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Fat-containing splenic lesions

Fat-containing splenic lesions are rare, and the differential diagnosis is limited. Differential diagnosis Neoplastic splenic hamartoma 1 splenic myelolipoma 2 splenic lipoma splenic liposarcoma 3 splenic angiomyolipoma Non-neoplastic Non-mass and pseudo-lesions may also occasionally co...

Urinary bladder cyst

Urinary bladder cysts are considered tumor-like lesions and true simple cysts arising from the bladder wall are extremely rare 1. Pathology Three types of cysts have been described 1: urachal cysts: dome and anterior wall cloacal cysts: posterior wall simple cyst of the bladder wa...

Gallbladder folds

Gallbladder folds arise due to the gallbladder wall folding onto itself. They are thick, junctional in nature and incomplete or non-continuous in appearance. The posterior wall is usually involved, however, anterior wall folds may also occur 1. The folding may produce a bizarre or unusual shap...

Foot pain

Foot pain is a very common symptom. The differential diagnosis depends mainly on age, weight, level of physical activity, and the exact location of the pain. As neoplastic lesions are ubiquitary, they will not be added to the sections below. Hindfoot pain inferior heel pain trauma...

Cholecystocutaneous fistula

Cholecystocutaneous fistulas are abnormal fistulous connection between the gallbladder and the skin. It is a rare form of gastrointestinal fistulation and may result from a complication of cholecystitis, gallbladder carcinoma, or percutaneous procedures 1,2. Epidemiology The peak incidence is ...

Bone surface lesions

Bone surface lesions refer to all neoplastic or neoplastic-like lesions arising from the bone surface (cortex, periosteum, and parosteal fibrous tissues) and developing outside of the bone medullary canal. Neoplastic fat-containing matrix parosteal lipoma parosteal osteoliposarcoma 2 bone m...

Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy

Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy represents pathological involvement of any of the lymph nodes in the right upper (2R) and/or lower (4R) paratracheal nodal groups 1. These nodes are often also enlarged but this is not always the case. The commonest causes are sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and lun...

Symmetrical cerebral restricted diffusion

Symmetrical cerebral restricted diffusion is seen in a broad range of pathologies. The differential depends on the location of the lesions. Symmetrical central tegmental tract lesions central tegmental tract T2 hyperintensity symmetrical hyperintensities of the extrapyramidal tract conn...

Thyroid atrophy

Thyroid atrophy can arise in a number of situations and most with certain chronic thyroiditides such as: Hashimoto thyroiditis atrophic thyroiditis 1 It can also occur with conditions such as: irradiation prior treatment (e.g. I-131) of hyperactive conditions such as Graves disease 3 prima...

Benign vs malignant pulmonary nodule

Differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules is of great importance as it determines the further course of management of the patient. Benign pulmonary nodule size: the smaller the size the more likely to be benign ~80% of benign nodules are <2 cm in size. margin: smooth, regular; ...

Leave alone lesions - breast

Breast leave alone lesions are so characteristic on mammography that further diagnostic tests such as a biopsy are unnecessary. All of these lesions are entirely benign and known as BI-RADS 2 findings: lipoma: fat density; well-defined rounded lesion oil cyst: fat density; well-defined lesion;...

Edematous breast

Edematous breast refers to the thickening of skin and Cooper's ligaments of the breast with increased parenchymal density on mammography, which causes a coarse reticular pattern. Findings could be unilateral or bilateral, and regarding the presence or absence of inflammation/erythema, differenti...

Decreased duodenal folds

Decreased duodenal folds may be seen on imaging modalities, particularly MR enterography, and differential diagnoses include: scleroderma - usually with duodenal dilatation celiac disease - particularly involves the distal duodenum and jejunum Crohn disease cystic fibrosis amyloidosis

Nontoxic megacolon

Nontoxic megacolon refers to colonic dilatation of more than 6 cm in an adult without mural abnormality. This is in contrast to toxic megacolon, an acute complication accompanied by mural abnormalities such as thickening, loss of haustral folds, pneumatosis or free gas. The differential diagnos...

Central scar in hepatic lesions

The central scar in hepatic lesions most frequently has been described in focal nodular hyperplasia which the scar is T2 hyperintense and usually non-calcified, and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, where the scar is T2 hypointense and often calcified. Scars do not have to be exactly centr...

Bowel wall fat deposition

Bowel wall fat deposition refers to the infiltration of the submucosa with fat and usually occurs in chronic processes such as inflammatory bowel disease, causing characteristic fat halo sign on CT images. Other differential diagnoses include: normal variant - particularly in obese patients w...

Bowel wall calcification

Bowel wall calcification is not common and can occur secondary to various mechanisms due to benign, premalignant, or malignant lesions. The differential diagnoses include: mucinous adenocarcinoma gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) metastatic calcification - due to renal failure hemangio...

Thymic calcification

Thymic calcifications are rare findings usually associated with thymoma but are also seen in other pathologies. Neoplastic thymoma - more frequent in invasive thymoma 1 thymic carcinoma multilocular thymic cyst 2 calcified metastasis Non-neoplastic anterior mediastinal a...

Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces

Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1. Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax. Focal pulmonary bullae localize...

Apical chest mass

Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas. Pathology Etiology Commonly a...

Submandibular gland enlargement

Submandibular gland enlargement refers to an increase in the volume of the submandibular gland, exceeding "normal" values of 7.4 ± 1.8 mL 1. Pathology Causes Obstruction sialolithiasis submandibular duct stenosis (e.g. tumor, granulomatous disease) Infection acute sialadenitis: following ...

Finger pathology

Finger pathology is wide and includes all lesions involving the tendons, ligaments, muscles, bone, and articulations of the hand and foot digits. Congenital brachydactyly - short digits brachymetatarsia - short metatarsal arachnodactyly - elongated, thin "spider-like" digits 1 polydactyly (...

Hypovascular retroperitoneal lesions

Hypovascular retroperitoneal lesions are those which do not enhance in the late arterial and portal venous phases on CT. Some of these lesions may show progressive enhancement in the delayed phase due to their fibrous or myxoid matrix components. Non-enhancing lesions retroperitoneal lipoma r...

Hypervascular retroperitoneal lesions

Hypervascular retroperitoneal lesions are findings that enhance avidly in the late arterial phase with or without washout in the portal venous and delayed phases, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Differential diagnosis Early enhancement with slow washout sympathetic paragangliomas retroperito...

Inferior vena caval contrast reflux

Reflux of contrast into inferior vena cava can be common findings seen on CT. It is considered a specific but insensitive sign of right-sided heart disease / right heart dysfunction at low contrast injection rates although the usefulness decreases with high injection rates. Conditions associate...

Penile calcification

Penile calcifications are a relatively rare finding. The commonest cause is Peyronie disease. Pathology Etiology Peyronie disease penile calciphylaxis (considered by some to be a form of calcinosis cutis) penile urethral calculus calcinosis cutis of the penis idiopathic calcinosis cutis o...

Symmetrical cerebral T2 hyperintensities

Symmetrical cerebral T2/FLAIR hyperintensities are seen in a broad range of pathologies. The differential depends essentially on the location of the lesions. Symmetrical corticospinal tract lesions amyotrophic lateral sclerosis symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities along the corticospina...

Cerebellar restricted diffusion

Cerebellar restricted diffusion refers to a hyperintense signal involving the cerebellum on DWI images with a corresponding low signal on ADC images. Vascular thrombo-occlusive disease cerebellar arterial infarction 1 AICA infarction PICA infarction superior cerebellar arterial infarct ce...

Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions

Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions are a rare appearance of both benign and malignant conditions. Differential diagnosis benign complicated hepatic cyst 2 hepatic abscess 2 chronic hepatic hematoma 3 biliary cystadenoma 3 hepatic hemangioma (very rare) 2 malignant cystic/necrotic hepat...

Uterine restricted diffusion

Uterine restricted diffusion refers to a hyperintense signal involving the endometrium, myometrium, or cervix on DWI images with a corresponding low signal on ADC images, with a mean cut-off ADC value for malignancy of 1.15 x 10-3 mm2/s 7. Endometrial restricted diffusion malignant endometrial...

Hypervascular splenic lesions

Hypervascular splenic lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background splenic parenchyma on late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Vascular mycotic aneurysm Neoplastic splenic hemangioma 2 most common primary benign neoplasm of the spleen second most com...

Differential diagnosis for PV bleeding (non-pregnant patients)

Per vaginal (PV) bleeding in a non-pregnant patient is a common clinical presentation with a multitude of causes. The potential causes vary with the patient's menstrual status. A well-known mnemonic is found here. Premenopausal fibroids cervical cancer adenomyosis endometriosis polycystic...

Periportal lymphadenopathy (differential)

Periportal lymphadenopathy can be a common observation during imaging of the upper abdomen. What is considered the exact upper limit of normal has been variable 1,3 among different publications but with many authors suggesting a cut-off of around 10 mm in short axis diameter. Pathology Etiolog...

Optic nerve calcification

Optic nerve calcification is a rare radiological finding, with only a short differential diagnosis, many of which have only been described in isolated case reports 1-4. Differential diagnosis optic nerve meningioma optic nerve head drusen idiopathic dural optic nerve sheath calcification ca...

Diffuse bone marrow infiltration on MRI (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember differentials causing diffuse bone marrow infiltration on MRI. Bone marrow infiltration is best evaluated on T1 sequences and may be focal or diffuse. Focal infiltration is seen in metastases and lymphoma. The diffuse pattern is seen more commonly in multiple myeloma, mast...

Spinal epidural cystic lesions

Spinal epidural cystic lesions are fluid-filled lesions within the spinal canal but outside the thecal sac. Their clinical significance is as a potential contributor to spinal cord or nerve root impingement. Simple appearing spinal epidural cysts may represent several entities that differ by ori...

Hypervascular pancreatic lesions

Hypervascular pancreatic lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background pancreatic parenchyma in the late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Anatomical variants intrapancreatic accessory spleen: should not be overdiagnosed as a malignant tumor Vascular ano...

Intrapancreatic gas

The presence of gas in the pancreatic gland and/or the pancreatic ducts is an uncommon finding. Pathology Etiology Causes of gas in the pancreatic ducts altered function and/or anatomy of the sphincter of Oddi: causes duodenal-pancreatic duct reflux patulous pancreatic duct opening 2 papi...

Renal emphysema

Renal emphysema, or intrarenal gas, refers to the presence of gas within the kidney, with or without extension to the urinary tract. It is a rare finding and only a few differentials need to be considered 1: infections emphysematous pyelonephritis 1 iatrogenic instrumentation biopsy surge...

Intraosseous gas

Intraosseous gas, also known as osseous pneumatosis, refers to the accumulation of gas bubbles within the cortical bone, trabecular bone, the bone marrow, or in the medullary cavity. Intraosseous gas is an uncommon finding and differentials include 1,2: infections emphysematous osteomyelitis...

Leave alone lesions - maxillodental

Maxillodental leave alone lesions are usually incidental findings that do not require treatment nor follow-up if the patient is asymptomatic. This article includes findings from orthopantomogram, cone-beam CT, and sinus CT studies. Do not touch: benign lesions tooth ankylosis hypercementosi...

Leave alone lesions - skull base

Leave alone lesions of the skull base refers to incidental findings that do not require treatment nor follow-up. This article includes findings from brain CT, HRCT of the temporal bone, and MRI studies. Do not touch: arrested pneumatization of the skull base - sphenoid benign fatty lesion 1 ...

Leave alone lesions - paranasal sinuses

Leave alone lesions are findings that are usually discovered incidentally and do not require any specific treatment or follow-up if the patient is asymptomatic. This article includes findings from paranasal sinus CT and MRI studies. physiological process nasal cycle anatomical variants conc...

Bilateral temporal lobe T2 hyperintensity

Bilateral temporal lobe T2 hyperintensity refers to hyperintense signal involving the temporal lobes on T2 weighted and FLAIR imaging. It is a common finding on brain MRI and a wide range of differentials should be considered 1. Causes include: neurodegenerative disease frontotemporal dementi...

Cerebral cortical calcification

Cerebral cortical calcification or gyral calcification refers to curvilinear calcifications involving the cerebral cortex. Differential diagnosis vascular ischemic stroke sequelae arteriovenous malformation TORCH infection congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis congenital cytomegalovirus infec...

Cerebral cortical T1 hyperintensity

Cerebral cortical T1 hyperintensity or gyriform T1 hyperintensity refers to curvilinear hyperintense signal involving the cerebral cortex on T1-weighted images on brain MRI. Causes include: accumulation of denatured proteins and/or lipid-laden macrophages cortical laminar necrosis 2 accumula...

Cerebral cortical T2 hyperintensity

Cerebral cortical T2 hyperintensity or gyriform T2 hyperintensity refers to curvilinear hyperintense signal involving the cerebral cortex on T2 weighted and FLAIR imaging. The causes include: developmental anomalies focal cortical dysplasia neoplastic glioblastoma1 vascular thrombo-occlusi...

Cerebral cortical restricted diffusion

Cerebral cortical restricted diffusion or gyriform restricted diffusion refers to curvilinear hyperintense signal involving the cerebral cortex on DWI images with a corresponding low signal on ADC images. Causes include the following disorders: Vascular thrombo-occlusive disease (most common) ...

Bilateral pleural effusion

Bilateral pleural effusions can be common in general radiology practice. They may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. They can occur from several varied etiologies although congestive heart failure (CHF), renal or liver failure are generally considered common 1. Recognized list of causes are many...

Cirrhotic liver nodules - differential

Differential diagnoses of cirrhotic liver nodules include regenerative liver nodules, dysplastic liver nodules, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), all represent a spectrum of diseases ranging from non-neoplastic reparative process (regenerative) to nuclear atypia (dysplastic) to typical neoplas...

Epiglottic enlargement

Epiglottic enlargement is often seen on lateral neck radiographs and it's accepted to confirm clinical suspicion of acute epiglottitis only on this finding 1. However, an enlarged epiglottitis has a wide range of differentials that should be considered. neoplasm hemangioma lymphangioma carci...

Ureteral calcification

Ureteral calcification refers to the presence of calcium concretions within the ureteral lumen or wall. Common ureteric calculi Uncommon neoplastic 3 transitional cell carcinoma hemangioma papilloma infections tuberculosis 1 schistosomiasis of the urinary tract iatrogenic radiation u...

Fat containing brain lesions

Intracranial fat is uncommon and a wide range of differentials should be considered. Neoplastic intracranial dermoid cyst intracranial teratoma intracranial lipoma pericallosal lipoma quadrigeminal cistern lipoma suprasellar cistern lipoma cerebellopontine angle lipoma choroid plexus li...

Optic canal enlargement

Optic canal enlargement can be caused by numerous etiologies. Pathology The optic canal has an average transverse diameter of 3.6 ± 0.6 mm 1. The optic canal can be considered enlarged when it is >6.5 mm in transverse diameter 4. Etiology glioma of optic nerve meningioma of optic nerve shea...

Hemithoracic volume loss (differential)

Hemithoracic volume loss can occur from a number of situations. These include: Congenital pulmonary hypoplasia (unilateral) isolated unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis skeletal deformities - e.g. kyphosis, Acquired Infection in childhood Swyer-James syndrome Other infective/inflamma...

Mass-forming chronic pancreatitis

Mass-forming chronic pancreatitis occurs in around 30% of cases of chronic pancreatitis, where a mass or a focal enlargement of the pancreas is usually seen on imaging. In many instances, it poses a challenge as the epidemiology and imaging appearances overlap those of pancreatic adenocarcinoma....

Giant cell carcinoma of the lung

Giant cell carcinomas of the lung are a rare type of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) classified under sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lungs. Epidemiology They represent less than 0.5% of all NSCLC 2. There is a recognized association with smoking 1. Clinical presentation Symptoms are n...

Bronchial stenosis

Bronchial stenosis, or bronchial strictures, are descriptive terms to denote regions of focal narrowing involving the bronchi. They can arise from a wide variety of etiologies. Pathology Etiology It can arise from a large range of etiological factors, which include: tracheobronchial malignan...

Duodenal stricture

A duodenal stricture refers to a segment of narrowing involving the duodenum. They can occur from a range of benign infective - inflammatory to malignant etiology. They can contribute to gastric outlet obstruction. Pathology Etiology infective/inflammatory duodenitis regional inflam...

Isolated diffuse ground-glass opacification

Isolated diffuse ground-glass opacification/opacity (GGO) has a relatively well-defined differential diagnosis although this remains broad and clinical correlation, like many respiratory diseases, is key to diagnosis. Differential diagnosis Miller et al. have described the following different...

Traversal of lung fissures

Only a small number of pulmonary diseases are known to directly traverse the lung fissures such that the lung pathology extends from one lobe via the interlobar fissure into an adjacent lobe 1. The finding is most commonly due to primary malignancy, however, some infections are also known to do ...

Vacuum phenomenon

Vacuum phenomena describe aseptic gas collections (e.g. nitrogen and traces of oxygen and or carbon dioxide) within different specific tissues 1-3. Usually, they are seen within the intervertebral discs, the bones and within different joints, but can also be seen in other usually adjacent locati...

Cavernous sinus gas

Cavernous sinus gas locules can be seen in several settings. iatrogenic pneumocephalus secondary to gas embolism (especially venous gas embolism) from IV access (can be a relatively common finding in the absence of direct trauma and does not usually require treatment). traumatic pneumoce...

Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome

Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome, also referred only as disconnected pancreatic duct, refers to the symptoms and complications due to the complete discontinuity of the main pancreatic duct between segments of viable secreting pancreatic tissue and the duodenum, usually seen as a sequela of ...

High-risk pregnancy

High-risk pregnancies are any that actually or potentially threaten either the health or life of the mother or her fetus during pregnancy, labor, or birth. From a radiological perspective, high-risk pregnancies may undergo further screening or have close follow-up with growth and well-being scan...

Abnormal testicular Doppler flow (differential)

Abnormal testicular Doppler flow (arterial, venous, or both) can be a differential challenge. Always remember that the patient's presenting history helps quite a bit in narrowing the differential. Reduced flow partial testicular torsion (<360 degrees) venous outflow is obstructed first, resul...

Esophageal wall thickening

Esophageal wall thickening can be observed in a number of situations and can be either focal or diffuse. It may be physiological, and can also be due to benign or malignant disorders. Pathology Causes diffuse diffuse esophageal spasm forms of esophagitis diffuse esophageal intramural hemat...

Hyperattenuating pulmonary consolidation

Hyperattenuating pulmonary consolidation refers to a region of lung parenchyma with air space opacification that has higher attenuation on CT than muscle or than expected with typical causes of consolidation such as pneumonia (fluid attenuation) or cancer (soft tissue attenuation). The differen...

Gyral enhancement

Gyral enhancement, also known as gyriform, cortical, or grey matter enhancement, is a pattern of contrast enhancement in the superficial brain parenchyma that conforms to the serpentine morphology of the cerebral gyri. It should be distinguished from leptomeningeal enhancement, which is also ser...

Diffuse airway narrowing

Diffuse airway narrowing can occur from a number of pathologies; these include: relapsing polychondritis ulcerative colitis amyloidosis: tracheobronchial sarcoidosis granulomatosis with polyangiitis tracheopathia osteochondroplastica various infections including tracheobronchial papillom...

Intrahepatic arteriovenous shunt

Intrahepatic arteriovenous shunts, also referred to as intrahepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or hepatic arteriosystemic venous shunts, represent a spectrum of abnormal communications between the hepatic arterial system and the hepatic veins. Please note that arterioportal shunts, whi...

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a classification of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is not due to left ventricular dysfunction. Causes include: fluid overload pulmonary edema with acute asthma post-obstructive pulmonary edema/postintubation pulmonary edema/negative pressure ...

Retrorectal developmental cysts

Retrorectal developmental cysts are rare and mostly congenital benign lesions found in the retrorectal space: spectrum of cystic teratomas retrorectal epidermoid cyst retrorectal dermoid cyst retrorectal teratoid cyst enteric cysts duplication cyst of the rectum tailgut duplication cyst ...

Sports injuries: snowsports

Snowsport injuries cover a broad range of activities from skiing and snowboarding to recreational play (e.g. tobogganing, tubing). Epidemiology Snowsports are popular with over 70 million people globally participating each year 1. While the injury rate varies depending on location, a rough ave...

Periapical radiolucency (teeth)

Periapical radiolucencies are commonly observed findings on OPG and other dental/head and neck imaging modalities. Differential diagnosis They can represent a number of pathologies: periapical lucency related to apical periodontitis periapical granuloma periapical abscess periapical cyst ...

Calcific cervical lymphadenopathy (differential)

Calcific cervical lymphadenopathy is uncommon and has a limited differential diagnosis, including malignant and benign etiologies. The most frequent causes include 1: malignancies (more common) metastatic thyroid carcinoma (most common; papillary or medullary types) 2,5 metastatic adenocarcin...

Lacrimal sac mass

Lacrimal sac masses are very uncommon and more commonly have a malignant (~80%) rather than benign (~20%) etiology. Pathology Etiology inflammatory granulomatosis with polyangiitis sarcoidosis orbital pseudotumor IgG4-related disease Sjogren syndrome neoplastic epithelial tumors beni...

Fat containing cardiac lesions

Fat containing cardiac lesions have a limited differential diagnosis. These include 1-4: normal aging/physiologic: mostly subepicardial, more in the right ventricle (especially right ventricular outflow tract) than left ventricle lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum chronic myocar...

Intra-articular gas

Intra-articular gas or air (pneumarthrosis) can occur from a number of varied pathologies and should be interpreted according to the clinical context. Causes include trauma compound injury with gas entering from the outer surface can occur with a pneumolipohaemarthrosis surg...

Hepatosplenomegaly

Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly). Pathology Etiology Infection Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive. viral EBV...

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is relatively uncommon compared to other hepatobiliary malignancies. Pathology Primary gallbladder carcinoma gallbladder adenocarcinoma: most common 1 gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma gallbladder sarcoma: very rare 2 gallbladder ...

Cardiac calcification

Cardiac calcification is a broad term for any calcification affecting the valves, coronary arteries, aortic root, endocardium, myocardium, and/or pericardium. Pathology Causes of cardiac calcification are: coronary artery disease (most common) coronary artery aneurysms, e.g. in Kawasaki dise...

Bands in gestational sacs

Band like structures in the gestational sac is not an uncommon finding in the first trimester or second trimester ultrasound scans and can represent a number of varying conditions These include uterine synechiae amniotic bands amniotic shelf circumvallate placenta chorio-amniotic separatio...

Mastoid air cell opacification

Mastoid air cell opacification can occur in a number of situations and can include a spectrum of inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, fibro-osseous, and traumatic changes. Possible causes include: otomastoiditis acute otomastoiditis chronic otomastoiditis radiation 3 trauma (temporal bone f...

Reticulonodular interstitial pattern

A reticulonodular interstitial pattern is an imaging descriptive term that can be used in thoracic radiographs or CT scans when are there is an overlap of reticular shadows with nodular shadows. This may be used to describe a regional pattern or a diffuse pattern throughout the lungs. Differen...

Coarse trabecular pattern in bone (differentials)

Coarse trabecular bones can result from a number of causes 1,2: Paget disease (bone) osteoporosis osteomalacia rickets hemaglobinopathies, e.g. thalassemia, chronic iron deficiency anemia 3 Gaucher's disease hyperparathyroidism See also coarse trabecular pattern in bone (mnemonic)

Linear atelectasis

Linear atelectasis (plural: atelectases), and also known as discoid, plate or band atelectasis, refers to a focal area of subsegmental atelectasis that has a linear shape. Linear atelectasis may appear to be horizontal, oblique or perpendicular and is very common. It usually occurs as a conseque...

Compressive atelectasis

Compressive atelectasis refers to a form of lung atelectasis due to compression by a space-occupying process. Some authors describe it as a subtype of passive (relaxation) atelectasis where the reduction in lung volume is greater than its normal relaxed state 1. Whereas others describe it as th...

Lobar consolidation

Lobar consolidation is the term used to describe consolidation in one of the lobes of the lung. It infers an alveolar spread of disease and is most commonly due to pneumonia. Pathology Consolidation refers to the alveolar airspaces being filled with fluid (exudate/transudate/blood), cells (inf...

Right upper lobe consolidation

Right upper lobe consolidation refers to consolidation in part (incomplete) or all (complete) of the right upper lobe. Pathology Consolidation refers to the alveolar airspaces being filled with fluid (exudate/transudate/blood), cells (inflammatory), tissue, or other material. The list of caus...

Sports injuries: overhead elbow

Overhead elbow sports injuries are a group of pathologies seen in sports activities with overhead throwing or strokes, e.g. tennis, volleyball, baseball, javelin throwing. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of participants in these sports activities worldwide. Pathology During ...

Gamut

Gamuts in radiology refer to the complete list of differential diagnoses for any radiological finding. We include gamut as a section for articles on Radiopaedia.org. History and etymology According to Maurice Reeder, writing in the preface of his own eponymous text on gamuts, it was the trailb...

Epiphora

Epiphora (plural: epiphoras) represents excessive tearing of the eye and is a common clinical presentation to ophthalmological practice. It is most frequently due to an obstruction of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. Less commonly, overproduction of tears may be responsible. Epidemiology ...

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