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Gantzer muscle

The Gantzer muscle is an anomalous head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle, an accessory muscle of the forearm. Some authors 1 suggest that this muscle is present in ~70% of limbs and should be considered a normal anatomical pattern rather than an anatomical variation. Summary origin: deep s...

Perinephric bridging septa

Perinephric bridging septa or septa of Kunin are composed of numerous fibrous lamellae which traverse the perinephric fat 1,2 where they suspend the kidneys within the perirenal space. The septa may act as a barrier or conduit for the spread of pus, blood, urine, and neoplasms in the perinephric...

Multicentric ossification

Multicentric ossification refers to normal, or variant of normal, ossification at more than one site within a single epiphysis or apophysis. It is important to be aware of common sites where multicentric ossification may occur, to avoid confusion with fracture, apophysitis and other entities. t...

Jugulodigastric lymph nodes

The jugulodigastric lymph nodes, also known as subdigastric lymph nodes, are deep cervical nodes located below the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and anterior to the internal jugular vein. They are located in neck node level IIa and receive lymphatic drainage from the tonsils, pharynx,...

McConnell’s capsular arteries

McConnell’s capsular arteries (MCCA) are one of the three major branches of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Gross anatomy They arise from the medial wall of the cavernous ICA distal to both the meningohypophyseal trunk and the inferolateral trunk. The McConnell’s c...

Tracheal bifurcation angle

The tracheal bifurcation angle can have a wide range of normal values in patients and can vary significantly in serial radiographs. It is of poor diagnostic value due to the lack of sensitivity and specificity in identifying the underlying pathology. Terminology The interbronchial angle is th...

Epidural ligaments

The epidural ligaments, also known as meningovertebral ligaments, are variably thick bands of connective tissue located within the spinal epidural space attaching the outer surface of the theca to the inner borders of the spinal canal (vertebrae and ligaments). They are somewhat variable in nu...

Carotid plate

The carotid plate is a thin (0.5 mm) bony plate that separates the carotid canal from the middle ear cavity (Figures 1 and 2). Gross anatomy The caroticotympanic artery perforates the carotid plate normally. Related pathology Disruption or dehiscence of the carotid plate may be seen in aber...

Thin postcentral gyrus sign

The thin postcentral gyrus sign is an anatomic landmark useful for identifying the central sulcus on cross-sectional imaging. The anteroposterior dimension of the postcentral gyrus surface is less than that of the precentral gyrus surface, as seen in the axial or sagittal planes. Identifying tw...

Bifid postcentral gyrus sign

The bifid postcentral gyrus sign, also known as the pars deflection sign, is a landmark useful for identifying the central sulcus on cross-sectional imaging. The medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus splits in two before meeting the interhemispheric fissure. The two legs straddle the pars marg...

Iris (eye)

The iris (plural: irises or irides) is a pigmented muscular structure which modifies the amount of light entering the eye, by controlling the size of the pupil, its central aperture. Summary location: between the anterior and posterior chambers of the globe function: controls the amoun...

Basis pontis

The basis pontis, or basilar/basal part of the pons, refers to the ventral portion of the pons, which contains white matter fibers of the corticospinal tract. Related pathology lacunar infarct in this region may result in pure motor hemiparesis, ataxic hemiparesis, or dysarthria-clumsy hand sy...

Nasal ala

The nasal ala (plural alae) forms the lateral part (wing) of the nasal vestibule. The alar cartilage on each side provides a skeleton for the other soft tissue components.

Muscles of the nose

The muscles of the nose form a distinct subgroup within the muscles of facial expression. Some of the muscles, e.g. orbicularis oris muscle, are in more than one subgroup. nasalis muscle compressor naris muscle dilator naris muscle procerus muscle myrtiformis muscle depressor septi...

Dilator naris muscle

Dilator naris muscle forms the alar component of nasalis muscle, and is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles. Summary origin: maxilla insertion: nasal ala innervation: facial nerve (VII) action: flaring of the nostril Gross anatomy Origin fibers originate fr...

Zygomaticus minor muscle

The zygomaticus minor muscle is a member of the buccolabial muscle group of the facial muscles. Together with the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and levator labii superioris muscles it is one of the main elevators of the lip, exposing the maxillary teeth 1. Along with its other action of ...

Zygomaticus major muscle

The zygomaticus major muscle is a member of the buccolabial muscle group of the upper lip, a subset of the facial muscles 1. It joins with the muscle fibers of levator anguli oris, orbicularis oris and the more deeply placed muscular bands to move the side of the mouth upwards and sideways durin...

Fascia lata

The fascia lata is part of the deep fascia, and envelopes the thigh analogous to a stocking, but with an over large proximal end. Within the femoral triangle, the great saphenous vein passes through the saphenous hiatus to drain into the femoral vein.

Compressor naris muscle

Compressor naris muscle forms the transverse component of nasalis muscle, and is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles. Summary origin: frontal process of maxilla insertion: medial insertion into a transverse aponeurosis innervation: facial nerve (VII) action: s...

Nasalis muscle

Nasalis muscle is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles, consisting of two main parts: compressor naris dilator naris These two parts have opposing actions, the compressor narrows the nostrils and dilator flares them. Both parts are supplied by the buccal branch of t...

Alar fascia

The alar fascia is a thin fibroareolar membrane separating the (anterior) true retropharyngeal space from the (posterior) danger space. It is the ventral component of the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia. Notably, in the well patient, the alar fascia is not usually visible on cross-sectio...

Nomina Anatomica

The Nomina Anatomica (NA) was the standard lexicon of anatomic nomenclature from 1955 until 1998 when it was replaced by the new Terminologia Anatomica. The Nomina Anatomica was originally signed off by the Sixth International Congress of Anatomists held in Paris, France, in 1955, and became kno...

Paraglottic space

The paraglottic space is a fat-containing space located on either side of the larynx. Gross anatomy Boundaries and/or relations laterally: thyroid cartilage superomedially: pre-epiglottic space inferomedially: conus elasticus posteriorly: pyriform sinus The space surrounds the laryngeal v...

Supraglottis

The supraglottis is an anatomic subsite of the larynx, located superior to the glottis. Gross anatomy The supraglottic larynx includes, from superior to inferior, the epiglottis (including both lingual and laryngeal surfaces), the laryngeal aspect of the aryepiglottic folds, false vocal cords,...

Glottis

The glottis is an anatomic subsite of the larynx, between the supraglottis and subglottis. Terminology The glottis should not be confused for the rima glottidis, which is the space in between the true vocal cords 3. Gross anatomy The glottic larynx includes the true vocal cords, where they ...

Roentgenology - the borderlands of the normal and early pathological in the skiagram (book)

Roentgenology - The borderlands of the normal and early pathological in the skiagram, is a classic radiology text, which was first published in 1910, and has been in continual print ever since. The original writer was Alban Köhler, a pioneering German radiologist, and it was the first book to co...

Procerus muscle

Procerus muscle (also known as pyramidalis nasi muscle) is one of the muscles of the nose and hence a facial muscle. Summary origin: descending fibers of frontalis muscle coalesce with procerus nasal bone lateral nasal cartilage insertion: skin of the inferior glabella arterial supply: fac...

Hip bursae

Hip bursae are synovial fluid-filled sacs around the hip region, including the greater trochanter of the femur. Bursae often facilitate movement and reduce friction where tendons or muscles pass over bony structures. Hip bursae can be either communicating or non-communicating with the hip joint ...

Third occipital nerve

The third occipital nerve (TON) is a branch of the posterior root of C3, which provides cutaneous sensation to a small portion of the occipital scalp and innervates the C2/3 facet joints. Gross anatomy Location Occipital region of the scalp close to the midline. Origin The posterior root o...

Anterior left subphrenic space

The anterior left subphrenic space is a potential space between the fundus of the stomach and the left hemidiaphragm 1,2. Gross anatomy The anterior left subphrenic space is a subcompartment of the left supramesocolic space. Boundaries medial: falciform ligament (separates it from the anter...

Posterior left subphrenic space

The posterior left subphrenic space (also known as the perisplenic space) is a potential space surrounding the spleen. Gross anatomy The posterior left subphrenic space is continuous with the anterior left subphrenic space, both are subcompartments of the left supramesocolic space. Boundaries...

Anterior left perihepatic space

The anterior left perihepatic (or subhepatic) space is a potential space located between the diaphragm and the anterosuperior aspect of the left lobe of the liver. Gross anatomy The anterior left perihepatic space is separated from the posterior left perihepatic space by the left lobe of the ...

Posterior left perihepatic space

The posterior left perihepatic space (also known as the subhepatic space or gastrohepatic recess) is a potential space that lies between the inferior aspect of the left lobe of the liver and the lesser omentum posteriorly. Gross anatomy The posterior left perihepatic space is separated from th...

Anterior right subhepatic space

The anterior right subhepatic space is a potential space between the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver and the transverse colon. Gross anatomy The anterior right subhepatic space is separated from Morison’s pouch (also known as the posterior right subhepatic space) by the transve...

Default mode network

The default mode network (DMN), is a group of specific brain regions that are functionally-connected. The regions become active in the resting state (not doing any active task), and inactive when someone is engaged in any attention-demanding tasks 1; this phenomenon has been termed task-induced ...

Pyriform sinus

The pyriform sinus (also spelled piriform sinus and also known as the pyriform recess, pyriform fossa, and smuggler's fossa) is the pear-shaped subsite of the hypopharynx located posterolaterally to either side of the laryngeal opening. Gross anatomy Relations and/or boundaries The structure ...

Mastoid antrum

The mastoid antrum (plural: mastoid antra) (also known as tympanic antrum or Valsalva antrum) is an air space (up to 1 cm in size) lying posterior to the middle ear and connected to it by a short passageway, the aditus ad antrum. The superior wall or roof of the mastoid antrum is known as the t...

Accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle

The accessory flexor digitorum longus muscle is an accessory muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the leg with a reported prevalence of 6-8%. Unilateral muscles are more common although bilateral cases have been reported. Summary origin: variable; either the medial margin of the tibia a...

Superficial cervical fascia

The superficial cervical fascia is the subcutaneous connective tissue of the neck between the dermis and the deep cervical fascia. Terminology As some anatomists have abandoned the term "superficial fascia", calling this layer simply "subcutaneous tissue" is a recommended alternative 1. Becau...

Fifth ventricle (disambiguation)

The fifth ventricle has historically been used to refer to either the: cavum septum pellucidum or ventriculus terminalis

Intertrochanteric line

The intertrochanteric line, not to be confused with the intertrochanteric crest, is a ridge on the femur that is located on the anterior aspect of the junction of the femoral neck and shaft. It traverses between the greater and lesser trochanters and distally is continuous with the spiral line o...

Adductor tubercle

The adductor tubercle is a bony protuberance on the medial condyle of the femur and is located superior to the medial epicondyle. It demarcates the inferior most aspect of the medial supracondylar line. The adductor tubercle is the point of insertion for the adductor minimus and the hamstrings p...

Linea aspera

The linea aspera is a longitudinally-oriented ridge on the posterior aspect of the femur to which several muscles of the thigh attach. It is comprised of medial and lateral lips which diverge at both its superior and inferior ends. Gross anatomy Attachments lateral and medial intermuscular se...

Adductor minimus muscle

The adductor minimus muscle is a small, variably present muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh. Terminology Due to confusion about this muscle over the years it has ended up with a variety of names, which include pars lateralis, adductor quartus muscle, premier faisceau du grand addu...

Intertrochanteric crest

The intertrochanteric crest, not to be confused with the intertrochanteric line, is a ridge on the femur located at the posterior aspect of the junction between the femoral neck and shaft, traversing between the greater and lesser trochanters. It is the posterior point of attachment for the join...

Porus acusticus externus

The porus acusticus externus (plural: pori acustici externi) refers to the lateral bony margins of the external acoustic canal. It should not be confused with the porus acusticus internus which is the medial opening of the internal acoustic canal 1.

Porus acusticus internus

The porus acusticus internus (plural: pori acustici interni), often merely referred to as porus acusticus, is the medial opening of the internal acoustic canal through which the facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine artery pass1. Masses that arise from within the internal acou...

Pterygoid venous plexus

The pterygoid venous plexus (plural: plexuses) is a small intercommunicating cluster of venules that is intimately related to the lateral pterygoid muscle, lying both intramuscularly and around the muscle. The plexus is formed by very small veins that are the venous counterparts to the branches...

Maxillary vein

The maxillary vein drains the pterygoid plexus and joins with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein in the substance of the parotid gland 1. Gross anatomy The pterygoid plexus, and by extension, the maxillary vein helps to drain the areas supplied by the maxillary arte...

Superior thyroid vein

The superior thyroid vein, along with the middle and inferior thyroid veins, drains a venous plexus on the anterior surface of the thyroid gland 1. Gross anatomy The paired vein shares a course with the superior thyroid artery 2. The superior thyroid veins also receive tributaries from the sup...

Lingual vein

The lingual vein is formed by the sublingual, deep lingual, and dorsal lingual veins 1. It is a paired vein draining the tongue. Gross anatomy The lingual veins accompany the lingual artery between the hyoglossus and genioglossus and enters the internal jugular vein near the greater horn of th...

Cornea

The cornea forms the fibrous layer of the anterior portion of the eye. It functions to refract light entering the eye. Summary location: anterior one-sixth of the eyeball blood supply: avascular innervation: long ciliary nerves relations: continuous with the sclera posteriorly and covered...

Sclera

The sclera (plural: scleras or sclerae) is the fibrous, opaque white, coat of the eye. It functions to protect the intraocular contents. Summary location: posterior fifth-sixths of the eyeball blood supply: ciliary arteries innervation: ciliary nerves relations: anteriorly continuous with ...

Neural plate

The neural plate is an important developmental structure that forms the foundation of the nervous system 1,2. Formation of the neural plate occurs during the embryological process of neurulation which helps initiate the development of the nervous system 1,3. The neural plate develops at approxi...

Supraorbital vein

The supraorbital vein drains the anterior part of the scalp and forehead 1. The supraorbital vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein and the angular vein at the root of the nose 2. Gross anatomy The supraorbital vein drains the forehead venous plexus and descends along with the supraorbi...

Supratrochlear vein

The supratrochlear vein drains a venous plexus on the anterior forehead and scalp 1,2. It is a tributary of the angular vein along with the supraorbital vein 3. Gross anatomy The supratrochlear vein descends down the medial part of the forehead until it reaches the root of the nose where it is...

Metatarsophalangeal joint

The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJ) are the articulations in the forefoot between the heads of the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges 1. Gross anatomy The metatarsophalangeal joint is formed by the articulation of the metatarsals with their adjacent proximal phalanges. They are condyloid...

Left supramesocolic space

The left supramesocolic space is an arbitrary subdivision of the supramesocolic space, which lies between the diaphragm and the transverse colon 1,2. Gross anatomy The left supramesocolic space is separated from the right supramesocolic space by the falciform ligament 3. The left supramesocoli...

Telencephalon

The telencephalon (plural: telencephala or telencephalons) is the most anterior region of the primitive brain. Together with the diencephalon, the telencephalon develops from the prosencephalon, the primitive forebrain 1. The inferior boundaries of the telencephalon are found at the diencephal...

Neural tube

The neural tube comprises of a bundle of nerve sheaths and is the embryonic structure that ultimately forms the primitive brain at the cranial end and the spinal cord at the caudal end 1,2. The neural tube is formed during an embryological process called neurulation, a folding process where the...

Retina

The retina (plural: retinas/retinae) forms part of the optic pathway. It is a thin lining on the inner surface of the globe and converts visible light into a neural signal. Arterial supply The blood supply of the retina is from two sources, supplying different portions of the organ. The integ...

Falciform artery

The falciform artery, also known as the hepatic falciform artery (HFA) is an uncommon vascular anatomic variant that most commonly arises as the terminal branch of the middle hepatic artery which courses anteriorly through the falciform ligament into and supplying the supraumbilical anterior abd...

Subchondral bone plate

The subchondral bone plate is composed of two layers that separate articular cartilage from the marrow-containing cancellous bone. The superficial layer consists of calcified cartilage, which is separated by the cement line (tidemark) from the deep layer of compact cortical bone 1-3. Radiograp...

Pre-epiglottic space

The pre-epiglottic space (PES) is a triangular fat-containing space between the epiglottis and hyoid bone. Gross anatomy Boundaries superior: hyoepiglottic ligament anterior: thyrohyoid membrane, thyroid cartilage inferior: thyroepiglottic ligament posterior: epiglottis, quadrangular membr...

Retro-aortic left brachiocephalic vein

The retro-aortic left brachiocephalic vein is a rare vascular variant where the left brachiocephalic vein passes more inferiorly through the superior mediastinum, coursing inferior to the aortic arch and posterior to the ascending aorta to join the right brachiocepahilc vein forming the superior...

Bridging bronchus

A bridging bronchus is a rare congenital bronchial anomaly where there is an anomalous bronchus to the right lung arising from the left main bronchus. It has a high association with right upper lobe bronchus (pig bronchus) and congenital cardiac and vascular malformations, particularly a left pu...

Stylomandibular tunnel

The stylomandibular tunnel is a space between the mandibular ramus and the styloid process / stylohyoid ligament. It separates the (prestyloid) parapharyngeal space from the parotid space. In some definitions, the portion of the parotid gland that extends into the stylomandibular tunnel is consi...

Septum

Septa (singular: septum) are anatomical or pathological sheet-like structures that subdivide a component of normal anatomy or a lesion. Terminology Septa is the plural of the Latin word septum. Septae and septi are erroneous forms and are not words in English, nor correct plurals in Latin 2. S...

Crystalline lens

The crystalline lens (or simply, the lens, plural: lenses) is in the ocular globe between the posterior chamber and the vitreous body. It is transparent and biconvex in morphology, and aids the focussing of light onto the retina. Gross anatomy Location The lens lies in the globe at the poste...

Anterior spinal commissure

The anterior spinal commissure connects the left and right sides of the spinal cord anteriorly. It is located between the posterior-most extent of the anterior median fissure anteriorly and the ventral grey matter commissure posteriorly 1. It is composed of anterior and lateral spinothalamic t...

Triradiate cartilage

The triradiate cartilage is the Y- shaped epiphyseal plate that occurs at the junction where the ischium, ilium, and pubis meet in the skeletally immature skeleton. The vertical component of the "Y" is the meeting of the ischium and pubic bone. The anterior arm is the junction of the ilium an...

Point-of-care ultrasound (curriculum)

The point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core applications of ultrasonography in a point-of-care setting. Point-of-care ultrasound refers to ultrasonography which may be simultaneously performed,...

White matter

The white matter is the substance of the brain and spinal cord that contains the fiber tracts of neuronal axons in the central nervous system. The term is due to the paler color of the lipid-rich myelin that encases the axons in the tracts compared to the grey matter, which contains predominantl...

Grey matter

The grey matter is the substance of the brain and spinal cord that contains the neuronal cell bodies of the central nervous system. Within the cerebrum the two main locations of grey matter are on the surface of the gyri (the cortical grey matter) and the nuclei of the basal ganglia. The brains...

Umbilical vein

The umbilical vein is the conduit for blood returning from the placenta to the fetus until it involutes soon after birth. The umbilical vein arises from multiple tributaries within the placenta and enters the umbilical cord, along with the (usually) paired umbilical arteries. Once it enters the...

Trigone of the lateral ventricle

The trigone of the lateral ventricle is an area of the lateral ventricle at the confluence of the occipital and temporal horns. It refers either to the three-dimensional space at the transition between the body of the lateral ventricle and the occipital and temporal horns, in which case it is al...

Pseudosinus tract

A pseudosinus tract is a normal fibrous cord extending from the coccyx to an overlying sacral dimple. These have no associated mass and contain no fluid (if CSF drainage is occurring via the sacral dimple, then a true dorsal dermal sinus should be considered). Diagnosis Ultrasound Hypoechoic ...

Sphenoidal fontanelles

The sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the coronal, sphenofrontal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and squamosal sutures. Each sphenoidal fontanelle persists until approximately six months after birth, after which i...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Homunculus

A homunculus is a topographical-organized map of the proportional representation of the contralateral somatosensory or motor neurons on the cortex or passing though a part of the brain. The maps are often comical, as the body parts are disproportionally represented compared to their physical siz...

Middle hepatic artery

The middle hepatic artery (MHA) is an intrahepatic hilar arterial branch, usually arising from the left hepatic artery, which supplies segments 4a and 4b. It runs towards the right side of the umbilical fissure. Variant anatomy it may arise from the right hepatic artery 1,2 it may arise as a ...

Posterior fontanelle

The posterior fontanelle or occipital fontanelle is the triangular soft membranous gap (fontanelle) at the junction of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures. It persists until approximately 2-3 months after birth, after which it is known as the lambda. It can be used as an additional sonographic win...

Mastoid fontanelle

The mastoid or posterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid sutures. Each mastoid fontanelle persists until the second year of life, after which it is known as the asterion. It can be used ...

Anterior fontanelle

The anterior or frontal fontanelle is the diamond-shaped soft membranous gap (fontanelle) at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. It persists until approximately 18-24 months after birth, after which it is known as the bregma. The precise timing of the anterior fontanelle closure is...

Accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

The accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (accessory AITFL), also known as Bassett's ligament, is an anatomical variant present in many ankles. Pathological thickening of the accessory ligament is seen in the setting of inversion injury that causing the pain due to mild anterior inst...

Suprapatellar bursa

The suprapatellar bursa, also known as the suprapatellar recess or suprapatellar pouch, is one of several bursae of the knee. It is located proximal to the knee joint, between the prefemoral and suprapatellar fat pads. As with all bursae, its purpose is to reduce friction between moving structur...

Middle thyroid vein

The middle thyroid vein is a tributary of the internal jugular vein. Gross anatomy The middle thyroid vein arises from the lateral surface of the thyroid. It traverses laterally to the internal jugular vein, passing anterior to the common carotid artery and posterior to the sternothyroid and o...

Cervical thymus

The cervical thymus (plural: cervical thymi) refers to an ectopic location of the thymus in the neck above the level of the brachiocephalic veins. Clinical presentation A cervical thymus usually presents before adolescence as a painless unilateral midline or lateral neck mass. Pathology Etio...

Thenar eminence

The thenar eminence is the muscular bulge on the radial side of the palm of the hand due to the thenar muscles. Two are innervated by median nerve, and flexor pollicis brevis is innervated by the ulnar nerve. Together the muscle group primarily acts to oppose the thumb. The three muscles are: o...

Hypothenar eminence

The hypothenar eminence is the muscular bulge on the ulnar side of the palm of the hand due to the hypothenar muscles. Together the muscle group primarily acts on the little finger. The three muscles are: abductor digiti minimi muscle flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle opponens digiti minimi ...

Posterior vertebral fusion anomalies

Posterior vertebral fusion anomalies are relatively common and should not be mistaken for fractures. They are thought to be both developmental and pathological (e.g. spondylolysis) but are typically asymptomatic and incidental, and considered as anatomical variants. There are six types of poster...

Triangular ligament

The triangular ligaments grouped with the ulnar collateral ligament and meniscal homologue, comprise the ulnar-sided components of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). The triangular ligament attaches triangular fibrocartilage to the ulnar tip and fovea. The triangular ligament is comp...

Papillary process of the caudate lobe

The papillary process of the caudate lobe, also known as the medial papillary process, represents a division of the inferior caudate lobe of the liver 1. The inferior aspect of the caudate may be divided into medial and lateral processes. While the lateral or caudate process is contiguous with ...

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