jugular bulb and the middle ear cavity (as shown in first image) or more generally as the thin bone separating the sigmoid sinus from adjacent structures (especially mastoid air cells). In the case of the former, the struc...

Hypertrophied column of Bertin

Columns of Bertin represent the extension of renal cortical tissue which separates the pyramids, and as such are normal structures. They become of radiographic importance when they are unusually enlarged and may be mistaken for a renal mass (renal pseudotumor). Nomenclature of such enlarged col...

Superior vena caval duplication

Superior vena caval (SVC) duplication is the most common form of a left-sided SVC, where the normal right-sided SVC remains. The right SVC, however, can be smaller in approximately two-thirds of such cases 3. Pathology Results from failure of the embryonic left anterior cardinal vein to regres...

Rotator cuff

The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their tendons, important in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint: supraspinatus: abduction infraspinatus: external rotation teres minor: external rotation subscapularis: internal rotation Other structures that stabilize the glenohumeral joint in...

Recurrent artery of Heubner

Recurrent artery of Heubner, also known as the medial striate artery or long central artery, is the largest perforating branch from the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and is the only one routinely seen on angiography. Gross anatomy Origin and course Its origin is near the A1-ACom-A2 ...

Quadriceps tendon

The quadriceps tendon is a thick tendon extending to the patella made up of contributions from all four quadriceps muscles. It classically has a trilaminar structure: superficial layer: rectus femoris middle layer: vastus medialis, vastus lateralis deep layer: vastus intermedius It continues...

Probst bundles

Probst bundles or longitudinal callosal fascicles denote white matter fibers normally destined to cross the corpus callosum that instead parallel the interhemispheric fissure in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum. These lead to widely spaced lateral ventricles forming the characterist...

Portosystemic collateral pathways

Portosystemic collateral pathways, also called spontaneous portosystemic shunts or varices, develop spontaneously via dilatation of pre-existing anastomoses between the portal and systemic venous systems. This facilitates shunting of blood away from the liver into the systemic venous system...

Pneumatized dorsum sella

Pneumatization of the dorsum sella is not uncommon, but needs to be remembered as an unusual site of sinus disease, which otherwise may be mistaken for intracranial of pituitary disease.

Pituitary stalk

The pituitary stalk, also known as the infundibulum or infundibular stalk, is largely outside the blood brain barrier like the rest of the pituitary and therefore normally enhances following the administration of gadolinium. It gradually tapers inferiorly, and superiorly is spread by the infundi...

Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland (a.k.a. hypophysis cerebri), together with its connections to the hypothalamus, acts as the main endocrine interface between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. Gross anatomy The pituitary gland sits atop the base of the skull in a concavity within the sph...

Phrygian cap

Phrygian caps are the most common congenital anatomic variant of the gallbladder. It denotes folding of the fundus back upon the gallbladder body and is asymptomatic with no pathological significance. Radiographic findings A Phrygian cap may be identified on ultrasound, multiphase CT/MRI, or c...

Persistent primitive trigeminal artery

Persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA) is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It is present in 0.1-0.6% of cerebral angiograms and is usually unilateral. In utero, the trigeminal artery supplies the basilar artery before the development of the posterior communicati...

Persistent ossiculum terminale

The ossiculum terminale appears as a secondary ossification center of the dens between 3-6 years and normally fuses by 12 years. Failure of fusion results in a persistent ossiculum terminale (also called Bergmann's ossicle or ossiculum terminale of Bergmann) and is considered a normal anatomical...

Pancreatic ducts

The exocrine pancreas drains into the gastrointestinal tract via the main and accessory pancreatic ducts. Several anatomical variations of the typical ductal drainage pattern exist, reflecting variations in the embryological development and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds 13,14....

Arachnoid granulation

Arachnoid granulations, also known as Pacchionian granulations, are projections of the arachnoid membrane (villi) into the dural sinuses that allow CSF to pass from the subarachnoid space into the venous system. Epidemiology They increase in size and number with age and are seen in approximate...

Middle ear ossicles

There are three tiny articulating bones in the middle ear known as ossicles (from lateral to medial): malleus incus stapes Their role is to mechanically amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and transmit them to the cochlea where they can be interpreted as sound. They are located i...

Accessory navicular

An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon often inserts with a broad attachment into the ossicle. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion, it may cause painful tendinosis ...

Os supratalare

An os supratalare is an accessory ossicle of the foot located at the superior aspect of the talar head or neck. Epidemiology It's a rare variant with a reported incidence of ~1% (range 0.2-2.4%) 1. Clinical presentation It is almost always asymptomatic although some cases reported dorsal hin...

Os acromiale

Os acromiale is an anatomical variant and represents an unfused accessory center of ossification of the acromion of the scapula. Epidemiology Os acromiale is relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population 1,2 and can be bilateral in 60% of individuals 5. Clinical presentation ...

Os odontoideum

Os odontoideum (plural: ossa odontoidea) is an anatomic variant of the odontoid process of C2 and needs to be differentiated from persistent ossiculum terminale and from a type 2 odontoid fracture. It can be associated with atlantoaxial instability. Although it was originally thought to be a c...

Optic nerve

The optic nerve is the second (CN II) cranial nerve (TA: nervus opticus or nervus cranialis II). It is a purely sensory nerve that conveys visual information from the eye to the brain. The nerve arises from the back of the globe exiting the orbit via the optic canal. It joins the contralateral...

Orbit

The orbits are two bony sockets at the front of the face that primarily house and protect the eyes and associated structures. Terminology Ocular or optic refers specifically to the globe (eyeball). Orbital refers to all the contents of the bony orbit, encompassing both the intra and extraocul...

Olfactory nerve

The olfactory nerve is the first (CN I) cranial nerve (TA: nervus olfactorius or nervus cranialis I) and is responsible for conveying the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain. Strictly speaking, the term olfactory 'nerve' refers only to the short first order neurons (olfactory filam...

Oculomotor nerve

The oculomotor nerve is the third (CN III) cranial nerve (TA: nervus oculomotorius or nervus cranialis III). It is a mixed nerve containing motor, parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers. It arises from the midbrain and passes through the cavernous sinus to the orbit where it is responsible for t...

Normal facial nerve enhancement on MRI

The normal facial nerve (CN VII) can demonstrate some enhancement post gadolinium, with the prevalence of which segments is highly variable depending on the MRI sequence 4-8. Enhancement may be asymmetric 4-6. It has been attributed to the circumneural facial arteriovenous plexus. Typical sites...

Nerve to stapedius

The nerve to stapedius arises from the facial nerve to supply the stapedius muscle. The branch is given off in the facial nerve's mastoid segment, as it passes posterior to the pyramidal process. Damage to this branch with resulting paralysis of stapedius leads to hypersensitivity to loud noise...

Muscles of the tongue

The muscles of the tongue are divided into 2 groups each comprising 4 muscles. They are classified as intrinsic (to the tongue) and extrinsic muscles. They allow for the complex movements of the tongue and are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except one: intrinsic muscles of th...

Muscles of mastication

The muscles of mastication can be divided into primary and secondary groups according to whether they connect the mandible directly to the skull or if they attach to other structures in the neck, e.g. hyoid, thyroid cartilage. Primary temporalis muscle masseter muscle medial pterygoid muscle...

Meninx primitiva

The meninx primitiva refers to the collection of neural crest and mesenchyme (mesoderm) that surround the developing brain during gestation 3. This process occurs between the 3rd and 5th week of gestation. The meninx primitiva will eventually differentiate into the arachnoid mater, pia mater and...

Meninges

The meninges (singular: meninx) is a collective term for the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord and are covered in separate articles: cranial meninges spinal meninges History and etymology The word meninges arises from the Classical Greek μηνιγξ (transliteration: m...

Malleus

The malleus (plural: mallei) is the most lateral middle ear ossicle, located between the tympanic membrane and the incus. Gross anatomy The malleus has a head, neck, and three distinct processes (manubrium (handle), anterior and lateral processes). The head is oval in shape, and articulates p...

MacEwen triangle

The MacEwen triangle (also called the suprameatal triangle or mastoid fossa) is a surgical landmark on the surface of the temporal bone just superior to the external auditory canal used to locate the level of the mastoid antrum. Three lines form the triangle: superior: inferior temporal line/s...

Lymph node levels of the neck

The lymph nodes in the neck have historically been divided into at least six anatomic neck lymph node levels for the purpose of head and neck cancer staging and therapy planning. Differing definitions exist across specialties 1-4. The following is a synthesis of radiologically useful boundaries ...

Limbus vertebra

A limbus vertebra is a well-corticated unfused secondary ossification center of the vertebral body, usually of its anterosuperior corner, that occurs secondary to herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the vertebral body endplate beneath the ring apophysis (see ossification of the vertebrae)...

Lesser petrosal nerve

The lesser petrosal nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland. It is considered a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve although it receives contributions from two further sources 3: tympanic plexus: glossopharyngeal nerve via Jacobson's nerve (main contribution) n...

Superior orbital fissure (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for all structures passing through the superior orbital fissure (superior to inferior) is: Long Fissures Seem To Store Only Nerves, Instead Of Arteries, Including Ophthalmic Veins Mnemonics for the nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure include: Lazy French Tarts Sit N...

Left-sided superior vena cava

A left-sided superior vena cava (SVC) is the most common congenital venous anomaly in the chest, and in a minority of cases can result in a right-to-left shunt 3,4. Epidemiology A left-sided SVC is seen in 0.3-0.5% of the normal population and in ~5% of those with congenital heart disease 3. I...

Large intestine

The large intestine (also known as the large bowel) is a 1.5 meter muscular tube that extends from the cecum to the rectum. It has three outer longitudinal muscular layers called taenia coli, which are about 30 cm shorter than the length of the large bowel causing characteristic sacculations int...

Glenoid labrum variants

There are a number of glenoid labral variants, whose importance is mainly due to the fact that the unwary may misinterpret them as pathology (e.g. Bankart lesion or labral tear). These include: Buford complex sublabral foramen superior sublabral sulcus pseudo-SLAP lesion

Kager triangle

Kager triangle is a sharply marginated radiolucent triangle seen posteriorly on lateral radiographs of the ankle. It represents the Kager fat pad, although often the latter term is used as a synonym for Kager triangle, even though they are not strictly the same. It is bordered anteriorly by the...

Jugular spine

The jugular spine is a small sharp bony ledge which separates the two parts of the jugular foramen - pars nervosa anteromedially and pars vascularis posterlaterally. It is an important landmark, as masses of the jugular foramen (e.g. glomus jugulare) may erode the jugular spine, helping distingu...

Jacobson nerve

Jacobson nerve is the eponymous name of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and arises from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, from the inferior salivary nucleus, which eventually enter the otic ganglio...

Intracranial arteries (variants)

Intracranial arterial variants, of which there are many, are collectively common. Their clinical significance may be variable but knowledge and recognition of these variants is fundamental, especially if surgical or endovascular treatments (e.g. for acute stroke, aneurysms or other vascular path...

Incus

The incus (plural: incudes) is the middle of the three ossicles articulating with the head of the malleus anteromedially, forming the incudomalleolar joint, and the stapes inferomedially, forming the incudostapedial joint. Four parts of the incus are named: body contiguous with the short and ...

Hypoglossal nerve

The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve (CN XII) (TA: nervus hypoglossus or nervus cranialis XII). It arises from the medulla and passes through the hypoglossal canal to the neck, where it travels to the sublingual space to supply somatic motor innervation to all of the intrinsic and ...

Hypoglossal canal

The hypoglossal canal is located between the occipital condyle and jugular tubercle and runs obliquely forwards (posteromedial to anterolateral) allowing the hypoglossal nerve to exit the posterior cranial fossa. Its proximal portion is often divided by a fibrous (sometimes ossified) septum, w...

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