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Testicular cancer

Testicular cancers are the most common malignancy in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years. Epidemiology Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2. The commonest histology of the tumor varies with the age of affected individuals. Over 90...

Failed early pregnancy

Failed early pregnancy (sometimes termed embryonic demise) refers to the death of the embryo and therefore, miscarriage. The most common cause of embryonic death is a chromosomal abnormality. Radiographic features Ultrasound Findings diagnostic of pregnancy failure crown-rump length (CRL)...

Breast lump

Breast lumps have different characteristics that allow simplification of differential diagnosis by breaking down the vast list into sections. Consider whether the lump fits into one of these categories. Spiculated lesion Spiculation is a feature of neoplasms and all masses that display spicula...

Shaggy heart border

The shaggy heart border is a descriptive term referring to an ill-definition of the cardiac silhouette on a chest radiograph. Due to its imprecise nature, some caution is advised against its use in radiological reports 4. It usually implies pleural disease on the mediastinal interface 3 and may...

Pleural calcification

Pleural calcification can be the result of a wide range of pathology and can be mimicked by a number of conditions/artifacts. True calcification calcified pleural plaques from asbestos exposure: typically with sparing of the costophrenic angles hemothorax infection involving the ple...

Left paramediastinal catheter position (differential)

When a central venous catheter that is supposed to terminate in the superior vena cava or right atrium is abnormally located to the left of the mediastinum and below the level of the brachiocephalic vein, a limited differential of left paramediastinal catheter position should be considered 1: l...

Fat containing solitary pulmonary nodule

The differential of a fat containing solitary pulmonary nodule is very narrow. In a well circumscribed smooth or lobulated mass (especially if it has been largely stable in size over time) presence of fat is essentially pathognomonic of a pulmonary hamartoma, and usually not further assessment ...

Diaphyseal lesions

Diaphyseal lesions are found centered in the diaphysis, the central tubular segment of long bones. Differential diagnosis simple bone cyst fibrous dysplasia enchondroma metastases myeloma / plasmacytoma lymphoma osteomyelitis osteoid osteoma round cell tumor, e.g. Ewing sarcoma (child...

Anterior vertebral body beaking

Anterior vertebral body beaking occurs in a number of conditions and may emanate from the central portion or the lower third of the vertebral body. Middle third Morquio syndrome 1 (middle for Morquio) Lower third Hurler syndrome 2 achondroplasia 3 congenital hypothyroidism (formerly, creti...

Increased heel pad thickness (mnemonic)

A mnemonic that can be used to remember the causes of increased heel pad thickness is: MAD COP Mnemonic M: myxedema A: acromegaly D: phenytoin therapy C: callus O: obesity P: peripheral edema

Causes of ascending aorta calcification

There are relatively few causes of calcification of the ascending aorta 1-3: atherosclerosis (this usually spares the ascending aorta) aortitis syphilis Takayasu arteritis idiopathic See also porcelain aorta

Pediatric cervical lesions (differential)

The differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical lesions is commonly encountered in practice, unfortunately, the list is long. Differential diagnosis Inflammatory Most lesions tend to be inflammatory 3: non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis scrofula sialodochitis abscess infected ...

High attenuation lymphadenopathy

High attenuation lymphadenopathy or adenopathy variably refers to abnormal lymph nodes with attenuation on CT usually higher compared to muscle, either on a noncontrast exam or following contrast administration (i.e. hyperenhancement) 5. Differential diagnosis High attenuation nodes may be due...

Pulmonary cavities

Pulmonary cavities are thick-walled abnormal gas-filled spaces within the lung. They are usually associated with a nodule, mass, or area of consolidation. A fluid level within the space may be present. Plain radiography and CT form the mainstay of imaging. Terminology According to the Fleischn...

Hyperattenuating pulmonary mass lesion

There are only a few causes of a hyperattenuating pulmonary mass which can be often due to internal calcification. They include: granuloma: most common pulmonary hamartoma bronchogenic carcinoma carcinoid tumors pulmonary metastases mucoid calcification of mucinous adenocarcinoma breast ...

Enlarged pulmonary trunk on chest radiography (differential)

The differential of an enlarged pulmonary trunk/main pulmonary artery on chest radiography includes: normal may appear prominent in young patients especially women projectional rotation lordotic view rotation of the heart pectus excavatum left lower lobe collapse pulmonary arterial hyp...

Pulmonary hypertension (differential)

Pulmonary hypertension has many causes, and these can be divided in many ways. A simple and systematic approach is to proceed along the cardiopulmonary pulmonary circulation, as causes are found at each site (for a more official classification system see 2003 third world symposium on pulmonary a...

Single pleural based mass (differential)

The differential for a single pleural mass is essentially the same as that for multiple pleural masses with the addition of a few entities. tumors pleural tumors solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (pleural fibroma) mesothelioma localized mediastinal malignant mesothelioma...

Nodular pleural thickening

Nodular pleural thickening is a form of pleural thickening. Pathology Etiology Most common causes of nodular pleural thickening are malignant and include: metastatic pleural disease, particularly from adenocarcinomas, e.g. bronchogenic adenocarcinoma breast cancer ovarian cancer prostate...

Pulmonary necrosis

Pulmonary necrosis is seen in a variety of conditions, including 1: pulmonary infections Klebsiella pneumoniae - Klebsiella pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae - pulmonary haemophilus influenzae infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa - pulmonary pseudomonas aeruginosa infe...

Large unilateral pleural effusion

When a pleural effusion is large and unilateral, concern for an underlying abnormality should be raised. Causes include: tumor bronchogenic carcinoma mesothelioma pleural metastases lymphoma pleural lymphoma primary effusion lymphoma infection parapneumonic effusion empyema extension ...

Calcified mediastinal lymph nodes (differential)

There are numerous causes of calcified mediastinal lymph nodes. Common causes include: infectious granulomatous diseases tuberculosis histoplasmosis sarcoidosis silicosis treated lymphoma Uncommon causes include: Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) pneumonia metastases thyroid carcinoma: papi...

Testicular cystic lesions

Testicular cystic lesions are a relatively common occurrence on testicular ultrasound. They result from widely variable pathological entities ranging from benign to malignant. These entities include: simple testicular cyst tunica albuginea cyst (mesothelial cyst) cystic transformation of rete...

Acro-osteolysis

Acro-osteolysis (plural: acro-osteolyses), also known as phalangeal osteolysis, refers to resorption of the distal phalanx. The terminal tuft is most commonly affected. It is associated with a heterogeneous group of pathological entities, some of which can be remembered by the mnemonic PINCH FO....

Pulmonary infection

Pulmonary infections are common and are caused by a wide range of organisms. Pathology Micro-organisms responsible may enter the lung by three potential routes: via the tracheobronchial tree most commonly due to inhalation of droplets of secretions from another infected human environmental ...

HIV associated neoplasms

HIV-associated neoplasms are numerous and can be broadly divided into two groups: AIDS-defining malignancies associated but not AIDS defining malignancies AIDS-defining malignancies The development of these malignancies in HIV affected individuals generally implies progression to AIDS...

Diffuse tracheal narrowing

Conditions associated with diffuse tracheal narrowing or collapse include (in alphabetical order): amyloidosis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): saber sheath trachea granulomatosis with polyangiitis relapsing polychondritis sarcoidosis tracheobronchial tuberculosis 3 tracheoma...

Splenic lesions and anomalies

There are a number of splenic lesions and anomalies: Gamuts hypervascular splenic lesions Congenital anomalies accessory spleen wandering spleen asplenia polysplenia splenogonadal fusion retrorenal spleen Mass lesions Benign mass lesions splenic cyst splenic pse...

Tracheal and endobronchial lesions

Primary tracheal and endobronchial lesions are generally rare and can be either malignant or benign. The majority of these lesions are malignant. Pathology Malignant primary malignant endobronchial lesions bronchogenic adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma: commonest malignant lesion in th...

Multiple filling defects of the ureter (differential)

Multiple filling defects within a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU, have a relatively small differential including: spreading or multifocal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) vascular indentations multiple ureteral stones (steinstrasse) blood clots ureteritis cystica Stevens-Jo...

Alternating radiolucent and radiodense metaphyseal lines

Alternating radiolucent and radiodense metaphyseal lines can be seen with a number of conditions and the differential diagnosis is wide: growth arrest lines bisphosphonate therapy rickets: especially those on prolonged treatment, e.g. vitamin D dependent rickets osteopetrosis c...

Double bubble sign (duodenum)

The double bubble sign is seen in infants and represents dilatation of the proximal duodenum and stomach. It is seen in both radiographs and ultrasound, and can be identified antenatally 2. Pathology Causes include 1,2: congenital obstruction duodenal web duodenal atresia ...

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

A number of entities can present as cyanotic congenital heart disease. These can be divided into those with increased (pulmonary plethora) or decreased pulmonary vascularity: increased pulmonary vascularity total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (types I and II) transposition of the ...

Solitary sclerotic bone lesion

Solitary sclerotic bone (osteosclerotic or osteoblastic) lesions are lesions of bone characterized by a higher density or attenuation on radiographs or computer tomography compared to the adjacent trabecular bone. However, a specific density range has not been specified for those terms 1. Diffe...

Fetal tumors

Although rare, a number of tumors may be diagnosed antenatally. These fetal tumors are a diverse and a unique group of conditions, and include: neuroblastoma: most common tumor overall teratomas sacrococcygeal teratoma head and neck teratoma/epignathus mediastinal teratoma intrapericardial...

Bone within a bone appearance

Bone within a bone is a descriptive term applied to bones that appear to have another bone within them. There are numerous causes including: normal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (neonates and infants) growth recovery lines (after infancy) cortical splitting and new periostitis sickle cell d...

Neonatal respiratory distress (causes)

Causes of neonatal distress can be broadly split into intrathoracic, extrathoracic and systemic: Intrathoracic Medical respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) meconium aspiration syndrome bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ...

Tumors of muscular origin

There are a number of tumors of muscular origin, which overall are relatively uncommon, representing ~2% of benign soft tissue tumors and ~10% of malignant soft tissue tumors 1. Pathology The tumors can be divided according to the type of muscle fiber: Skeletal muscle origin benign rhabdom...

Lobar lung collapse

Lobar collapse refers to the collapse of an entire lobe of the lung. As such it is a subtype of atelectasis (collapse is not entirely synonymous with atelectasis, which is a more generic term for 'incomplete expansion'). Individual lobes of the lung may collapse due to obstruction of the supply...

Leg bowing in children

Leg bowing in children is common and often developmental. Differential diagnosis The differential includes: developmental bowing exaggeration of normal age-related angulation changes at the knee neonates and infants normally have varus angulation that gradually corrects within 6 months of w...

Rachitic rosary

Rachitic rosary refers to expansion of the anterior rib ends at the costochondral junctions and is most frequently seen in rickets as nodularity at the costochondral junctions. Differential diagnosis Other causes of this appearance include: scurvy the costochondral junction is more a...

Multiple intracranial calcifications

Intracranial calcifications are common in certain locations and often are of no clinical concern. The two most commonly encountered types of calcification include: normal age-related intracranial calcifications intracranial arterial atherosclerosis Concerning calcifications are much less co...

Dysphagia

Dysphagia refers to subjective awareness of difficulty or obstruction during swallowing. It is a relatively common and increasingly prevalent clinical problem. Odynophagia is the term for painful swallowing. Fluoroscopy is the mainstay of imaging assessment but manometry can help evaluate the e...

Hypertrophy of the caudate lobe

Hypertrophy of the caudate lobe is seen in a number of conditions, including: cirrhosis: most common Budd-Chiari syndrome primary sclerosing cholangitis (end stage) congenital hepatic fibrosis cavernous transformation of the portal vein Radiographic features The caudate-right lobe ratio m...

Hepatic attenuation on CT

Hepatic attenuation on CT, reflected by Hounsfield values, depends on a combination of factors including the presence or absence, as well as the phase, of IV contrast administration. Allowing for all these factors, the mean unenhanced attenuation value is around 55 HU 4. Pathology Several int...

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy is the least common subtype of cardiomyopathy and is characterized by a marked decrease in ventricular compliance. Clinical presentation Patients can present with symptoms and signs of left ventricular failure and/or right ventricular failure 9. Pathology It is p...

Gibbus deformity

A gibbus deformity is a short-segment structural thoracolumbar kyphosis resulting in sharp angulation. Pathology Etiology There are a number of causes which can be divided into congenital and acquired. Congenital achondroplasia cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism) Apert syndrome Coffin-...

Dural ectasia

Dural ectasia refers to ballooning or widening of the dural sac which can result in posterior vertebral scalloping and is associated with herniation of nerve root sleeves. Clinical presentation Patients with dural ectasia may present with low back pain or radicular pain in the buttocks or legs...

Fluid-fluid level containing bone lesions

Fluid-fluid level containing bone lesions are best seen on MRI, although with narrow window width they can also be appreciated on CT. Epidemiology Their prevalence is estimated at ~3% of bone and soft tissue tumors 1. Differential diagnosis Their presence is non-specific, as they are seen in...

Patella baja

Patella baja, also known as patella infera, is an abnormally low lying patella, which is associated with restricted range of motion, crepitations, and retropatellar pain. If longstanding, extensor dysfunction may ensue with significant morbidity. Pathology It is seen in a variety of clinical s...

Vertebra plana

Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Pathology It can occur in a var...

Paratesticular lesions

Paratesticular lesions have a long list of differential diagnoses: neoplastic benign epididymal cyst (most common epididymal mass) scrotal tunica cysts tunica vaginalis cyst tunica albuginea cyst spermatic cord lipoma scrotal hemangioma: is of...

Sacroiliitis (differential)

Sacroiliitis (rare plural: sacroiliitides), an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, can be a manifestation of a wide range of disease processes. The pattern of involvement is helpful for narrowing down the differential diagnosis. Usually bilateral and symmetrical enteropathic arthritis Cro...

Sclerosing bone dysplasia (overview)

Sclerosing bone dysplasias comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders (skeletal dysplasias) united by the presence of sclerosis of one form or another: craniodiaphyseal dysplasia craniometaphyseal dysplasia Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome hereditary multiple diaphyseal dysplasia (Ribbing disea...

Ultrasound appearances of hepatic metastases

Ultrasound appearance of hepatic metastases can have bewildering variation, and the presence of hepatic steatosis can affect the sonographic appearance of liver lesions. Radiographic features Ultrasound Patterns do exist between ultrasound appearance of the hepatic metastases and the likely p...

Lower abdominal/pelvic calcification

Causes of calcifications in the lower abdomen and pelvis include: vascular calcifications atherosclerosis aneurysm phlebolith urogenital uterine fibroid ovarian dermoid prostatic calcification seminal vesicle and ductus deferens calcification bladder stones gallstones dropped stones ...

Cerebral ring enhancing lesions

The differential for peripheral or ring enhancing cerebral lesions includes: cerebral abscess tuberculoma neurocysticercosis metastasis glioblastoma subacute infarct/hemorrhage/contusion demyelination (incomplete ring) tumefactive demyelinating lesion (incomplete ring) radiation necrosi...

Optic nerve enlargement

Enlargement of the optic nerves is uncommon. Swelling of the optic nerves has a surprisingly broad differential. Etiology neoplastic optic nerve glioma optic nerve meningioma leukemia orbital lymphoma metastases juvenile xanthogranuloma medulloepithelioma involvement by retinoblastoma ...

Sunburst appearance (bone)

Sunburst or sunray appearance describes two separate findings in the bone: a periosteal reaction and a trabeculation pattern. It should not be confused with the sunburst sign of meningioma vascularity. Sunburst periosteal reaction Sunburst periosteal reaction reflects aggressive periostitis. ...

Benign lytic bone lesions

Benign lytic bone lesions encompass a wide variety of entities. A useful starting point is the FEGNOMASHIC mnemonic. This article is a stub, which means it needs more content. You can contribute to Radiopaedia too. Just register and click edit... every little bit helps. See also malignant l...

Hyperdense pulmonary nodules

Hyperdense pulmonary nodules are a subset of pulmonary nodules that have relatively increased attenuation, usually caused by calcification within the nodule. Here, we broadly refer to a nodule as a pulmonary opacity <30 mm. Differential diagnosis calcified pulmonary nodules are a specific grou...

Epiphyseal lesions (differential)

Epiphyseal lesions comprise tumors and other pathologies that occur around the epiphysis and any epiphyseal equivalent bone. Differential diagnosis Common differential diagnoses include the following 2-4: chondroblastoma: rare epiphyseal tumor found in young adults; it usually does not extend...

Diffuse small bowel disease

Diffuse small bowel disease may be caused by a number of conditions may be generalized multisystem disorders or conditions that effect the bowel in a global fashion: sprue scleroderma Whipple's disease amyloidosis hypoproteinemia giardiasis intramural hemorrhage radiation enteritis smal...

Meckel cave lesions (differential)

Meckel cave lesions are numerous. The aim of this article is to list them in an easy way for revision and assessment of differential diagnosis. Neoplastic Meckel cave tumors account for only 0.5% of all intracranial tumors. The most common histologies are: trigeminal schwannoma: most common,...

Epididymal calcification

Epididymal calcification can be seen on ultrasound as hyperechoic foci within the epididymal head. If the calcifications are large enough, then they may demonstrate acoustic shadowing. Differential diagnosis chronic epididymitis, e.g. bacterial, granulomatous (TB) or genital filariasis traum...

Midline neck mass

Midline neck masses have a relatively narrow differential, as few structures are present in the midline. Dividing the causes according to structure of origin is a useful schema. lymph node(s): Delphian node(s) inflammatory adenopathy malignancy thyroid gland thyroglossal duct cyst thyroid ...

Right lower lobe consolidation

Right lower lobe consolidation refers to consolidation in part (incomplete) or all (complete) of the right lower lobe. Pathology Consolidation refers to the alveolar airspaces being filled with fluid (exudate/transudate/blood), cells (inflammatory), tissue, or other material. The list of caus...

Pleural effusion

Pleural effusions are abnormal accumulations of fluid within the pleural space. They may result from a variety of pathological processes which overwhelm the pleura's ability to reabsorb fluid. Terminology "Pleural effusion" is commonly used as a catch-all term to describe any abnormal accumula...

Intra-abdominal calcification

Intra-abdominal calcification is common and the causes may be classified into four broad groups based on morphology: Concretions These are discrete precipitates in a vessel or organ. They are sharp in outline but the density and shape vary but in some cases, they may be virtually pathognomonic...

Prostate peripheral zone T2 hypointensity

Prostate peripheral zone T2 hypointensity is a common finding in pelvic MRIs that needs to be evaluated. A prostate MRI is usually performed with a multiparametric technique (mpMRI) to differentiate prostate cancer from more benign pathologies. mpMRI includes T2 weighted images, dynamic contrast...

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The upper limit of the normal adult splenic length is traditionally cited at 12 cm, but lengths upwards of 14 cm can be seen in normal, taller males 7. Terminology Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standar...

Adrenal calcification

Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification. Pathology Etiology Hemorrhage sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome blunt abdomi...

Temporomandibular joint effusion

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) effusions are unusual in asymptomatic patients, and thus should trigger a careful search for underlying pathology. It usually precedes osteoarthritis of the TMJ. Effusions are seen in: TMJ dysfunction septic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Radiographic featu...

Skull tumors

Skull tumors can be (as with tumors anywhere else) both primary and secondary, and benign or malignant. Primary Benign osteoma ossifying fibroma osteoblastoma hemangioma giant cell tumor (GCT) aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) epidermoid and dermoid cysts chondroma Malignant osteosarcoma c...

Solitary lucent skull lesion

Solitary lucent lesion of the skull is a relatively frequent finding. The differential is heavily influenced by the patient's age. Older adult/elderly metastasis/malignancy breast cancer lung cancer melanoma thyroid cancer renal cell cancer multiple myeloma epidermoid and dermoid hema...

Extraneural spread of intracranial neoplasm

Extraneural spread of primary intracranial neoplasm is distinctly uncommon, occurring far less frequently than CSF spread. The most frequent neoplasms to do so, in decreasing order of frequency, are: glioblastoma (GBM) meningioma medulloblastoma

Extraskeletal musculoskeletal lesions by compartment

Knowing extraskeletal musculoskeletal lesions by compartment is useful to help generate a meaningful differential diagnosis: Intermuscular extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma fibromatosis ganglion leiomyosarcoma nodular fasciitis neurogenic tumors synovial cyst Intra-articular lipoma a...

Rib notching

Rib notching refers to deformation of the superior or inferior surface of the rib. It can affect a single rib (from trauma or solitary masses e.g. schwannoma) or can affect multiple ribs. Differential diagnosis The differentials differ according to whether it is the superior or inferior surfac...

Cystic lung disease

Cystic lung disease is an umbrella term used to group the conditions coursing with multiple lung cysts. Clinical presentation The clinical presentation is an important clue to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases 12. Diseases that present with insidious dyspnea or spontaneous p...

Solitary pulmonary nodule

Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is defined as a relatively well defined round or oval pulmonary parenchymal lesion equal to or smaller than 30 mm in diameter. It is surrounded by pulmonary parenchyma and/or visceral pleura and is not associated with lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, or pneumonia 9. ...

Fetal death in utero

Fetal death in utero (FDIU), also known as intrauterine death (IUD), is the term used when the death of a fetus occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy. Prior to this, it is considered a miscarriage. Terminology IUD is often also used as an abbreviation for an intrauterine contraceptive device...

Oligohydramnios

Oligohydramnios refers to a situation where the amniotic fluid volume is less than expected for gestational age. Often these fetuses have <500 mL of amniotic fluid. When there is almost no amniotic fluid present, this is termed anhydramnios. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence can be up to ~...

Polyhydramnios

Polyhydramnios refers to a situation where the amniotic fluid volume is more than expected for gestational age. It is generally defined as: amniotic fluid index (AFI) >25 cm largest fluid pocket depth (maximal vertical pocket (MVP)) greater than 8 cm 6 some centers, particularly in Australi...

Pedunculated intratracheal mass

A pedunculated intratracheal mass has a variety of differential diagnoses: benign tumor, e.g. hamartoma, chondroma, lipoma hemangioma inspissated mucus metastasis to tracheal mucosa, e.g. renal cell carcinoma, melanoma polyp, e.g. inflammatory, antrochoanal papilloma post-intubation trach...

Orbital mass

An orbital mass carries a wide differential. Differential diagnosis tumors lymphoma metastasis lacrimal gland or duct tumors rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit retinoblastoma optic nerve meningioma optic nerve glioma schwannoma (of trigeminal or other cranial nerves except optic) neurofibr...

Small for date fetus

A small for dates fetus can result from a number of factors Fetal factors aneuploidy trisomy triploidy skeletal dysplasia(s) structural anomalies (syndromes) Maternal factors Common hypertension medication(s): fetal Warfarin syndrome hydantoin embryopathy (Dilantin TM) cytotoxic dru...

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (differential)

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, and has a wide differential diagnosis: diverticular disease enterocolitis infective Crohn’s disease ulcerative colitis ischemic colitis vascular malformation vascular ectasia angiodysplasia arteriovenous m...

Extratesticular cystic lesions (differential)

The differential diagnosis for extratesticular cystic lesions includes: hydrocele epididymal cyst spermatocele hematoma hematocele loop of bowel from an inguinal hernia abscess pyocele post-vasectomy varicocele Very rarely, a scrotal mesothelioma may present as ...

Bilateral testicular lesions

Bilateral testicular lesions have a relatively limited differential diagnosis. Differential diagnosis Neoplastic lymphoblastic leukemia (acute or chronic) lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's) primary testicular lymphoma is rare but the testes are often the site of lymphoma/leukemia recurrence ...

Unilateral testicular lesions

The differential diagnosis for unilateral testicular lesions is wide-ranging. Neoplastic Common seminoma (40-50% of testicular malignancies) non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: testicular teratoma testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only) testicular choriocarcinoma t...

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (differential)

An upper gastrointestinal bleed usually refers to bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Pathology Aetiolology peptic ulcer gastritis esophagitis duodenitis Mallory-Weiss tear varices tumor vascular abnormality vascular ectasia angiodysplasia Dieulafoy lesion vascular malform...

Pelvic masses in females

Pelvic masses in females carry a broad differential diagnosis: benign adnexal cyst leiomyoma pelvic malignancy dermoid endometriosis pelvic inflammatory disease tubo-ovarian abscess hydrosalpinx pregnancy Extragynaecological masses, e.g. colorectal carcinoma, appendicular abscess, lymp...

Clival masses

The differential of a mass involving or arising from the clivus is a relatively narrow one and can be divided into whether the lesion arises from the skull base itself, the intracranial compartment above or the base of skull below. When evaluating the clivus it is important to compare the marro...

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