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Small aorta (differential)

Causes of a small aorta include: Williams syndrome Takayasu arteritis giant cell arteritis neurofibromatosis midaortic syndrome small aorta syndrome idiopathic

Pulmonary ossification

Pulmonary ossification is a rare finding and is characterized by the presence of mature bone in alveolar or interstitial spaces, either localized or disseminated throughout the lung parenchyma. It can be idiopathic (idiopathic pulmonary ossification) or secondary to chronic lung, cardiac or sys...

Diaphragmatic paralysis

Diaphragmatic paralysis (also considered very similar to the term diaphragmatic palsy) can be unilateral or bilateral. Clinical presentation Clinical features are highly variable according to underlying etiological factors: unilateral paralysis: asymptomatic in most of the patients as the oth...

Epididymal lesions

Epididymal lesions are most commonly encountered on ultrasonography. Most epididymal lesions are benign; malignant lesions are rare. Benign solid lesions adenomatoid tumor of the scrotum: most common epididymal mass 4 epididymal leiomyoma papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis ...

Congenital limb amputation

Congenital limb amputation is the absence of a fetal limb or part of a limb that usually occurs due to disruption of vascular supply. Epidemiology Congenital amputations occur in 0.5 (range 0.03-1) per 1000 live births 2. Pathology They are slightly more common in the upper limb (60%) than ...

Intracranial arterial beading

Intracranial arterial beading represents alternating areas of constriction in the intracranial arteries that gives the appearance of beads strung together. Differential diagnosis The various conditions where this may be seen are: cerebral vasculitis radiation therapy cerebral vasospasm post...

Calcifying pulmonary metastases

Calcifying pulmonary metastases are rare. These should not be confused with metastatic pulmonary calcification. Pathology Calcification in metastases can arise through a variety of mechanisms: bone formation in tumors of osteoid origin, calcification and ossification of tumor cartilage, dystro...

Localized pulmonary hemorrhage

Localized pulmonary hemorrhage is a descriptive term for a pulmonary hemorrhage restricted to a particular focal region of the lung. It can range from involving a small focus of hemorrhage to a whole lobe. Pathology Etiology Focal pulmonary hemorrhage can occur from a number of causes: ...

Calvarial thickening

Calvarial thickening can occur from a number of causes. These include: idiopathic chronic ventricular shunting 1 antiepileptic medication phenytoin 3 osteopetrosis 2 fibrous dysplasia acromegaly anemias (largely associated with massive hematopoiesis) Paget di...

Hemopneumothorax

A hemopneumothorax (plural: hemopneumothoraces) (or, less commonly, haematopneumothorax or pneumohemothorax) is a term given when there is concurrent presence of a hemothorax and pneumothorax. It is a variant of a hydropneumothorax. Epidemiology Approximately 5% of patients with pneumothorax ...

Hemothorax

A hemothorax (plural: hemothoraces), or rarely hematothorax, literally means blood within the chest, is a term usually used to describe a pleural effusion due to accumulation of blood. If a hemothorax occurs concurrently with a pneumothorax it is then termed a hemopneumothorax. A tension hemot...

Congestive hepatopathy

Congestive hepatopathy includes a spectrum of hepatic derangements that can occur in the setting of right-sided heart failure (and its underlying causes). If there is subsequent hepatic fibrosis the term cardiac cirrhosis may be used. The condition can rarely occur as a result of non-cardiac cau...

Cavitating pneumonia

Cavitating pneumonia is a complication that can occur with severe necrotizing pneumonia and in some publications, it is used synonymously with the latter term 2. It is a rare complication in both children and adults. Cavitation associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is separately discussed...

Joint ankylosis (differential)

Joint ankylosis has a relatively broad differential including 1-5: psoriatic arthritis ankylosing spondylitis chronic reactive arthritis juvenile idiopathic arthritis surgical ankylosis (arthrodesis) septic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis fluorosis ochronosis co...

Vertebral lesion (differential)

Differential diagnosis of vertebral lesions is very wide. Differential diagnosis Vertebral body origin intraosseous hemangioma metastases Paget disease multiple myeloma osteonecrosis vertebral body osteomyelitis lymphoma plasmacytoma giant cell tumor Langerhans...

Pseudoarthrosis (differential)

A pseudoarthrosis (plural: pseudoarthroses) (a.k.a. false joint) is a mobile fracture non-union. Pathology A fibrous, pseudosynovial capsule forms around the non-union and viscous fluid fills the site that may simulate synovial fluid. Etiology fracture non-union failed bone graft neurofibr...

Monoarthritis (differential)

Monoarthritidies have a relatively short differential diagnosis, including: Common septic arthritis osteoarthritis (post-traumatic) gout Charcot joint (neuropathic joint) tenosynovial giant cell tumor synovial osteochondromatosis Less common hemophilia tuberculosis fungal chondrolys...

Complications following gastric banding

There are many complications that can occur following gastric banding. It is helpful to divide these into early and late post-surgical complications. Clinical presentation Although the exact mode of presentation can vary depending on the underlying complication common modes of presentation tha...

Soft tissue lesions with predominately low T1 and T2 signal (differential)

Soft tissue lesions with predominantly low T1 and T2 signal have a reasonably long differential, including: Common air/gas densely calcified/ossified lesions foreign body gout flow voids arteriovenous fistula aneurysm postoperative changes hematoma, chronic plantar fibromatosis teno...

Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1. Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article. Terminology The term hydroureter...

Long bone metaphyseal cupping (differential)

Long bone metaphyseal cupping is most likely due to the local oligemia from thrombosis in the terminal epiphyseal arteries to the epiphyseal plate, induced by prolonged regional immobilization 7. The differential diagnosis of long bone metaphyseal cupping includes: Common normal variant re...

Pleural tumors

There are several tumors that can involve the pleura which can range from being benign to malignant (see malignancies of the pleura). The list includes: primary pleural tumors 5 mesothelial tumors pleural malignant mesothelioma well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma adenomatoid tumor of...

Hypervascular metastases

There are several tumors that are noted to cause hypervascular metastases. The list of differential diagnoses includes: renal cell carcinoma (RCC) breast cancer: homogeneously hypervascular liver metastases from the breast are considered rare 3 lung cancer neuroendocrine tumors carcinoid tu...

Leave alone lesions - skeletal

Skeletal leave alone lesions, also called “do not touch” lesions, are so characteristic radiographically, that further diagnostic tests such as a biopsy are unnecessary and can be frankly misleading and lead to additional unnecessary surgery. Thus a radiologic diagnosis should be made without a ...

Infertility in the exam

It is important to have a systematic way of approaching a case with subfertility in the exam. Ultrasound is the initial examination of choice. Always say that you would further assess the uterus with 3D ultrasound. You may also say that in my department we would perform a sonohysterogram or HS...

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are devices used to shunt cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of hydrocephalus. As the name suggests, a catheter is placed with its tip in the ventricle. The external portion of the catheter is connected to a valve that regulates the flow of CSF based on a pres...

Metal-on-metal pseudotumor

Metal-on-metal pseudotumors represent mass-forming inflammation around a metal-on-metal hip or knee replacement. The term describes one presentation on the spectrum of adverse reaction to metal debris. Clinical presentation Metal-on-metal pseudotumors are large focal solid or semiliquid masses...

Per vaginal bleeding in the exam

It is important to have a systematic way of approaching a case with per vaginal (PV) bleeding in the exam. Premenopausal embedded IUCD lost IUCD submucosal fibroid Pregnancy-related perigestational hemorrhage intrauterine fetal demise ectopic pregnancy ruptured ectopic cervical ectopi...

Ovarian lesions with T2 hypointensity

A hypointense ovarian lesion on T2 weighted MRI is usually a sign of benignity. The low signal is considered to be due to fibrosis and blood products 1. Lesions that can give this appearance include 1: endometrioma Brenner tumor ovarian fibroma ovarian fibrothecoma ovarian cystadenofibrom...

Pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary or interstitial fibrosis is a descriptive term given when there is an excess of fibrotic tissue in the lung. It can occur in a wide range of clinical settings and can be precipitated by a multitude of causes. Terminology The term should not be confused with idiopathic pulmonary fibro...

Cystic lung lesions (pediatric)

Cystic lesions in pediatric patients are usually congenital lesions and, as such, can be seen antenatally and following delivery. Pathology Etiology Congenital These congenital lesions are predominantly covered by the overarching diagnosis of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. This is a ...

Pleural thickening

Pleural thickening is a descriptive term given to describe any form of thickening involving either the parietal or visceral pleura. It can occur with both benign and malignant pleural disease. According to etiology it may be classified as: benign pleural thickening following recurrent inflam...

Diffuse pleural thickening

Diffuse pleural thickening refers to a morphological type of pleural thickening. It can occur from malignant as well as non-malignant causes, which include: diffuse pleural fibrosis / fibrothorax 6 asbestos-related pleural disease (asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening): typically seen a...

Incomplete border sign (chest)

The incomplete border sign is useful to depict an extrapulmonary mass on chest radiograph. An extrapulmonary mass will often have an inner well-defined border and an ill-defined outer margin 1-3. This can be attributed to the inner margin being tangential to the x-ray beam and having a good inh...

Fatty mediastinal masses (differential)

Fatty mediastinal masses are relatively uncommon, and the differential diagnosis is brief, including 1-4: lipoma liposarcoma thymolipoma benign mature teratoma lipoblastoma extravasation of lipid-rich hyperalimentation fluid 3 fibrofatty replacement of the central portion of mediastinal l...

HIV/AIDS: gastrointestinal manifestations

Gastrointestinal manifestations of AIDS are protean and can be broadly divided into opportunistic infections and tumors: Infections viral cytomegalovirus (CMV) herpes simplex virus (HSV) primary infection with HIV fungal candidiasis histoplasmosis bacterial tuberculosis mycobacterium...

Non-calcified hyperdense pulmonary nodules

Non-calcified hyperdense pulmonary nodules are predominantly the result of inhalational exposure to substances, although embolization of material may cause dense nodular opacification within the lung. inhalation disease, e.g. pneumoconioses pulmonary baritosis (barium dust) pulmonary siderosi...

Apple core sign (colon)

The apple core sign, also known as the napkin ring sign (bowel), is most frequently associated with constriction of the lumen of the colon by a stenosing annular colorectal carcinoma. Differential diagnosis The appearance of the apple-core lesion of the colon also can be caused by other diseas...

Cavitating pulmonary metastases

Cavitating pulmonary metastases refer to pulmonary metastases which then tend to cavitate. The term is similar but may not be identical to cystic pulmonary metastases in which the wall of the former may be thicker. Epidemiology Cavitation is thought to occur in around 4% of lung metastases 2. ...

Perilymphatic lung nodules

Perilymphatic lung nodules follow perilymphatic channels and on imaging are typically subpleural, occur along fissures (perifissural nodules), interlobular septa, and adjacent to the bronchovascular bundles. Differential diagnosis Lung nodules in a perilymphatic distribution can be seen in ass...

Centrilobular lung nodules

Centrilobular lung nodules refer to a HRCT chest imaging descriptor for small 5-10 mm lung nodules which are anatomically located centrally within secondary pulmonary lobules. The term is applied on the basis of location of the nodule and not its morphology, that is they may be well-defined or p...

Gastric outlet obstruction

Gastric outlet obstruction, also referred to as pyloric obstruction, occurs when a disease or condition blocks the normal emptying of the stomach. Pathology Etiology Gastric outlet obstruction can be due to malignant or benign causes. Malignant adenocarcinoma (second most common 4) GIST ...

Metaphyseal lesions

The differential diagnosis for metaphyseal lesions includes: osteomyelitis metastases non-ossifying fibroma enchondroma aneurysmal bone cyst simple bone cyst chondromyxoid fibroma chondrosarcoma cortical desmoid giant cell tumor desmoplastic fibroma intraosseous lipoma osteosarcoma ...

Cystic pulmonary metastases

Cystic pulmonary metastases are an atypical morphological form of pulmonary metastases where lesions manifest as distinct cystic lesions. It is slightly different from the term cavitating pulmonary metastases in that the lesions are extremely thin walled. Pathology It has been reported with ma...

Swan neck deformity (fingers)

Swan neck deformity is a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in a digit of the hand, due to the combination of: hyperextension of a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion of a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Pathology The swan neck deformity, characteriz...

Sausage digit

The term sausage digit refers to the clinical and radiologic appearance of diffuse fusiform swelling of a digit due to soft tissue inflammation from underlying arthritis or dactylitis. Pathology Etiology The common causes of sausage digit are psoriatic arthropathy osteomyelitis sickle cel...

Very bizarre generalized lesions of bone (differential)

Very bizarre generalized lesions of bone tend to make you exclaim "Oh my! What is going here?" Although there are numerous potential causes, in this situation it is worth thinking of a number of entities: skeletal dysplasias and metabolic diseases Paget disease fibrous dysplasia phakomatose...

Bone deformity from softening

Conditions associated with bone deformity from softening includes: hourglass thorax bowing of long bones acetabular protrusion buckled/compressed pelvis biconcave vertebral bodies / codfish vertebra

Gull-wing appearance (phalanges)

The gull-wing appearance, also known as seagull erosions or sawtooth appearance, is classically seen in erosive osteoarthritis, typically on posteroanterior radiographs of the hands, although has also been reported in psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis. These erosions more commonly occur at the ...

Proptosis

Proptosis (rare plural: proptoses) refers to forward protrusion of the globe with respect to the orbit. Proptosis can be relative (to the contralateral eye), comparative (to a prior measurement of the same eye), or absolute (based on normal population reference values). Terminology Exophthalmo...

Pseudopermeative process in bone

A pseudopermeative process in bone has multiple small cortical holes that are then superimposed over the marrow, giving a similar appearance to a permeative process. Pathology Etiology The most common pathologies that manifest with pseudopermeative appearance (and mimic permeative lesions) ar...

Unilateral pulmonary edema

Unilateral pulmonary edema represents only 2% of cardiogenic pulmonary edema with predilection for the right upper lobe and is strongly associated with severe mitral regurgitation 1,2. It is hypothesized that the regurgitation jet is directed towards the right superior pulmonary vein thus prefer...

Ascending aorta dilatation

Dilatation of the ascending aorta is a common finding in the elderly but unusual in younger patients. Pathology In adults, an ascending aortic diameter greater than 4 cm is considered to indicate dilatation 4. Aneurysmal dilatation is considered when the ascending aortic diameter reaches or ex...

Hemoperitoneum

Hemoperitoneum (plural: haemoperitoneums) is the presence of blood within the peritoneal cavity. Pathology Etiology penetrating or non-penetrating abdominal trauma (often with associated organ injury) 1 ruptured ectopic pregnancy ovarian cyst rupture aneurysm or pseudoaneury...

Holocord presentation

Holocord presentation refers to a process that involves the entire spinal cord from the cervicomedullary junction to the tip of the conus. It does not relate to a specific condition, nor does it distinguish between involvement by cystic expansion, solid tumor, or by a combination of both. It mer...

Neoplasms of the cauda equina (differential)

The differential diagnosis for masses of the cauda equina region is often considered separately to the remainder of the spinal cord. It is often difficult to determine whether masses in this region are intramedullary or intradural-extramedullary. Most common tumors myxopapillary ependymoma by...

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a subset of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage when bleeding is diffuse and directly into the alveolar spaces. It can occur in a vast number of clinical situations and can be life-threatening. Pathology Blood tends to fill alveolar spaces at multiple sites. Etio...

Pulmonary hemorrhage

Pulmonary hemorrhage is a rather broad term given to describe any form of bleeding into the lung and can arise from a myriad of causes. In a very traditional sense it is described when the following constellation of clinicoradiological features occurs simultaneously 2 (although this is never an ...

Pulmonary vasculitis

Pulmonary vasculitis refers to vasculitides that affect the lung or pulmonary vessels. If this definition is used, a large group of conditions can fall into this category. The respiratory system may be potentially involved in all systemic vasculitides, although to a variable degree. Pathology ...

Splenic calcification

Splenic calcifications can occur in various shapes and forms and can occur from a myriad of etiological factors. The usual calcification observed in radiographs are the multiple, miliary form presenting numerous small rounded densities averaging from three to five millimeters in diameter where ...

Lytic skull lesion

Lytic skull lesions have a relatively wide differential that can be narrowed, by considering if there are more than one lesion and whether the mandible is involved. Pathology Causes lytic skeletal metastases multiple myeloma epidermoid - scalloped border with a sclerotic rim eosinophilic g...

Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors

Intradural extramedullary neoplasms are located outside the spinal cord but within the dural sheath. Epidemiology The majority (70-80%) of spinal canal tumors are intradural extramedullary 1. Clinical presentation Patients present with signs and symptoms of spinal cord or nerve root compres...

Red marrow depletion (differential)

Complete fatty replacement of red marrow with fat on MRI can occur in a number of situations which includes: aplastic anemia chemotherapy regional radiation therapy See also bone marrow

Terminal ileitis (differential)

The differential diagnosis for a terminal ileitis is quite extensive, and includes: inflammatory bowel disease Crohn disease (most common) backwash ileitis due to ulcerative colitis infectious colitis Yersinia spp. Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Salmonella spp. Sa...

Cardiophrenic angle lesions

The cardiophrenic space is usually filled with fat. However, lesions originating above or lower to the diaphragm can present as cardiophrenic angle lesions. The more common lesions encountered include: pericardial fat pad pericardial cyst pericardial fat necrosis Morgagni's hernia lymphade...

Complications of total hip arthroplasty

Complications of total hip arthroplasty are common and it is essential for the radiologist to be aware of them in the assessment of radiographs of total hip replacements. Complications are many and can occur at various time intervals following the initial surgery: aseptic loosening: considered ...

Hepatic capsular retraction

Hepatic capsular retraction is an uncommon finding that is defined as loss of the normal liver contour due to focal flattening/irregularity or concavity. It is related to several benign and malignant pathologies. Differential diagnosis The list of differential diagnoses associated with hepatic...

Epithelial ovarian tumors

Ovarian epithelial tumors account for the majority of all ovarian tumors (60-70%) and their malignant forms represent >90% of ovarian cancers 1. They can range from being benign to highly malignant. Epidemiology There is a difference in frequency of ovarian tumor subtypes depending on menopaus...

Lesions of the corpus callosum

Lesions of the corpus callosum are uncommon and arise from multiple different etiologies. The lesions can be classified according to underlying pathophysiology 4-6. Neoplasm Typically, amongst neoplasms, only aggressive lesions can invade the corpus callosum as it is composed of very dense whi...

Pancreatic calcifications

Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many etiologies. Punctate intraductal calcifications chronic pancreatitis alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2 intraductal, numerous, small, irregular preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2 m...

Periampullary tumors

Periampullary tumors are those that arise within 2 cm of the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. Tumors that fall under this group include four main types of tumors 1,4 that will be approached in their specific articles: pancreatic head/uncinate process tumors: includes pancreatic ductal adenoca...

Purely intrasellar pituitary mass

Purely intrasellar pituitary masses have a similar differential as the more generic pituitary region mass gamut, or the mnemonic SATCHMO, although some entities are far more common than others. Differential diagnosis pituitary hyperplasia pituitary microadenoma Rathke cleft cyst intracrania...

Mostly/purely cystic pituitary region masses

Mostly/purely cystic pituitary region masses have a short differential. Differential diagnosis Rathke cleft cyst arachnoid cyst empty sella craniopharyngioma (adamantinomatous type): 90% have calcification epidermoid cyst

Mixed cystic and solid pituitary region mass

A mixed cystic and solid pituitary region mass has a limited differential. Differential diagnosis craniopharyngioma both papillary (more solid) and adamantinomatous (more cystic) macroadenoma cystic change / necrosis / previous hemorrhage Most other solid and enhancing pituitary region mas...

Differential diagnosis for metatarsal region pain

Forefoot pain in the metatarsal region is a common complaint and may be caused by a number of conditions. It is worthwhile for a radiologist to have knowledge of the potential causes and their imaging features 1. Pathology Etiology Trauma turf toe plantar plate disruption sesamoiditis str...

Solid and enhancing pituitary region mass

Solid pituitary lesions with enhancement are by far the most commonly encountered appearance of pituitary region masses. Differential diagnosis macroadenoma by far the most common entity typically enhances less vividly than other entities elevates the dura of the diaphragma sella (as the or...

Pituitary region mass with intrinsic high T1 signal

Pituitary region masses with intrinsic high T1 signal, also referred to as suprasellar hotspots, are relatively frequently encountered, and the presence of high T1 signal narrows the differential somewhat. Differential diagnosis The differential can be divided by the substance causing the T1 ...

Renal vein varices

Renal vein varices (singular: varix) develop for various reasons and are usually asymptomatic. Clinical presentation Renal vein varices are usually asymptomatic. Some patients may present with flank pain and/or hematuria. Pathology Etiology chronic renal vein thrombosis nutcracker syndrom...

Coarsened hepatic echotexture

Coarsened hepatic echotexture is a sonographic descriptor used when the uniform smooth hepatic echotexture of the liver is lost. This can occur due to a number of reasons which include: conditions that cause hepatic fibrosis 1 cirrhosis hemochromatosis various types of hepatitis 3 particula...

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis (plural: pancreatitides) refers to inflammation involving the pancreas. It has various forms which can be classified in many, many ways according to time of onset, etiological agent or associated pathology. acute pancreatitis interstitial edematous pancreatitis necroti...

Fat containing liver lesions

Fat containing liver lesions represent a variety of benign and malignant liver lesions may contain macroscopic and/or intracytoplasmic fat in sufficient quantities enabling characterization on imaging studies. Most fat-containing liver lesions (80%) in patients with cirrhosis are malignant, most...

Postobstructive pulmonary edema

Postobstructive pulmonary edema is a type of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and is an uncommon but well-described complication of upper airway obstruction. Clinical presentation It occurs in three clinical settings 6: acute airway obstruction chronic upper airway obstruction immedia...

Dystrophic soft tissue calcification

Dystrophic soft tissue calcification is a type of soft-tissue calcification, which occurs in damaged or necrotic tissue, while the serum level of calcium and phosphorus are normal. It may progress to ossification, in which case a cortical and trabecular bone pattern is visible. An often cited a...

Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage

Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage (DPH) is a subtype of pulmonary hemorrhage where bleeding into the lung is diffuse (cf. focal pulmonary hemorrhage). If the bleeding is into the alveolar spaces, it can be further subclassified as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Epidemiology Associations pulmon...

Bilateral renal enlargement

Bilateral renal enlargement can arise from a number of causes which include 1,2: Smooth enlargement diabetic nephropathy (common) acute pyelonephritis renal involvement with lymphoma acute interstitial nephritis acute glomerulonephritis acute urate nephropathy vasculitis/autoimmune HIV ...

Intra-abdominal calcification (neonatal)

Intra-abdominal calcification in a neonate can be caused by a number of pathologies that cause calcification within the peritoneal space or within organs. Pathology Etiology Meconium peritonitis The commonest cause is meconium peritonitis which is the result of aseptic peritonitis secondary ...

Exostosis

Exostoses are defined as benign growths of bone extending outwards from the surface of a bone. It can occur in any bone and be triggered by a number of factors. There are a number of examples of exostoses that occur due to local irritant stimuli: ivory exostosis exostosis of the externa...

Interstitial lung pattern (radiograph)

An interstitial lung pattern is a regular descriptive term used when reporting a plain chest radiograph. It is the result of the age-old attempt to make the distinction between an interstitial and airspace (alveolar) process to narrow the differential diagnosis. A re-read of the timeless work o...

Lytic bone metastases

Lytic bone (osteolytic) metastases are distant tumor deposits of a primary tumor within bone characterized by a loss of bone with the destruction of the bone matrix. Epidemiology Lytic bone metastases are more common than sclerotic bone metastases. Diagnosis The diagnosis is usually establis...

Mixed lytic and sclerotic bone metastases

Mixed lytic and sclerotic bone (osteolytic and osteoblastic) metastases refer to metastatic bone disease with both sclerotic and lytic bone metastases or bone metastases with both components. Diagnosis The diagnosis is established by proof of sclerotic and lytic bone metastases of one primary ...

Endosteal scalloping

Endosteal scalloping refers to the focal resorption of the inner layer of the cortex (i.e. the endosteum) of bones, most typically long bones, due to slow-growing medullary lesions 1. It is important to note that although it is evidence of a slow non-infiltrative lesion, it does not equate to b...

Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis

Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are important to be recognized, just like medical devices of the chest. We often ignore these devices, considering them to be incidental and non-pathological, however it is essential to be aware of potential complications. Gastrointestinal devices ...

Medical devices in the thorax

Medical devices in the thorax are regularly observed by radiologists when reviewing radiographs and CT scans. Extrathoracic devices tubing, clamps, syringes, scissors, lying on or under the patient rubber sheets, foam mattresses, clothing, hair braids, nipple piercings, etc., may also be visi...

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