Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
559 results found
Article
Roy-Camille classification of odontoid process fracture
The Roy-Camille classification of fractures of the odontoid process of C2 depends on the direction of the fracture line 1.
The level of fracture line as described by the Anderson and D’Alonzo classification is not predictive of the degree of instability or the risk of non-union. This classifica...
Article
Gastric lymph node stations
The gastric lymph node stations were originally divided into 16 groups, as proposed by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer in 1963.
Gross anatomy
There are three major groups of lymph drainage from the stomach, namely, left gastric, gastroepiploic, and pyloric nodes 4, as shown in...
Article
Ichikado CT scoring of acute respiratory distress syndrome
CT scoring systems have been proposed in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to predict clinical outcomes. This scoring system was established by Ichikado et al. in 2006 2 and at the time of writing (July 2016), this is the most widely used CT scoring system.
Classification...
Article
Boyden classification of bronchi
The Boyden classification of bronchi refers to the standard nomenclature used to describe bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy.
Each lung has 10 segments, however, on the left, the first two segments share a common trunk and are hence B1/2. Also given the shared trunk on the left of the lower lob...
Article
Distal fibular fracture (basic)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Distal fibular fractures are the most common type at the ankle and are usually the result of an inversion injury with or without rotation. They are the extension of a lateral collateral ligament injury.
Epidemiology
Ankle...
Article
Modified Fisher scale
The modified Fisher scale is a method for radiological grading subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to intracranial aneurysm rupture, assessed on the first non-contrast CT.
It was modified from the original Fisher scale to account for patients with thick cisternal blood and concomitant intra...
Article
AAST injury scoring scales
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scoring scales are the most widely accepted and used system of classifying and categorizing traumatic injuries. Injury grade reflects severity, guides management, and aids in prognosis. Currently (early 2019), 32 different injury s...
Article
Patterns of sinonasal obstruction
Recognizing patterns of sinonasal obstruction is useful to help localize the area of pathology and narrow the differential diagnosis.
Radiographic features
Babbel et al described five pattern of sinonasal obstruction 1, which are readily apparent on CT:
Infundibular pattern
opacification of...
Article
Pathological fracture risk (Harrington criteria)
Harrington criteria can be used to predict which long bone skeletal metastases are at high risk of pathological fracture and should undergo prophylactic internal fixation. It preceded the Mirels classification for impending pathological fracture but has not been validated and its use is debated....
Article
Pathological fracture risk (Mirels classification)
Mirels classification is a system used to predict the highest risk of pathological fracture among long bones affected by metastases, and is based on site, location, matrix and/or presence of pain.
Classification
1 point
upper limb
involving <1/3 of bone diameter
blastic/sclerotic lesion
m...
Article
IOTA ultrasound rules for ovarian masses
The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group ultrasound rules for ovarian masses are a simple set of ultrasound findings that classify ovarian masses into benign, malignant or inconclusive masses. These rules apply to masses that are not a classical ovarian mass (e.g. corpus luteum, end...
Article
Tabar 5-tier grading system
The Tabar 5-tier grading system is used to classify mammographic lesions. This should not be confused with the Tabar classification of parenchymal patterns in breast imaging. It is a separate but translatable system to the BI-RADS classification system (please note that Tabar grade 3 ≠ BI-RADS 3...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) assessment category 0
BI-RADS 0 is one of seven categories from the breast imaging-reporting and data system and is used when imaging is incomplete such as:
when further imaging or information is required, e.g. compression, magnification, special mammographic views, ultrasound
when requesting previous images not av...
Article
Mayo classification of scaphoid fractures
The Mayo classification of scaphoid fractures divides scaphoid fractures into three types according to the anatomic location of the fracture line:
middle (70%)
distal (20%)
proximal (10%)
Fractures of the distal third are further divided into distal articular surface and distal tubercle frac...
Article
Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle injury
The Lauge-Hansen classification system is used for classifying ankle injuries based on injury mechanisms with predictable patterns and imaging findings. These systems are useful tools for describing and classifying ankle injuries along with the Weber classification.
Classification
The Lauge-Ha...
Article
Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale
The thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grading system was described in 2003 by Higashida et al. 1 as a tool for determining the response of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. In neurointerventional radiology it is commonly used for patients post endovascular revascularization. Lik...
Article
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of cardiac diagnoses along a spectrum of severity due to the interruption of coronary blood flow to the myocardium, which in decreasing severity are:
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
unstable an...
Article
Modified Noyes grading of chondromalacia
The modified Noyes grading of chondromalacia was published in 2009 and is divided into four grades by MRI, typically using fat saturated proton density sequences. The original Noyes grading system was based on arthroscopic findings.
Classification
grade 0: normal cartilage
grade 1: increased ...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Separation at the femoral attachment is rare 5.
Epidemiology
It is mor...
Article
Global cortical atrophy scale
The global cortical atrophy (GCA) scale, also known as the Pasquier scale, is a qualitative rating system developed to assess cerebral atrophy, especially in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. It evaluates atrophy in 13 brain regions assessed separately in each hemisphere and resulting i...
Article
Raymond–Roy occlusion classification of intracranial aneurysms
The Raymond–Roy occlusion classification (RROC) is an angiographic classification scheme for grading the occlusion of endovascularly treated intracranial aneurysms 1. It is also known as the Raymond class, Montreal scale or the Raymond Montreal scale.
class I: complete obliteration
class II: r...
Article
Palmini classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Palmini classification of focal cortical dysplasia published in 2004 was one of the leading classification systems used for focal cortical dysplasia, recently replaced by a newer classification; Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia.
Unfortunately, as is the case with many classif...
Article
Barkovich classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Barkovich classifies focal cortical dysplasias among his extensive classification system for malformations of cortical development, distributing them as follows:
Type I and type IIb (transcortical dysplasia - Taylor type with balloon cells) as non-neoplastic malformations due to abnormal neuron...
Article
Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Blumcke et al. proposed the most recent (2011) 2 and now widely adopted consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia, which shares many features with the previously described classifications system by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005).
Unfortunately, as is the case with many ...
Article
Off-ended
The term off-ended is used by some orthopedic surgeons and radiologists to describe a long bone fracture that is displaced by more than the width of the bone. An off-ended fracture is often shortened due to muscle contraction.
Article
Uterine biophysical profile
Uterine biophysical profile is a sonographic examination of the uterus that assess seven sonographic characteristics used to predict successful conception.
Uterine scoring system for reproduction (USS)
The uterine scoring system for reproduction comprises the following parameters, taken in mi...
Article
MRI grading system for abnormal meniscal signal intensity
MRI grading system for abnormal high meniscal signal intensity was reported by Lotysch et al.
Classification
Grade 1 to 3 have been described on MRI:
grade 1: small focal area of hyperintensity, no extension to the articular surface
grade 2: linear areas of hyperintensity, no extension to ...
Article
Tumors of the meninges (differential)
Tumors of the meninges are a heterogeneous group of lesions which usually occur as extra-axial masses. Although a large number of lesions that can involve meninges are scattered throughout the WHO classification of CNS tumors, the main entities to be considered include:
meningioma and numero...
Article
Allen and Ferguson classification of subaxial cervical spine injuries
Allen and Ferguson classification is used for research purposes to classify subaxial spine injuries and is based purely on the mechanism of injury and position of the neck during injury. This classification was proposed by Allen and Ferguson in 19823 and at the time of writing (July 2016) remain...
Article
WHO grading of CNS tumors
WHO (World Health Organization) grading of CNS tumors depends on the specifics of each entity; see WHO classification of CNS tumors.
Historically grading was based on histological characteristics such as cellularity, mitotic activity, pleomorphism, necrosis, and endothelial proliferation, howe...
Article
Levine and Edwards classification
The Levine and Edwards classification is the most widely used classification system of hangman fractures of the C2 vertebra 3. The injury, also known as traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis, and the amount and direction of displacement determines stability and guides treatment. The classifica...
Article
Cervical spine fracture classification systems
There are several cervical spine fracture/injury classification systems. These can be divided by site and are listed below in order of recency:
upper cervical spine (including craniocervical junction) injuries 1
AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries
occipital condyle fractures
T...
Article
Fukuoka consensus guidelines
Fukuoka consensus guidelines, also referred to as the Tanaka criteria, is a classification system for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs).
The prior international consensus guidelines (2006) were referred to as the Sendai criteria, which later ...
Article
Berndt and Harty classification
Berndt and Harty classification is used for osteochondral lesions of the talus.
Classification
stage I: subchondral bone compression (marrow edema)
stage II
stage IIa: subchondral cyst
stage IIb: incomplete separation of fragment
stage III: complete separation but no displacement
stage IV...
Article
Deltoid ligament injury
Deltoid ligament injuries involve the deltoid ligament that forms the medial part of the ankle joint.
Pathology
Mechanism of injury
It occurs due to eversion and/or pronation injury, or can be associated with lateral ankle fractures.
The deltoid ligament is usually avulsed from its tibial at...
Article
Goutallier classification of rotator cuff muscle fatty degeneration
The Goutallier classification is a classification system used to quantify the amount of fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles, particularly in the context of rotator cuff tendon tears. Although originally described in shoulder CT 1, it is applicable and now most commonly used in MR. It ...
Article
Hepatobiliary contrast agents and LI-RADS
LI-RADS (Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System) is both a set of standardized terminology and a classification system for imaging findings in liver lesions. The LI-RADS score for a liver lesion is an indication of its relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The classification system ...
Article
Bent bone dysplasias (differential)
Bent bone dysplasias are a class of bone dysplasia included in a 2010 classification of genetic skeletal disorders 1.
campomelic dysplasia
Stuve-Weidemann dysplasia
kyphomelic dysplasias, a diverse class, including
congenital bowing of the long bones
cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; metaphys...
Article
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a neoplasm of the lymphoid tissues originating from B cell precursors, mature B cells, T cell precursors, and mature T cells. It includes all types of lymphomas apart from Hodgkin lymphoma.
See the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors for further informatio...
Article
Diffuse hepatic steatosis (grading)
Grading of diffuse hepatic steatosis on ultrasound has been used to communicate to the clinician about the extent of fatty changes in the liver.
Grading
grade I: diffusely increased hepatic echogenicity but periportal and diaphragmatic echogenicity is still appreciable
grade II: diffusely in...
Article
Lodwick classification of lytic bone lesions
The Lodwick classification is a system for describing the margins of a lytic bone lesion (or lucent bone lesion). The terms used in the description suggest the level of concern for an aggressive, and possibly malignant, process.
Classification
type 1: geographic
1A: thin, sclerotic margin
1B...
Article
MELD score
The MELD score (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) is a classification used to grade liver dysfunction in preparation for liver transplantation. The score has prognostic value in terms of three month mortality and certain complications.
The components of the score are:
serum creatinine (mg/dl)...
Article
Lung-RADS
Lung-RADS (Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System), is a classification proposed to aid with findings in low-dose CT screening exams for lung cancer. The goal of the classification system is to standardize follow-up and management decisions. The system is similar to the Fleischner criteria but d...
Article
Myeloproliferative neoplasm
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a diverse group of conditions that are characterized by an excess of terminally differentiated myeloid cells (red cells, white cells, and/or platelets) in the peripheral blood. Under WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, myeloproliferative neoplasms are c...
Article
Orthoroentgenogram
Orthoroentgenogram is a radiographic study used to evaluate anatomic leg length and calculate leg-length discrepancies. This study utilizes a long ruler placed on the film, and three radiographs including bilateral hips, knees and ankles.
Similar studies used to evaluate true leg length include...
Article
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodule
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodules are defined as "probably benign" according to the LI-RADS classification system. They are a common finding in a cirrhotic liver and do not need to be mentioned in the report.
Radiographic features
The nodule must demonstrate all of the following:
diameter <20...
Article
LI-RADS
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is both a set of standardized terminology and a classification system for imaging findings in liver lesions. The LI-RADS score for a liver lesion is an indication of its relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
The classification system...
Article
Elliott et al. classification of cardiomyopathies
The Elliott et al. classification system of cardiomyopathies is one of the cardiomyopathy classification systems. This was published by the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. This places emphasis on phenotypic classification 1-2.
See also
cardi...
Article
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is defined as a "disease of the myocardium with associated cardiac dysfunction" 1. It has been classified according to several systems:
1995 WHO/ISFC cardiomyopathy classification system
Elliott et al. classification system: published by the European Society of Cardiology Workin...
Article
Brainstem stroke syndromes
Brainstem stroke syndromes, also known as crossed brainstem syndromes, refer to a group of syndromes that occur secondary to lesions, most commonly infarcts, of the brainstem.
Epidemiology
Although many different brainstem stroke syndromes have been classically described, the majority appear e...
Article
Goldman classification of urethral injuries
The Goldman classification of urethral injuries is a more widely accepted classification than one proposed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). The Goldman classification is based on the anatomical location of the urethral injury and was initially proposed by Colapinto a...
Article
Risser staging system
The Risser staging system is used to grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. It is used primarily in planning corrective surgery for scoliosis as a marker for skeletal maturity, which is a surrogate for growth velocity and growth potent...
Article
Singh index
The Singh index is a classification system for bone density of the femoral neck based on the visibility of the trabecular types that can be seen in the femoral neck.
Trabecular types in proximal femur
Five trabecular types can be present in the proximal part of the femur:
principal compressio...
Article
Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be traumatic or non-traumatic (e.g. neoplastic compression or degenerative stenosis) but the syndromes associated with spinal cord injury can be seen in all etiologies.
Injuries to the spinal cord can be incomplete or complete and are graded on the ASIA impairment s...
Article
Errors in diagnostic radiology
Errors in diagnostic radiology occur for a variety of reasons related to human error, technical factors and system faults. It is important to recognize that various cognitive biases contribute to these errors.
Classification
Renfrew classification
This classification was proposed by Renfrew e...
Article
Pipkin femoral head fracture classification
Pipkin classification is the most commonly used classification for femoral head fractures, which are uncommon but are associated with hip dislocations.
Classification
type I: fracture inferior to the fovea capitis, a small fracture not involving the weightbearing surface
type II: fracture ext...
Article
Facial fractures
Facial fractures are commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma at moderate or high levels of force. Such injuries may be sustained during a fall, physical assault, motor vehicle collision, or gunshot wound. The facial bones are thin and relatively fragile, making them susceptible to injury....
Article
ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies
The ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies encompasses all vascular malformations and tumors in a framework of internationally consistent nomenclature. ISSVA is the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. It is based on the initial classification published by Mulliken and...
Article
Hamburg classification system of vascular malformations
Hamburg classification system of vascular malformations is one of the more commonly used systems to describe the wide range of vascular malformations, largely replacing the many various eponymous syndromes traditionally used. It accounts for the underlying anatomical, histological, and pathophys...
Article
Agatston score
Agatston score is a semi-automated tool to calculate a score based on the extent of coronary artery calcification detected by an unenhanced low-dose CT scan, which is routinely performed in patients undergoing cardiac CT. Due to an extensive body of research, it allows for early risk stratificat...
Article
Kasai classification
Kasai classification is used to describe the three main anatomical types of biliary atresia.
Classification
type I: obliteration of common bile duct (patent cystic and common hepatic duct)
type II
IIa: obliteration of common hepatic duct (patent cystic and common bile duct), sometimes with a...
Article
Wiberg classification of patella shape
Wiberg classification is a system used to describe the shape of the patella based mainly on the asymmetry between the patellar medial and lateral facets on axial views of the patella. Increasing number type indicates a larger degree of asymmetry.
Classification
Wiberg type 1 or a
roughly symm...
Article
Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS)
The thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), also sometimes known as the thoracolumbar injury severity score (TISS), was developed by the Spine Trauma Group in 2005 to overcome some of the perceived difficulties regarding the use of other thoracolumbar spinal fracture clas...
Article
Trochanteric fracture
A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.
Classification
Fractures in these regions can be classified as:
intertrochanteric fracture
pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters
subtrochanteric fracture
greater tro...
Article
Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis
The Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis from 2012 is an international multidisciplinary classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis, updating the 1992 Atlanta classification.
The worldwide consensus aims for an internationally agreed-upon classification of acute pancre...
Article
Isomerism
Isomerism is a term which in general means 'mirror-image' and refers to finding normally-asymmetric bilateral structures to be similar. It is used in the context of heterotaxy and is of two types:
left isomerism
right isomerism
Left isomerism
Mirror image of the structures on the left side o...
Article
Piedmont fracture
Piedmont fractures have been variably defined in the literature. Many suggest that Piedmont fractures are synonymous with Galeazzi fractures. That is, a fracture of the radius at the middle and distal third with associated disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. Others, such as Greenspan 1, d...
Article
Komi classification of bile duct cysts
Komi classification of bile duct cysts divides anomalous union of the pancreatico-bile ducts (AUPBD) into three types based on the angle of union of the ducts 1.
Classification
type I: union of the ducts at a right angle to each other
type Ia: without dilatation or
type Ib: with dilatation ...
Article
Neuroendocrine tumors
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) (historically called APUDomas) represent a wide spectrum of disease. They consist of a large heterogeneous group of malignancies that are derived from embryonic neural crest tissue found in various organ such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adren...
Article
Medial temporal lobe atrophy score
The medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) score, also known as Scheltens' scale, is useful in distinguishing patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease from those without impairment 2 is helpful in the assessment of patients with possible dementia (see neurodegenerative MRI brain...
Article
Posterior atrophy score of parietal atrophy
The posterior atrophy score, a.k.a. Koedam score, has been developed to enable visual assessment of parietal atrophy on MRI, and is useful in the assessment of patients with possible dementia, especially atypical or early onset Alzheimer's disease (see: neurodegenerative MRI brain: an approach) ...
Article
Fazekas scale for white matter lesions
The Fazekas scale is used to simply quantify the amount of white matter T2 hyperintense lesions usually attributed to chronic small vessel ischemia, although clearly not all such lesions are due to this.
This classification was proposed by Fazekas et al. in 1987 1 and at the time of writing (la...
Article
Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS)
PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric prostate MRI in the evaluation of suspected prostate cancer in treatment naive prostate glands. This article reflects version 2.1 (v2.1), published in 2019 and developed by an internationall...
Article
MRI classification system for lumbar disc degeneration
Disc degeneration can be graded on MRI T2 weighted images.
Usage
The Pfirrmann grading system is the most widely known classification for intervertebral disc degeneration and is used in both clinical and research capabilities 2,3. The intra- and inter-observer agreement of the Pfirrmann gradin...
Article
Brachydactyly type A5
Brachydactyly type A5 is characterized by absence of the middle phalanges and nail dysplasia with duplicated terminal phalanx of the thumb with resultant bifid thumb. Inheritance is suggested as autosomal dominant.
Article
Brachydactyly type A4 (Temtamy type)
Brachydactyly type A4 or Temtamy type is characterized by brachymesophalangy (absent or hypoplastic middle phalanx) of the second and fifth fingers. Other less common features include club foot, clinodactyly, ulnar deviation of the second finger.
Pathology
Like other brachydactyly, type A4 is ...
Article
Brachydactyly type A3
Brachydactyly type A3 is characterized by shortening of the middle phalanx of the little finger with radial deviation of distal phalanx. Slanting of the distal articular surface of the middle phalanx leads to radial deflection of the distal phalanx. However, it is not always associated with clin...
Article
Brachydactyly type A2 (Mohr-Wriedt type)
Brachydactyly type A2 or Mohr-Wriedt type is characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of the second middle phalanx of the index finger, second toe and sometimes little finger. There is radial deviation of the index finger and tibial deviation of the second toe.
Pathology
Type A2 brachydactyly can b...
Article
Brachydactyly type A1 (Farabee type)
Brachydactyly type A1, also known as Farabee type brachydactyly, is a subtype of brachydactyly.
Clinical presentation
The anomaly is characterized by hypoplasia or aplasia of middle phalanges of the second to fifth digits in hands and feet and proximal phalanges of the thumbs and great toes...
Article
Langer Saldino syndrome
Langer Saldino syndrome, or achondrogenesis type II is a subtype of achondrogenesis. It is an extremely rare fatal skeletal dysplasia.
Pathology
Genetics
This type of achondrogenesis results from a mutation in the collagen type II gene (COL2A1) on chromosome 12q. That mutation affects type II...
Article
Pediatric mediastinal masses
Pediatric mediastinal masses are the most common chest masses in children, with the anterior mediastinum being the most common site 1.
As in adults, mediastinal masses are classified depending on anatomical sites:
anterior mediastinal masses
middle mediastinal masses
posterior mediastinal ma...
Article
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is the causative agent involved in poliomyelitis. It is a single-stranded RNA virus and one of the smallest significantly described viruses:
group: group IV
family: picornaviruses
genus: enterovirus
species: enterovirus C
subtype: poliovirus
Related pathology
poliomyelitis
pol...
Article
Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis
The Kellgren and Lawrence system is a common method of classifying the severity of osteoarthritis (OA) using five grades.
The original paper 1 graded OA at the following sites and projections:
hands: posteroanterior
cervical spine: lateral
lumbar spine (facet joints only): lateral
hips: an...
Article
Ahlbäck classification of knee osteoarthritis
The Ahlbäck classification is one of many ways to grade knee osteoarthritis.
Classification
grade 1: joint space narrowing (less than 3 mm)
grade 2: joint space obliteration
grade 3: minor bone attrition (0-5 mm)
grade 4: moderate bone attrition (5-10 mm)
grade 5: severe bone attrition (mo...
Article
Duplex appendix
Duplex appendix is a rare anomaly of the appendix and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis.
Epidemiology
Duplication of the vermiform appendix is extremely rare. It is found in only 1 in 25,000 patients (incidence ~0.004%) operated on for acute appendicitis. Altho...
Article
Sanders CT classification of calcaneal fracture
The Sanders classification system is used to assess intraarticular calcaneal fractures, which are those involving the posterior facet of the calcaneus. This classification is based on the number of intraarticular fracture lines and their location on semicoronal CT images. This classification is ...
Article
Central venous catheter
Central venous catheters (CVC), also known as central venous lines (CVL), refer to a wide range of catheters that are inserted so that their distal tips lie in a central vein. Central venous access devices can broadly be divided into four categories. They may be inserted by medical, surgical, an...
Article
Modified CT severity index
The modified CT severity index is an extension of the original CT severity index (CTSI) which was developed by Balthazar and colleagues in 1990 for distinguishing mild, moderate and severe forms of acute pancreatitis.
The original CT severity index has been followed internationally and has been...
Article
Cervical degenerative spondylosis (grading)
Cervical degenerative disease can be graded using a very old but reliable classification given by Kellgren et al. It is based on findings on a lateral cervical spine radiograph although it can also be applied to MRI evaluation of spine.
The key parameters are osteophyte formation, intervertebra...
Article
Varicocele grading on color Doppler
Varicocele grading on color Doppler can be done variably. The most elaborate and widely-accepted grading was given by Sarteschi, as below.
For a general discussion of this condition refer to the article: varicocele.
Evaluation
baseline greyscale study in supine position and measure the diame...
Article
Hydronephrosis grading (SFU system)
The grading system of hydronephrosis developed by the Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) was devised to assess the degree of hydronephrosis. This particular system is thought to be the most common in use and was originally designed for grading neonatal and infant pelvicalyectasis:
grade 0
no ...
Article
Terms used in radiology
There are numerous terms used in radiology (and clinical medicine more generally) that are worth knowing and this is a list of some of them.
Please maintain all lists in alphabetical order.
General
acute
ancillary
chronic
Cinderella
diagnosis of exclusion
dilation vs dilatation
epiphen...
Article
2001 WHO classification of hepatic hydatid cysts
The 2001 World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of hepatic hydatid cysts is used to assess the stage of hepatic hydatid cysts on ultrasound and is useful in deciding the appropriate management depending on the stage of the cyst. This classification was proposed by the WHO in 2001 and, at...
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