Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
558 results found
Article
Talar body fractures
Talar body fractures are a subtype of talar fractures, subdivided into:
talar dome osteochondral fracture
posterior talar process fracture
lateral talar process fracture
Article
Elbow injection (disambiguation)
Elbow injection usually refers to an elbow joint injection, but especially to patients, it can be a term used referring to other procedures which include:
common extensor origin microtenotomy
common flexor origin microtenotomy
distal biceps tendon sheath injection
elbow joint inject...
Article
Foot injection (disambiguation)
Foot injection is a non-specific term, often used by patients, in reference to tarsal or metatarsal joint injections, and to other injections which include:
calcaneocuboid joint injection
metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) injection
naviculocuneiform joint injection
plantar fascia mi...
Article
Ankle injection (disambiguation)
Ankle injection is a general term which can refer to an intra-articular ankle injection but also other injections, particularly by patients, which include:
Achilles hydrodilation and microtenotomy
ankle joint injection
MRI arthrogram
CT arthrogram
anesthetic arthrogram
...
Article
Knee injection (disambiguation)
Knee injection is a general term and can be made in reference, especially by patients, to multiple procedures which include:
common peroneal (fibular) nerve injection
knee joint injection
MRI arthrogram
CT arthrogram
anesthetic arthrogram
patella tendon microtenotomy
...
Article
Hip injection (disambiguation)
Hip injection can refer to an intra-articular injection, but especially to patients, it can be a term used referring to other procedures around the hip which include:
common hamstrings origin microtenotomy
gluteus minimus/medius calcific tendinopathy barbotage
greater trochanteric burs...
Article
Ideberg classification of glenoid fossa fractures
The Ideberg classification system is the most common system used to describe glenoid fossa and rim fractures 1. Glenoid fractures are uncommon fractures of the shoulder but are important to recognize as they are often associated with concomitant injuries to chest, head, brachial plexus and humer...
Article
Atzei classification of peripheral TFCC tears
The Atzei classification of peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears offers a more differentiated approach on a spectrum of peripherally located triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears, which are classically summarized as “Palmer 1b” lesions 1-3.
Usage
Peripheral lesion...
Article
Salter-Harris type V fracture
Salter-Harris type V fractures are very uncommon injuries that occur in children. These fractures involve a crush injury of the physis secondary to compressive forces that involve all or part of the physis 1,2. In general Salter-Harris fractures are childhood injuries where there is a fracture t...
Article
Salter-Harris type IV fracture
Salter-Harris type IV fractures are relatively uncommon injuries that occur in children. They are intra-articular injuries in which the fracture extends through the epiphysis, across the physis and through the metaphysis. Salter-Harris fractures are a group childhood injuries where a fracture in...
Article
Depositional arthropathy
Depositional arthropathy refers to a group of joint disorders caused by the depositional of substances within and/or around joints.
Diseases include:
crystal arthropathy
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD)
gout
hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD)
haemop...
Article
Limberg score
Limberg score is a semiquantitative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of the bowel wall vascularity in inflammatory bowel disease.
grade 0: normal bowel wall with no thickening (<4 mm), well-delineated mural stratification, no mural flow (no color Doppler signal)
grade 1: wall thickenin...
Article
Zone classification of flexor tendon injury
The zone classification of flexor tendon injuries divides injuries into five zones based on anatomical location. It is the most widely used flexor tendon injury classification system (c. 2007) 1.
Classification
Flexor tendon injuries were classified into five zones by Kleinart and Verdan in 19...
Article
Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS)
The Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric bladder MRI in the evaluation of suspected bladder cancer. A systematic approach to bladder lesion based on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) was proposed by the European Association of Urology...
Article
MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS)
MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) is a semi-quantitative scoring tool that was developed from the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) and Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score (BLOKS) scoring tools. MOAKS has been shown to have very good to excellent reliability.
Scoring
...
Article
Acetabular index
The acetabular index, also known as the acetabular roof angle or Tönnis angle, is a radiographic measurement of acetabular inclination. It is useful in assessing for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as well as pincer morphology in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
Measurement
The ace...
Article
Lateral humeral line
The lateral humeral line is used to confirm the alignment of the pediatric radiocapitellar joint in the coronal plane 1. This is particularly important in injuries such as a Monteggia fracture-dislocation or in a radial neck fracture.
Measurement
The lateral humeral line is drawn on a pediatri...
Article
Walch classification of glenoid morphology
The Walch classification of glenoid morphology in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis is the most commonly used system to describe this pathology.
It was initially measured on 5 mm thick slices on axial CT scans of the shoulder 1, which had mixed results for inter- and intra-observer agreement...
Article
MRI grading system for bone stress injuries
MRI grading system for bone stress injuries is a useful tool in assessing the extent of clinical findings related to bone stress injury and predicting the time to return to full activity, the latter being especially important for athletes.
Classifications
Fredericson grading system
Frederic...
Article
Patterns of normal bone marrow distribution in the spine
Patterns of normal bone marrow distribution in the spine have been described by Ricci 1. They apply to patients from the age of 6 months.
Gross anatomy
There are four patterns of normal red and yellow bone marrow distribution, with great variability not only between patients, but between respe...
Article
Neer classification of clavicle fractures
The Neer classification of clavicular fractures along with the AO classification system is one of the more frequently used classification systems when assessing clavicular fractures.
Classification
The classification system, broken into five categories communicates both the stability and treat...
Article
AO classification of clavicle fractures
The AO classification of clavicular fractures along with the Neer classification system is one of the more frequently used classification systems when assessing distal clavicular fractures.
Classification
The classification system, broken into three categories focuses on the displacement and p...
Article
Modified Lodwick-Madewell classification of lytic bone lesions
The modified Lodwick-Madewell classification is a system for describing the radiographic appearance of a lytic bone lesion.
It was proposed in 2016 as a successor to the Lodwick classification and better reflects the risk of malignancy with increasing grade 1.
Classification
1A: well-defined,...
Article
Chandler classification of orbital infections
Chandler classification is the most commonly used system for dividing the different types of orbital cellulitis. The system describes five stages 1,2:
stage I: preseptal orbital cellulitis with inflammation and edema anterior to the orbital septum.
stage II: orbital cellulitis with extension o...
Article
Penetration-aspiration scale
The penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) is a means of grading the severity of penetration or aspiration observed in a videofluoroscopic swallow study and is widely used 2.
The term aspiration is used for material that passes inferior to the level of the vocal folds. If material enters the larynx...
Article
WHO classification of tumors of bone
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of bone tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 5th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2020 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Chondrog...
Article
Oligoprogression
Oligoprogression is an emerging concept in oncology, denoting a state where after an initially successfully systemic therapy of disseminated metastases, a single/few lesions display further progression.
Terminology
A key difference between the related concepts of oligometastasis and oligoprog...
Article
WHO classification of eye tumors
The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of eye tumors is a widely used pathologic classification system of neoplasms of the orbit. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2018 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Tumors of...
Article
International Myeloma Working Group response criteria
The International Myeloma Working Group response criteria are consensus definitions used to assess response to treatment of multiple myeloma. With the latest version published in 2016, the criteria have been widely adopted for classifying responses in clinical trials and in routine practice 1. I...
Article
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a subtype of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is due to left ventricular dysfunction.
Pathology
Etiology
left heart failure
congestive cardiac failure
mitral regurgitation
aortic stenosis
arrhythmias
myocardial pathology
myo...
Article
Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US)
The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US) forms the ultrasound component of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS). This system aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately ass...
Article
National Early Warning Score (NEWS)
The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) is a validated clinical assessment tool developed by the Royal College of Physicians in the UK 1,2. In December 2017, NEWS2 was released superseding the original (2012) version. The score is widely used as part of the evaluation of an acutely unwell patien...
Article
Harris classification of acetabular fractures
The Harris classification of acetabular fractures is based on definitions of acetabular walls and columns that differ from the Judet and Letournel classification 1.
Usage
The Judet and Letournel classification is more widely used and is applicable to both CT and plain radiographs, whereas, the...
Article
Penile fracture grading
A simple grading system for penile fracture has been developed but it is not widely used or validated nor recognized by relevant urological surgical societies. Regardless, this system which relies on ultrasound assessment of the tunica albugenia, corpora of the penis, urethra and other fascia 1 ...
Article
Knosp classification of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenomas
The Knosp classification is one of the more commonly used systems to determine the likelihood of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenomas.
Usage
By stratifying the likelihood of cavernous sinus invasion, the Knosp classification is important in operative planning, and predicting res...
Article
Single phase CT angiographic collateral scores in acute stroke
There are several described single-phase CT angiography collateral scores for evaluating the status of collateral vessels in acute ischemic stroke. These scores have been shown to be reliable predictors of clinical outcomes and eligibility for mechanical thrombectomy (endovascular clot retrieval...
Article
PISAPED criteria for diagnosis of pulmonary embolus
The PISAPED criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus indicate the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli based on findings on perfusion scintigraphy (only the Q portion of the V/Q scan) in combination with chest radiography. The criteria were validated in the Prospective Investigative St...
Article
Modified PIOPED II criteria for diagnosis of pulmonary embolus
The modified PIOPED II criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus indicate the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli based on findings on V/Q scan (ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy). The following article reflects the modified interpretation criteria promulgated in 2008 1 based on recat...
Article
Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System
Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System (CAC-DRS) is a structured reporting scheme for all non-contrast CT scans in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which can help in communication between clinicians and radiologists. These guidelines have been recommended by the Society of C...
Article
WHO classification of tumors of the breast
The World Health Organizatiοn classification of tumors of the breast is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2012 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Epith...
Article
Delbet classification
The Delbet classification helps predict the risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in neck of femur fractures, as well as determine operative vs non-operative management.
Classification
type I: trans-epiphyseal separation
fracture through proximal femoral physis, and represents Salte...
Article
SRU guidelines for assessment of thyroid nodules
The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) guidelines for the assessment of thyroid nodules were defined in a consensus conference statement published in 2005 focused on which thyroid nodules detected on ultrasonography should undergo fine needle aspiration.
Recommendations
The recommenda...
Article
American Dental Association Universal Numbering System
The American Dental Association Universal Numbering System is a tooth notation system primarily used in the United States.
Teeth are numbered from the viewpoint of the dental practitioner looking into the open mouth, clockwise starting from the distalmost right maxillary teeth.
Permanent teeth...
Article
Urinary tract dilatation classification
The urinary tract dilatation (UTD) classification system is a proposed unified classification of urinary tract dilatation for prenatal and postnatal care. This classification was developed by the collaboration of clinicians from eight societies (American College of Radiology (ACR), American Inst...
Article
Perianal disease
Perianal disease, also known as anorectal disease, is the collective name given to a group of diseases that primarily affect the anal canal +/- rectum. The disease spectrum ranges from the typically benign, e.g. hemorrhoids, to the potentially more serious, e.g. perianal fistula 1-3.
hemorrhoid...
Article
Artificial Intelligence (AI) TI-RADS
AI TI-RADS (Artificial Intelligence Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System) is a data-driven analysis and revision of the 2017 ACR TI-RADS 1. Published in May 2019 2, this had the intention of simplifying categorization and improving specificity while maintaining high sensitivity. This system...
Article
European Thyroid Association TIRADS
EU-TIRADS is a reporting system designed by the European Thyroid Association for ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules and stratification of requirement for FNA and malignancy. This system was based on an established French system, with validated results 2,3.
This is a five stage system usin...
Article
Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS)
K-TIRADS is a reporting system designed by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology for ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules and stratification of the requirement for FNA and malignancy. There is also stratification of indications for lymph node sampling.
This is a five-stage system using de...
Article
Whitmore-Jewett staging system
The Whitmore-Jewett staging system (also known as the Jewett staging system or ABCD system) is a superseded staging system for prostate cancer. It was developed by the American Urological Association (AUA). Most societies (including AUA) and clinicians now advocate and use the TNM staging system...
Article
Callen MS-ADEM criteria
The Callen MS-ADEM criteria can be useful in differentiating between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in children, as the first attack of immune-mediated demyelination is a frequent diagnostic challenge.
Given the diagnostic challenge, several diagnostic c...
Article
RENAL nephrometry scoring system
The RENAL nephrometry scoring system was developed to categorize renal masses into low, intermediate and high complexity, based on cross-sectional imaging findings. Its purpose is to aid in decision making, patient counseling, surgical planning, and patient follow-up, as well as academic reporti...
Article
International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver classification of renal neoplasia
The International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver classification of renal neoplasia is a now-outdated classification of renal tumors published in 2013. It formed the basis for the most recent revision of the WHO classification of tumors of the kidney, published in 2016. For reference, ...
Article
WHO classification of tumors of the kidney
The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of tumors of the kidney is the most commonly used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2016 as part of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Urin...
Article
Subaxial cervical spine injury classification
The subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC) system and severity score is a system for cervical spine trauma that helps guide treatment and predicts prognosis.
Classification
Three parameters are assessed, two being radiologic determined and the last being a clinical assessment 1.
...
Article
Pandystrophies
Pandystrophies are neurological diseases that demonstrate both white and grey-matter involvement, as opposed to leukodystrophies (dominated by white matter involvement) or poliodystrophies (dominated by grey matter involvement).
Most metabolic diseases with central nervous system involvement fa...
Article
Poliodystrophies
Poliodystrophies are neurological disease dominated by grey-matter involvement as opposed to leukodystrophies (dominated by white matter involvement) or pandystrophies (both white and grey matter involved).
The poliodystrophy group are defined by predominant grey matter involvement, but some de...
Article
ASAS classification criteria - active sacroiliitis on MRI
The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria, published in 2009 1 with a revised consensus definition of a positive MRI (active sacroiliitis) in 2016 2, utilizes imaging features of the sacroiliac joints on x-ray and MRI as one of many criteria for the...
Article
WHO classification of head and neck tumors
The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of head and neck tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2017 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
...
Article
Stoma
A stoma (plural stomata) is defined as an artificially created connection between two hollow organs or a hollow organ and the skin. A surgical procedure that involves the creation of a stoma carries the suffix "-ostomy".
For a discussion of imaging features and potential complications, please r...
Article
Coughlin classification
The Coughlin classification is the most widely used to type bunionettes. It relies on simple angle measurements on weight-bearing foot radiographs taken in the dorsoplantar projection 1,2. In 2013 DiDomenico et al added type IV 2.
Classification
type I: enlarged lateral surface of the head of ...
Article
Shoulder impingement
Shoulder impingement describes a group of conditions characterized by the entrapment of musculoskeletal soft tissue within the shoulder, which primarily results in pain. The catching of the affected structures may be structural and/or functional in etiology 2.
Types of shoulder impingement incl...
Article
McDonald and McClellan's classification of crossed renal ectopias
McDonald and McClellan classified crossed renal ectopia into four types 1:
bilateral crossed renal ectopia without fusion
unilateral crossed renal ectopia
bilaterally crossed renal ectopia: represents 90% of all crossed ectopias and includes crossed fused renal ectopia
crossed unfused rena...
Article
Zurich pituitary score
The Zurich pituitary score (ZPS) is a quantitative classification of pituitary adenomas based on coronal T1W magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, although the score can also be obtained with computed tomography.
The ZPS is based on the ratio (R) between horizontal tumor diameter over inter...
Article
Schenck classification of knee dislocation
The Schenck classification is categorizing knee dislocation based on the pattern of ligament tears. The four major ligamentous stabilizers are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) compl...
Article
Langenskiold classification of Blount disease
The Langenskiold Classification of Blount disease uses age and severity of deformity as grading parameters.
Classification
Six stage radiographic classification of infantile tibia vara, which is based on changes observed as the child matured:
stage I: 2-3 years
irregularity of metaphyseal os...
Article
Tumors of the seminal vesicles
Tumors of the seminal vesicles usually represent contiguous invasion of the seminal vesicles from malignancies in adjacent organs, most commonly the prostate. Tumors originating de novo within the seminal vesicles themselves are much rarer.
Epithelial tumors
adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesic...
Article
British Athletics muscle injury classification
The British Athletics muscle injury classification (BAMIC/BAC) is a five-point MRI-based system that is based on extent and site. It has been primarily based on hamstring injuries but is used in other muscle injuries. The classification system has been shown to have moderate inter- and intra-rat...
Article
Neck imaging reporting and data system (NI-RADS)
NI-RADS (Neck Imaging and Reporting and Data System) is a lexicon and risk classification proposed by the American College of Radiology for reporting surveillance imaging of treated head and neck cancer. The terminology and categories may be applied to any head and neck malignancy (e.g. squamous...
Article
ASCOD classification (ischemic stroke)
The ASCOD classification system 1, published in 2013, aims to define phenotypes of ischemic strokes for individual patients by assigning a degree of probability to each of the most common causes of this pathology.
It serves most strictly as a research tool but is also useful clinically as a mne...
Article
Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma
The Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma classes these tumors according to their relationship to anatomical landmarks 1. It was initially proposed by Siewert et al in 1996, becoming widely used in predicting lymph node spread and directing optimal management. As of the 7th e...
Article
Ann Arbor staging system
The Ann Arbor staging system was the landmark lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is named after the town of Ann Arbor in the US state of Michigan where the Committee on Hodgkin's Disease Staging Classification met in 1971 to agree on it....
Article
Lugano staging classification
The Lugano staging classification is the lymphoma staging system that is most commonly used in clinical practice currently. The categories for initial staging are defined in this article. See separate articles for the Lugano criteria for response assessment by PET-CT or by CT alone, as well as g...
Article
Lugano classification (lesion measurement guidelines)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Cotswolds modified Ann Arbor staging. This article outlines the lesion measurement guidelines for the system:
Eligible lesions
lymph nodes: the longest diameter in axial plane should be >1....
Article
Lugano classification (PET-CT treatment response)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system for non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on PET-CT.
Also included in the classification are staging and response to treatment based on CT.
Scoring system
The Lugano clas...
Article
Lugano classification (response to treatment on CT)
The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Ann Arbor staging with Cotswolds modifications. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on CT.
Also included in the classification are staging and response to...
Article
Lymphoma response to immunomodulatory therapy criteria (LYRIC)
The Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria (LYRIC) represents an adaptation of the Lugano classification for the evaluation of lymphoma after immune-based treatment.
During immunomodulatory agents (e.g. checkpoint inhibitors) therapy, imaging findings suggestive of progressive d...
Article
Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses
The Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of macrophage-dendritic cell lineages is currently in its 2016 revision of the organization's initial classification system from 1987.
Terminology
Histiocytes are mononuclear phagocytes that reside in tissues, including macro...
Article
AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries
The AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries is a concise and comprehensive system for categorizing the spectrum of traumatic bony and ligamentous injuries involving the occipital condyles, atlas (C1), or axis (C2).
Usage
The AO Spine upper cervical classification system is relativel...
Article
AO Spine classification systems
The AO Spine classification systems is a group of imaging morphology-based classification system, combined with clinical factors for injury of spinal trauma. It is designed to be a simple and reproducible method of describing injury patterns.
AO Spine has published four injury classification sy...
Article
Carpentier classification of mitral valve regurgitation
The Carpentier classification divides mitral valve regurgitation into three types based on leaflet motion 1:
type I: normal leaflet motion
annular dilation, leaflet perforation
regurgitation jet directed centrally
type II: excessive leaflet motion
papillary muscle rupture, chordal rupture, ...
Article
ACC/AHA classification of coronary lesions
ACC/AHA classification of coronary lesions is a system used to classify coronary arterial calcific plaque burden. It is classified as
type A
discrete (<10 mm)
concentric
nonangulated segment <45º
smooth contour
little or no calcification
less than totally occlusive
not ostial in locatio...
Article
Preinvasive adenocarcinoma lesion of the lung
Preinvasive lesions for lung adenocarcinoma are a category of small non-invasive lung lesions which are closely related to adenocarcinoma of the lung. They may represent a spectrum of premalignant to low-grade malignant lesions.
The category includes two types of lesions:
atypical adenomatous ...
Article
Multiphase CT angiography collateral score in acute stroke
Multiphase CT angiography (mCTA) collateral score is a simple scoring system that allows quick evaluation of collateral vessel filling delay in acute ischemic stroke. In some studies, it has been shown to be a better predictor of clinical outcomes and eligibility for endovascular therapy (ECT) t...
Article
Overall visual assessment of coronary artery calcification
Overall visual assessment of coronary artery calcification is a simple scoring system for risk assessment of coronary heart disease mortality by an overall "gestalt" of none, mild, moderate or heavy coronary artery calcification. It is comparable to the Agatston score but has the advantage of be...
Article
Mellado-Bencardino classification of Morel-Lavallée lesions
The Mellado-Bencardino classification of Morel-Lavallée lesions is based on shape, signal and enhancement characteristics, and the presence or absence of a capsule 1:
type I: laminar-shaped and seroma-like with increased T2 signal
type II: oval-shape that resembles a subacute hematoma with in...
Article
Modality
Modality is the term used in radiology to refer to one form of imaging, e.g. CT. It is often used in the plural form, e.g. "various modalities can be employed to evaluate this liver lesion."
More generally, in clinical medicine, the term 'modality' is used for different types of procedures and ...
Article
Gynecologic Imaging-Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS)
The Gynecologic Imaging-Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS) is a reporting system that was created for reporting the findings in adnexal masses based on transvaginal ultrasonography.
Classification
Findings are classified into five categories 1:
GI-RADS 1
normal ovaries identified and no adn...
Article
APACHE score
The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score is an illness severity score commonly used in critical care medicine to predict mortality upon admission to an intensive care unit.
Criteria
It involves two sections - one assessing the severity of the acute illness and another...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (2013 classification)
In 2013, the 5th World Symposium on pulmonary hypertension took place in Nice, France and modified the classification system for pulmonary hypertension.
The modified system divides pulmonary hypertension into five groups:
group 1: pulmonary arterial hypertension (disorders of the pulmonary ar...
Article
Chronic suppurative lung disease
Chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) refers to a group of conditions which includes:
cystic fibrosis
bronchiectasis
primary ciliary dyskinesia
This term is usually used in the context of pediatric patients.
Article
AO Spine classification of sacral injuries
The AO Spine classification of sacral injuries aims to simplify and universalise the process of classifying sacral injuries and improve interobserver and intraobserver reliability.
The AO Spine sacral classification is broken into three subsections that follow a hierarchical structure similar t...
Article
AO Spine classification of subaxial injuries
The AO Spine classification of subaxial injuries aims to simplify and universalise the classification of subaxial cervical spine fractures and improve interobserver and intraobserver reliability.
Usage
Although its existence is widely known among the relevant subspecialty groups, its day-to-da...
Article
Kuhn classification
Kuhn classification is an anatomical classification for the subtypes of frontal cells:
type 1 (~37%): a single air cell above the agger nasi cell
type 2 (~19%): two or more air cells above the agger nasi cell
type 3 (~7%): a single large cell above the agger nasi cell that extends into the fr...
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