Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
558 results found
Article
International panel for NMO diagnosis criteria
The 2015 International Panel for NMO Diagnosis criteria is, as the name implies, a set of criteria used to diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 1. They are based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings.
Criteria
Diagnostic criteria for NMOSD with ...
Article
AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries
The AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries is a commonly used thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification system.
The current AO Spine system (2013) supercedes the more complex and less reproducible AO Magerl classification 1. Unlike the other widely used system, the thoracolumbar i...
Article
Edinburgh criteria for lobar intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy
The Edinburgh criteria were proposed in 2018 in order to diagnose lobar intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 1. They can potentially be used to rule CAA-associated lobar hemorrhage either in or out, but require external validation in other patient population...
Article
Main differentials in musculoskeletal imaging
Here is a list of some of the most useful differential diagnoses in musculoskeletal imaging.
By process
lucent/lytic bone lesions (FEGNOMASHIC)
multiple lucent/lytic bone lesions
benign lytic bone lesions in patients under 30 years old
diffuse bony sclerosis
permeative process in bone
pse...
Article
Harvard scoring system for rhinosinusitis
The Harvard scoring system for rhinosinusitis is, as the name implies, a scoring system based on CT-scan assessment for grading of rhinosinusitis.
Scoring
0: normal (< 2 mm mucosal thickening on any sinus wall)
1: all unilateral disease or anatomic abnormality
2: bilateral disease limited to...
Article
Choi response criteria
The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...
Article
Bladder impairment following spinal cord injury
A commonly used classification scheme used by urologists and rehabilitation specialists, described by Wein, classifies bladder impairment following spinal cord injury according to the level of injury:
suprasacral (infrapontine) bladder - upper motor neuron lesion, releasing the sacral micturiti...
Article
Ciliopathies
Ciliopathies refer to diseases due to malfunctioning cilia (singular: cilium). Cilia are organelles that are external extensions of the cell membrane. Cilia fall into two main types: primary (or immotile) cilia and motile cilia.
Clinical presentation
Primary cilia are found in virtually every...
Article
McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis
McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis are clinical, radiographic, and laboratory criteria used in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. They were originally introduced in 2001 and revised multiple times (see "previous versions" below) most recently in 2017 5.
Criteria
The diagnos...
Article
Wiltse classification (spondylolisthesis)
Spondylolisthesis can be classified according to broad etiologies as described by Wiltse in 1981 1. Typically when reporting studies with spondylolisthesis the Wiltse type is merely stated without referring to its number, whereas the grade of spondylolisthesis is explicitly stated: e.g. "Grade 1...
Article
BSBR breast imaging classification
The British Society of Breast Radiologists (BSBR) publish with the Royal College of Radiologists a standardized classification for breast imaging in the United Kingdom. The first edition in 2009 was based on findings from the RCR Breast Group (RCRBG) 1 with the current fourth edition published i...
Article
Krenning score of neuroendocrine tumor uptake
The Krenning score is a proposed semi-quantitative method of assessing the degree of tracer uptake on octreotide scintigraphy.
Parameters
Initially designed for assessment of 111In-DTPA on planar imaging, the Krenning score is applicable to SPECT or PET-CT using various radiopharmaceuticals.
...
Article
Modified Rankin scale
The modified Rankin scale is commonly used to quantify functional outcome in individuals who suffer a neurological event. The scale was initially described by Rankin in 1957 to assess the outcome of cerebrovascular accidents 1. It has subsequently been modified 2,3 and has been used in a wide va...
Article
Combined conduit score of sinovenous stenosis
The combined conduit score (CCS) is a grading scheme for the assessment of the degree of transverse-sigmoid sinus stenosis in the setting of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The score was initially developed for ATECO MR venography 1.
Parameters
Assessment is performed using maximum inten...
Article
Weiss classification of lateral humeral condyle fractures
The Weiss classification is one of the classification systems used for lateral humeral condyle fractures and is based on the degree of displacement measured on an internal oblique view of the elbow:
type 1: <2 mm displacement
type 2: 2-4 mm displacement
type 3: >4 mm displacement
The degree ...
Article
Milch classification of lateral humeral condyle fractures
The Milch classification is one of the classification systems that can be used for lateral humeral condyle fractures and splits these fractures into two groups depending on their relationship with the trochlear groove:
type I: fracture passes lateral to the trochlear groove into the capitulotro...
Article
Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures
The Young and Burgess classification is a modification of the earlier Tile classification 1. It is the recommended 5 and most widely used classification system for pelvic ring fractures. It takes into account force type, severity, and direction, as well as injury instability. Three basic mechani...
Article
Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System
The Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) is a standardized method for reporting and communicating coronary CT angiography findings and serves as a clinical decision support tool to guide subsequent patient management.
History and etymology
The system was created by a ...
Article
RASopathy
RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Epidemiology
As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...
Article
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix are epithelial tumors of the appendix that produce mucin. They represent a spectrum of malignant potential, and are the most common cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei.
Pathology
Classification
According to a panel of specialists consensus published in 2016 (Per...
Article
Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification
This congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Morgan and Superina in 1994 1:
type 1: complete diversion of portal blood into the inferior vena cava with congenital absence of the portal vein
1a: superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein do not join to form a c...
Article
Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification
This congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Park et al. in 1990 1:
type 1: single large vessel of constant diameter connecting the right portal vein to the inferior vena cava
type 2: localized, peripheral shunt with one or more communications in a single hep...
Article
Shunt-dependency in symptomatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage score
The shunt-dependency in symptomatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SDASH) score is a harmonized score for the prediction of hydrocephalus requiring shunting after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The tool is employed in the acute phase to predict which patients will require shunting, rather than to...
Article
Bolger classification of maxillary sinus hypoplasia
The Bolger classification of maxillary sinus hypoplasia proposed by Bolger et al. in 1990 1 takes into account associated anomalies of the uncinate process, which are of utmost importance for planning functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).
Maxillary sinus hypoplasia in itself is asymptomat...
Article
Traumatic abruptio placenta scale
The traumatic abruptio placenta scale (TAPS) was devised to stratify placental injury findings on CT. Since placental abruption is a concern in a pregnant patient who has undergone traumatic injury, CT is occasionally the first imaging modality used to evaluate the placenta.
0: normal homogeneo...
Article
Kaiser score: breast MRI classification flowchart
The Kaiser score is an evidence-based clinical decision rule to distinguish benign from malignant lesions in breast MRI. It incorporates five BI-RADS descriptors:
spiculations
suspicious protrusion from the lesion surface that has concave lateral aspects
this includes classical spicu...
Article
Ishikawa classification of venous involvement by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Ishikawa classification system describes the degree of involvement of adjacent portal vein and superior mesenteric vein by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on the caliber of the vein:
type I: normal
type II: smooth shift/displacement with normal caliber
type III: unilateral narrowing...
Article
Cooke and Newman classification
The Cooke and Newman classification of periprosthetic hip fractures is a modification of the Bethea classification proposed several years earlier.
type I
explosion type fracture, comminuted around the stem of the implant
the prosthesis is always loose and the fracture is inherently unstable
...
Article
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification of periprosthetic hip fractures
The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification of periprosthetic hip fractures divides the femur into three separate regions:
level I: proximal femur distally to the lower extent of the lesser trochanter
level II: 10 cm of femur distal to level I
level III: femur distal to level...
Article
Vancouver classification of periprosthetic hip fractures
The Vancouver classification of periprosthetic hip fractures proposed by Duncan and Masri is the most widely used classification system. It takes into account the fracture site, the status of the femoral implant, and the quality of surrounding femoral bone stock.
type A: fractures involve ...
Article
Periprosthetic hip fracture classification systems
Several classification systems have been proposed for periprosthetic fractures of the hip:
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) classification
Cooke and Newman (modified Bethea) classification
Johansson classification
Vancouver classification: most widely used
Article
Johansson classification
The Johansson classification of periprosthetic hip fractures was the first classification system proposed and is the simplest. It is based on the level of the fracture in relation to the prosthesis.
type I: fracture proximal to the tip of the prosthesis with the stem still in contact with the m...
Article
ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR TI-RADS)
ACR TI-RADS is a reporting system for thyroid nodules on ultrasound proposed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) 1.
This uses a standardized scoring system for reports providing users with recommendations for when to use fine needle aspiration (FNA) or ultrasound follow-up of suspicious ...
Article
Bähren classification of left varicoceles
Bähren classification of left varicoceles:
type 0: no evidence of venous reflux in internal spermatic vein (ISV)
type I: single ISV with insufficient or absent valve
type II: single ISV with ≥ 2 ostia to renal vein; may be branches to ascending lumbar/retroperitoneal veins
IIa: insufficient ...
Article
Mediastinum (ITMIG classification)
The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) classification of mediastinal compartments was developed to reflect a division of the mediastinum based on cross-sectional imaging. It was in part an effort to consolidate prior discrepant classification systems in use by different medic...
Article
Lund-Mackay score
The Lund-Mackay score is a widely used method for radiologic staging of chronic rhinosinusitis 1.
When reading a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses and ostiomeatal complex, the reader assigns each sinus a score of:
0 (no abnormality)
1 (partial opacification) or
2 (complete opacification)
The...
Article
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia can be defined as a significant loss of muscle function as a result of decreased muscle bulk. The definition was originally restricted to elderly individuals only, however many use it for people of any age.
Sarcopenia in its primary form is age-related (geriatric patients), but can b...
Article
Salter-Harris type III fracture
Salter-Harris type III fractures are an uncommon, intraarticular fracture physeal fractures that occur in children.
The fracture line is often obliquely oriented through the epiphysis to the physis where it will take a horizontal orientation extending to the edge of the physis.
The prognosis...
Article
Salter-Harris type II fracture
Salter-Harris type II fractures are the most common type of physeal fractures that occur in children. There is a fracture that extends through the physis and into a portion of the metaphysis. A triangular metaphyseal fragment, otherwise known as the Thurston Holland fragment, will be left intact...
Article
Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 8th edition)
The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 8th edition lung cancer staging system was introduced in 2016 and supersedes the IASLC 7th edition. It is a TNM staging system.
Standard-of-care lung cancer staging ideally should be performed in a multidisciplinary meeting usin...
Article
ABC/2
ABC/2, also confusingly written as 1/2ABC in some literature, is a fast and simple method for estimating the volume of intracerebral hemorrhage (or any other ellipsoid lesion for that matter) which does not require volumetric 3D analysis or software.
Intracerebral hemorrhage volume is an import...
Article
WHO classification of anal margin tumors
The WHO classification of anal margin tumors or perianal skin tumors is:
intraepithelial tumors
Bowen disease (precursor of squamous cell carcinoma)
Paget disease (precursor of adenocarcinoma)
invasive tumors
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
verrucous carcinom...
Article
WHO classification of anal canal tumors
The World Health Organizatiοn classifies anal canal neoplasms into intraepithelial neoplasms and invasive neoplasms which are further divided to epithelial and non-epithelial tumors and secondary lesions:
Epithelial tumors
squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal
adenocarcinoma of anal canal
mu...
Article
Chrispin-Norman scoring system for cystic fibrosis
The Chrispin-Norman score is used to provide a summative assessment of structural lung changes in patients with cystic fibrosis on plain chest radiographs.
It is useful to monitor disease progression or treatment response and can be used to compare between different patients in research studies...
Article
Degloving injury
Degloving injuries can refer to a number of conditions:
degloving soft tissue injury
Morel-Lavallée lesion (closed degloving soft tissue injury)
intramuscular degloving injury
degloving bowel injury
Article
Mitchell classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head
The Mitchell classification is used to stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head and is based on MRI signal characteristics within the center of the lesion on T1 and T2-weighted images.
Classification
The lesion is classified into four stages with stage A representing early disease and stage D r...
Article
Orbital blow-in fractures
Orbital blow-in fractures are characterized by an inferior displaced injury of the roof of the orbit, usually due to a sudden traumatic-induced increase in intracranial pressure.
Clinical presentation
Complications
orbital blow-in fractures are associated with intraorbital injuries
extraocul...
Article
Gustilo Anderson classification
The Gustilo Anderson classification, also known as the Gustilo classification, is the most widely accepted classification system of open (or compound) fractures.
The grading system is used to guide management of compound fractures, with higher grade injuries associated with higher risk of compl...
Article
BTA ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules
The ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules has been developed by the British Thyroid Association (BTA) as part of their 2014 guidelines on the management of thyroid cancer 1.
It allows for the stratification of thyroid nodules as benign, suspicious or malignant based on ultrasound app...
Article
Winquist classification of femoral shaft fractures
The Winquist classification of femoral shaft fractures is based on fracture comminution and was proposed by Winquist in 1980. This classification is used with regards to management decision making, in determining whether a fracture requires an intramedullary nail or open reduction.
type 0: no ...
Article
Stewart classification for proximal 5th metatarsal fractures
The Stewart classification for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures is based upon fracture location and morphology. It is divided into five types.
Classification
Type I
extra-articular transverse or oblique fracture between base of 5th metatarsal and diaphysis (Jones fracture)
Type II
avulsi...
Article
Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures
The Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification, or Lawrence-Botte classification, is a commonly used nomenclature for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures, which are categorized into one of three anatomic zones of involvement:
zone 1: tuberosity (styloid process) avulsion fracture
involving proxima...
Article
Torg's classification for proximal 5th metatarsal fractures
Torg's classification of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures is based on the degree of sclerosis adjacent to the fracture on imaging at the time of presentation to determine the fracture age.
Classification
Type I
narrow fracture line with sharp margins and no widening
minimal cortical hyper...
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM).
cTNM staging (8th edition)
T
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no ev...
Article
Keifhaber-Stern classification of volar plate avulsion injuries of hand
The Keifhaber-Stern classification was proposed originally by Hastings and later modified by Keifhaber and Stern in 1998. This classification, along with the Eaton classification, is the most widely accepted classification at the time of writing (August 2016) for the management of volar plate av...
Article
Eaton classification of volar plate avulsion injury
The Eaton classification was proposed by Eaton and Malerich in 1980, and presently (time of writing, August 2016) along with Keifhaber-Stern classification, is the most widely accepted classification of volar plate avulsion injuries 1.
Knowledge of the orthopedic Eaton classification is practi...
Article
Complex midfacial fracture
Complex midfacial fractures consist of multiple facial fractures that cannot be classified as any of the defined complex facial fracture (e.g. Le Fort fracture, zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture).
Article
Nerve injury classification (MRI)
Nerve injury classification describes the various features of nerve injury on MRI with respect to pathological events.
Classification
neuropraxia
grade I:
there is increased T2/STIR signal in the nerve, however, the muscle appears normal
recovery occurs within a few days to 3 months
axono...
Article
Spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS)
The spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) helps to assess tumor related instability of the vertebral column. It has been shown to be useful in guiding the mobilization or operative management of patients with neoplastic spinal disease.
Studies have reported good inter-observer agreement am...
Article
Judet and Letournel classification for acetabular fractures
The Judet and Letournel classification is the most widely used classification system for acetabular fractures. It classifies acetabular fractures into ten major fracture patterns, which consist of five simple patterns and five complex patterns 1,2.
Classification
The morphology of fracture pa...
Article
Ankle fractures
Ankle fractures account for ~10% of fractures encountered in trauma, preceded only in incidence by proximal femoral fractures in the lower limb. They have a bimodal presentation, involving young males and older females. Ankle injuries play a major part in functional impairment after multi or pol...
Article
Neimeier classification of gallbladder perforation
The classification of gallbladder perforation was proposed by Neimeier and later modified by Anderson et al. in 1987, which at the time of writing remains the most widely accepted classification for gallbladder perforation.
According to this classification, there are three main clinical subtype...
Article
Rotterdam CT score of traumatic brain injury
The Rotterdam CT score of traumatic brain injury is a relatively recently described classification aimed at improving prognostic evaluation of patients admitted with moderate or severe traumatic brain injuries.
It was published in 2006 1 and is gaining in popularity. Along with the Marshall cl...
Article
Marshall classification of traumatic brain injury
The Marshall classification of traumatic brain injury is a CT scan derived metric using only a few features and has been shown to predict outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury.
This system was first published in 1992 1 building on findings from a large cohort of head injury cases des...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) assessment category 5
BI-RADS 5 lesions under the BI-RADS (breast imaging reporting and data system) refer to breast lesions that are highly suspicious for malignancy, requiring appropriate action to be taken (i.e. biopsy and management as appropriate). BI-RADS 5 lesions have the characteristic morphology of breast c...
Article
Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides
The Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides was formed by experts from 12 different countries in the field of vasculitis as a proposed update to the original 1994 International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides. This 2012 up...
Article
VASARI MRI feature set
The VASARI (Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images) MRI feature set is a system designed to enable consistent description of gliomas using a set of defined visual features and controlled vocabulary. It is the result of work by The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) who publish relevant guides to use, an...
Article
Classification of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
The new pathological classification of DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) is based on cytonuclear atypia, degree of necrosis, size, and distance from margin/architecture. Low and intermediate grades DCIS require cytologic, architectural and size criteria to be met but high-grade DCIS requires only ...
Article
Patte classification of rotator cuff tendon retraction
The Patte classification describes the amount of supraspinatus tendon retraction in a complete tear of the rotator cuff of the shoulder, and is applied on sequences in the frontal plane 1:
stage 1: proximal stump near the bony insertion
stage 2: proximal stump is at the level of the humeral he...
Article
Mueller-Weiss syndrome (classification)
Mueller Weiss syndrome refers to a spontaneous adult onset osteonecrosis of the tarsal navicular. This syndrome is multifactorial and related to chronic loading on a suboptimally ossified navicular bone which is susceptible to central osteonecrosis due to its centripetal blood supply. It is dist...
Article
Steinberg staging of osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Steinberg staging of osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a commonly used system (at the time of writing, mid-2016) similar to the Ficat and Arlet staging.
It is based on the radiographic appearance and location of lesion. It primarily differs from the other systems by quantifying the involvem...
Article
Ficat classification of osteonecrosis
The Ficat classification of osteonecrosis is based on radiographic findings. In 1985 French orthopedic surgeon Paul Ficat published a modified version of his initial classification in 1980:
Stage 0
preclinical and preradiographic
diagnosis is suspected in one hip when the other has a definite...
Article
McGill thyroid nodule score
The McGill thyroid nodule score (MTNS) is a scoring system developed to estimate the risk of malignancy of thyroid nodules 1.
Scoring system
The MTNS is based on 22 parameters:
eight clinical or laboratory parameters
gender (male): 1 point
age (>45 years old): 1 point
palpable nodule (pres...
Article
Hunka classification of pediatric septic arthritis of the hip
The Hunka classification is used to grade the residual anatomical deformity of the proximal femur following a septic hip in the pediatric population based on changes to the femoral head and stability of the hip.
Classification
type I: absent or minimal femoral head changes
type II:
IIa: defo...
Article
Genant classification of vertebral fractures
The Genant classification of vertebral fractures is based on the vertebral shape, with respect to vertebral height loss involving the anterior, posterior, and/or middle vertebral body.
grade 0: normal
grade 1: mild fracture, <25% loss of height
grade 2: moderate fracture, 25% to ...
Article
Riseborough and Radin classification of intercondylar fractures of the humerus
Riseborough and Radin classification of intercondylar fractures of the humerus can be used to classify this injury, which is the result of direct trauma to the olecranon as it is driven as a wedge between the humeral condyles. Four types of fractures can be identified:
type I: no displacement ...
Article
Salter-Thompson classification of Perthes disease
The Salter-Thompson classification of Perthes disease simplifies the Catterall classification into two groups. Based on the radiographic crescent sign, we can distinguish:
group A: including Catteral groups I and II, where the crescent sign involves less than 50% of the femoral head
group B: i...
Article
Superior vena cava obstruction (grading)
SVC obstruction can cause SVC syndrome which is the most common condition affecting this vessel. It can be secondary to extrinsic compression or intraluminal thrombosis/stenosis. Collateral pathways, with the azygos vein being the most important collateral vessel, form in response to severe narr...
Article
Diagnostic HRCT criteria for usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern - ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT (2018)
As a part of international evidence-based guidelines adopted by a collaborative effort of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS), the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS), and the Latin American Thoracic Association (ALAT), specific diagnostic HRCT criteria for...
Article
Risk of malignancy index in ovarian tumors
The risk of malignancy index (RMI) in ovarian tumors is a validated clinical tool used for risk stratification of ovarian lesions, to guide further management 1-3.
Classification
The score incorporates the patient's menopausal status (M), ultrasound features of the lesion (U), and the serum CA...
Article
Modified treatment in cerebral ischemia (mTICI) score
The modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score was developed from the original Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale by a consensus group in 2013 1. The recommendations included a name change to better reflect the increasing use of endovascular therapy for stroke, and sim...
Article
MAGNIMS consensus on MRI diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
The magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis (MAGNIMS), which is a European collaborative research network, published in 2016 new recommendations to upgrade the imaging diagnosis criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS). These came as a consensus, based on evidence-based and expert opinions ...
Article
Catterall classification of Perthes disease
The Catterall classification of Perthes disease is based on radiographic appearances of the epiphysis and metaphysis visible in osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
stage I
bone absorption changes visible in the anterior aspect of the epiphysis of femoral head
changes are visible best in frog l...
Article
Lie classification of vasculitis
The Lie classification of vasculitis was proposed in 1994 1.
Classification
Primary vasculitides
affecting large, medium, and small blood vessels (see large vessel vasculitides)
Takayasu arteritis
temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
isolated angiitis of the central nervous system
H...
Article
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) classification
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) is the unified transplantation network in the United States and runs under the administration of United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). OPTN classification is an imaging policy of UNOS to determine the eligibility and priority for liver tran...
Article
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity reactions are the immunological response to both exogenous and endogenous antigens, and form the basis for many diseases.
Pathology
Classification
Using the Gell and Coombs' classification, there are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, each mediated by a different mech...
Article
Markowitz and Manson classification system of naso-orbitoethmoid fractures
The Markowitz and Manson classification system categorizes fractures of the naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex as follows 1:
type I - in which the medial canthal tendon is intact and connected to a single large fracture fragment
type II - the fracture is comminuted, and the medial canthal tendon...
Article
Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernous malformations
The Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernomas has been proposed as a way of classifying cerebral cavernous malformations, and although not used in clinical practice it is useful in scientific publications that seek to study cavernous malformations.
The classification was proposed in 1994 ...
Article
Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score
The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score is a prognostic risk stratification system that categorizes the risk of death and ischemic events in patients with unstable angina / non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and provides a basis for therapeutic decision making. It is thou...
Article
Closed reduction-internal fixation
Closed reduction-internal fixation, often abbreviated to CRIF, refers to the orthopedic operative management of a fracture (or fracture-dislocation complex) where closed reduction is performed (manipulation) and internal fixation is applied, usually in the form of K-wires to stabilize the fractu...
Article
Modified Memphis criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The modified Memphis criteria are a set of screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in trauma. The presence of one or more of these criteria makes necessary a complementary CTA or DSA study to exclude a BCVI.
The screening protocol criteria for BCVI are:
base of skull fractur...
Article
Anderson and D'Alonzo classification of odontoid process fracture
The Anderson and D'Alonzo classification is the most commonly used classification of fractures of the odontoid process of C2.
Another classification system is the Roy-Camille classification, which aids more in the management of odontoid fractures.
Classification
type I
rare
fractur...
Article
Roy-Camille classification of odontoid process fracture
The Roy-Camille classification of fractures of the odontoid process of C2 depends on the direction of the fracture line 1.
The level of fracture line as described by the Anderson and D’Alonzo classification is not predictive of the degree of instability or the risk of non-union. This classifica...
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