Articles

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Neurocysticercosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the stages of neurocysticercosis is: Vegans Can't Get Neurocysticercosis Mnemonic V: vesicular C: colloidal vesicular G: granular nodular N: nodular calcified
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Systolic and diastolic murmurs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic helpful for remembering whether a valve disorder manifests as a systolic or diastolic murmur is the following:  AP-ic DSI's SD Makes Tablets Download Swiftly Mnemonic During systole, blood flow past the heart's semilunar valves as the ventricles contract.1,2 During diastole, the op...
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Normal hilar position (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the normal position of the lung hila and pulmonary arteries is: RALPH Mnemonic Right Anterior, Left Posterior and Higher The left hilum is commonly higher than the right. The left pulmonary artery arches posterosuperiorly over the left mainstem bronchus, whereas the ri...
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Cholinergic crisis (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for the clinical features associated with cholinergic crisis comprise: MDS​' BEDBUG LB FW HRCT CDS' CASA Mnemonics MDS' BEDBUG LB Colloquially denoting "MDs' Bedbug Pound," with pound semantically signaled by the letters "Lb", this mnemonic corresponds to the clinical features of...
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Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)

The list of differential diagnoses for miliary lung nodules can be recalled with the mnemonic: TEMPEST Mnemonic TEMPEST T: tuberculosis E: eosinophilic granuloma M: metastases (especially thyroid) P: pneumoconiosis E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis (now known as hypersensitivity pneumonit...
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Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (mnemonic)

The features of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma can be recalled using this mnemonic: PSYCH Mnemonic P: pseudocapsule S: scar (fibrotic) Y: young patients C: capsular retraction H: huge and heterogeneous
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Pulmonary edema signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiographic signs of pulmonary edema is: ABCDE Mnemonic A: alveolar opacification B: batwinging C: cardiomegaly D: diffuse interstitial thickening (septal lines) and diversion (vascular upper zone diversion, cephalisation) E: effusions (pleural)
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Bone tumors with internal trabeculations (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the types of bone tumors with internal trabeculations or pseudotrabeculations is: D CHANG Mnemonic D: desmoplastic fibroma C: chondromyxoid fibroma H: hemangioma (intraosseous) A: aneurysmal bone cyst N: non-ossifying fibroma G: giant cell tumor
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Cavitating lesions (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of cavitating lesions seen in a chest x-ray is: WEIRD HOLES Mnemonic W: Wegener's granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis) E: embolism (pulmonary, septic) I: infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB) R: rheumatoid arthritis (necrobiotic no...
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UTI-causing microorganisms (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest micro-organisms responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is: KEEPS Mnemonic K: Klebsiella spp. E: Enterococcus faecalis / Enterobacter cloacae E: Escherichia coli P: Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Proteus mirabilis S: Staphylococcus saprophyticus / S...
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Parkinson disease common signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest clinical signs of Parkinson disease is SMART Mnemonic S: shuffling gait M: mask-like facies A: akinesia R: rigidity T: tremor
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Dialysis indications (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the basic indications of dialysis is HAVE PEE Mnemonic H: hyperkalemia (refractory) A: acidosis (refractory) V: volume overload E: elevated BUN > 35 mM P: pericarditis E: encephalopathy E: edema (pulmonary)
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Hematuria causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of hematuria is: I PEE RBCS Mnemonic I: infection P: pseudohaematuria (menses, dark urine) E: exercise E: external trauma R: renal glomerular disease B: benign prostatic hypertrophy C: cancer S: stones
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Scalp nerve supply (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the nerve supply to the scalp is: GLASS Mnemonic G: greater occipital nerve / greater auricular nerve L: lesser occipital nerve A: auriculotemporal nerve S: supratrochlear nerve S: supraorbital nerve Please note that other nerves also contribute, see anatomy articl...
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Abdominal paracentesis contraindications (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the contraindications to abdominal paracentesis is: CAPSID Mnemonic C: coagulopathy (INR >2.0)  A: abdominal wall cellulitis P: pregnancy S: surgical abdomen (absolute contraindication) / severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 x 103/μL) I: intra-abdominal adhes...
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Marfan syndrome features (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the basic features of Marfan syndrome is: MARFANS Mnemonic M: mitral valve prolapse A: aortic dissection / aortic aneurysm R: regurgitant aortic valve / retinal detachment F: fibrillin-1 mutation A: arm span > height / arachnodactyly N: near-sightness / nasal voice...
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Forceps delivery criteria (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the criteria for forceps delivery is: FORCEPS Mnemonic F: fetus alive O: os dilated R: ruptured membrane / rotation complete C: cervix take-up E: engagement of head P: presentation suitable S: sagittal suture in AP diameter of inlet 
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Postpartum hemorrhage risk factors (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the basic risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage is: PARTUM Mnemonic P: prolonged labor / polyhydramnios / previous C-section A: APH R: recent Hx of bleeding T: twins U: uterine fibrosis M: multiparity 
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Endocarditis signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the most important signs of endocarditis is: FROM JANE Mnemonic F: fever R: Roth's spots O: Osler's nodes M: murmur of heart J: Janeway lesions A: anemia N: nail hemorrhage E: embolism
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Edwards syndrome characteristics (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the characteristics of Edwards syndrome is: EDWARDS Mnemonic E: eighteen (trisomy 18) D: digit-overlapping flexion W: wide head A: absent intellect (mental retardation) R: rocker-bottom feet D: diseased heart S: small lower jaw
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Acute abdominal pain differential diagnosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the basic differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain is: ABDOMINAL Mnemonic A: appendicitis  B: biliary tract disease D: diverticulitis O: ovarian disease M: malignancy I: intestinal obstruction N: nephritic disorders A: acute pancreatitis L: liquor (ethano...
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Cyanosis differential diagnosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to differentiate between central and peripheral cyanoses is: COLD PALMS Mnemonic C: cold (peripheral) O: obstruction (peripheral) L: LVF and shock (peripheral) D: decreased cardiac output (peripheral) P: polycythemia (central) A: altitude (central) L: lung disease (central) ...
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Felty syndrome components (mnemonic)

Felty syndrome is a rare condition that involves rheumatoid arthritis, decreased white blood cell count and spleen enlargement. A mnemonic to remember the basic components of Felty syndrome is: SANTA Mnemonic S: splenomegaly  A: anemia N: neutropenia T: thrombocytopenia A: arthritis (rhe...
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Thrombocytopenia causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of thrombocytopenia is: PLATELETS Mnemonic P: platelet disorders (DIC, TTP, ITP) L: leukemia  A: anemia T: trauma E: enlarged spleen L: liver disease E: ethanol T: toxicity (heparin, aspirin, chemotherapy, benzene) S: sepsis
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Acute pancreatitis severity criteria (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the severity criteria for acute pancreatitis is: PANCREAS Mnemonic P: PAO2 <8 kpA A: age >55 years N: neutrophilia (WBC >15 x 109 / L) C: calcium <2 mmol/L R: renal (urea >16 mmol/L) E: enzymes (LDH >600 IU/L and AST >200 IU/L) A: albumin (serum) <32 g/L S: sugar...
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Anion gap metabolic acidosis causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis is: GOLDMARK Mnemonic G: glycols (ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) O: oxoproline L: L-lactate D: D-lactate M: methanol A: aspirin R: renal failure K: ketoacidosis
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Tinnitus causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of tinnitus is: HAMMER ​Mnemonic H: hypertension A: anemia / acoustic neuroma M: migraine / Menière's disease M: medication (quinine, NSAIDs, streptomycin)  E: ear pathology (wax, foreign body, otitis media)  R: rare (temporomandibular joint ...
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New onset atrial fibrillation causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of new onset atrial fibrillation is: PIRATES ​Mnemonic P: pulmonary I: ischemic R: rheumatic A: atrial myxoma T: thyroid E: embolism S: sepsis
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Seizure causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of seizures is: VITAMIN ​Mnemonic V: vascular I: infection T: trauma A: AV malformation  M: metabolic  I: idiopathic  N: neoplasm
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Cerebellar disease signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the signs of cerebellar disease is: DANISH Mnemonic D: dysdiadochokinesia/dysmetria A: ataxia N: nystagmus I: intention tremor S: slurred speech H: hypotonia
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Horner syndrome signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest signs of Horner syndrome is: PAMELA Mnemonic P: ptosis A: anhydrosis M: miosis E: enophthalmos L: loss of ciliary-spinal reflex A: anisocoria
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Red flags of low back pain (mnemonic)

Low back pain is a very common condition among primary care patients. Most patients have nonspecific low back pain (85-90%) and would have unremarkable radiographs. The purpose of the red flags is to aid in the recommendation for imaging of the spine. A mnemonic to remember the red flags of low ...
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APPEND score

The APPEND score is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis. Criteria Each of the following are worth 1 point 1: male gender anorexia migratory pain localized peritonism elevated CRP >15mg/L neutrophilia >7.5x109/L APPEND refers to the mnemonic: A...
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Hemorrhage on DWI (mnemonic)

General isotropic DWI signal characteristics of hemorrhage on MRI may be recalled by the mnemonic: Hobbits Love Little Hairy Ladies Mnemonic Hobbits high isotropic DWI signal with reduced ADC values intracellular oxyhemoglobin: hyperacute (<1day) Love low isotropic DWI signal with reduced...
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Diffuse bone marrow infiltration on MRI (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember differentials causing diffuse bone marrow infiltration on MRI. Bone marrow infiltration is best evaluated on T1 sequences and may be focal or diffuse. Focal infiltration is seen in metastases and lymphoma. The diffuse pattern is seen more commonly in multiple myeloma, mast...
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MEN1 triad (mnemonic)

Mnemonics to remember the classic triad of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are: PPP PiParPanc ParaPanPit Mnemonics PPP P: pituitary adenoma: prolactinoma is commonest P: pancreatic endocrine tumors P: parathyroid proliferative disease parathyroid hyperplasia (most common) pa...
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Ivory vertebra (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the differential diagnosis of ivory vertebra is: LIMPH M.PHIL (i.e. Master of Philosophy) Mnemonic LIMPH L: lymphoma (usually Hodgkin lymphoma) I: infection (tuberculous spondylitis) M: metastases (osteoblastic) and myelosclerosis P: Paget disease of bone H: heman...
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Sclerotic bone metastasis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for remembering which tumors may lead to sclerotic bone metastases is: 6 Bees Lick Pollen Mnemonic B: bone (osteogenic carcinoma) B: breast  B: bronchus (carcinoid) B: bladder (TCC) B: brain (medulloblastoma) B: bowel (mucinous) L: lymphoma P: prostate
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Wernicke's Korsakoff (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to recall some of the important features of Wernicke's Korsakoff syndrome is: COMBAT Mnemonic C: confusion, confabulatory amnesia O: ophthalmoplegia M: mamillary bodies B: B1(vitamin), bariatric surgery A: alcoholics T: thalami, tectal plate, third ventricle
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Post renal transplant fluid collections (mnemonic)

Following renal transplant, different perinephric fluid collections tend to present at different times in the postoperative period. These can be remembered in order using the mnemonic: HEAL Mnemonic H: hematoma (immediate) E: encapsulated urine collections/urinomas (1-2 weeks) A: abscess (3...
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Solitary filling defect in ureters (mnemonic)

Solitary filling defect with a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU has a few differentials which can be remembered using this mnemonic: CUPS MET Mnemonic C: clot U: ureteric stone P: polyp S: sloughed papilla   M: metastasis E: endometriosis T: tuberculosis, transitional cell...
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Multiple filling defects of ureter (mnemonic)

Multiple filling defects within a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU, have a relatively small differential which can be learned using this mnemonic: CUT SLIM Mnemonic C: clots U: ureteritis cystica T: transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)   S: stones, Stevens-Johnson syndrome L: l...
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Hydronephrosis (mnemonic)

The causative factors leading to hydronephrosis can be recalled using this mnemonic: RUNS Mnemonic R: retroperitoneal fibrosis U: urolithiasis N: neoplastic mass (cervical cancer) S: stenosis of pelvi-ureteric junction
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Cannonball metastasis (mnemonic)

Cannonball metastases refer to multiple large, well-circumscribed, round pulmonary metastases. Numerous primary tumors have been described presenting with cannonball metastases, however, some primary tumors have a predilection for this presentation. It should be noted that it is difficult to f...
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Drop metastases (mnemonic)

The primary intracerebral malignancies that may cause drop metastases to the subarachnoid space are: glioblastoma (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma medulloblastoma sPNET ependymoma germinoma choroid plexus carcinoma pineoblastoma/pineocytoma These can be remembered using this mnemonic: G...
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Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (mnemonic)

Two useful mnemonics to remember the features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension are: VOMER MOVES Mnemonics VOMER V: ventricles of normal or reduced size O: optic disc protrusion M: Meckel's cave enlargement E:  empty sella R:  reduced caliber (stenosis) venous sinuses MOVES M: M...
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Sturge-Weber syndrome (mnemonic)

Some key findings pertaining to Sturge-Weber syndrome may be recalled using the following mnemonics: STURGE CAPS 8 Cs Mnemonics STURGE CAPS S: seizures, sporadic T: tram-track gyriform calcification; trigeminal territory port-wine stain U: unilateral weakness (hemiparesis contralateral to...
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Tuberous sclerosis (mnemonic)

The findings of tuberous sclerosis can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonic: HAMARTOMAS Mnemonic H: hamartomas (CNS, retinal and skin) A: angiofibroma (facial) or adenoma sebaceum M: mitral regurgitation A: ash-leaf spots R: rhabdomyoma (cardiac) T: tubers (cortical, sub...
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Lymphangioleiomyomatosis diagnostic criteria (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the diagnostic criteria of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is: THRALL PVC ​Mnemonic T: tuberous sclerosis H: HRCT characteristic or compatible lung findings of LAM RA: renal angiomyolipoma L: lymphatic malformations L: lung biopsy-proven LAM   P: pneumothorax ​V: V...
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Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage is: CV2P  Mnemonic It can be read as a central venous line C: limited to the caudothalamic groove/ germinal matrix ( grade I ) V: expansion into ventricles less than 50% ( grade II ) V: dilated ventricles ( grade...
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Bone lesion description (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for describing bone lesions (of any type) in a logical order: All Sensible People Must Make Clear/Proper Sense CAMPS Mnemonics All Sensible People Must Make Clear/Proper Sense A: age (maturity of skeleton) S: site (bone name and location within bone) and size P: pattern of dest...
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Lower lobe fibrosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember differentials causing lower lobe fibrosis or predominant lower lobe fibrosis. SAB-IPM IPAS-BM Mnemonic SAB-IPM S: systemic sclerosis and other connective tissue diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) A: aspiration, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asbestosis B: bronchi...
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Small placenta (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the causes of small placenta is: PCI 2 It can be read as percutaneous coronary intervention i.e. PCI 2 Mnemonic P: pre-eclampsia C: chromosomal anomaly e.g. Down syndrome I: intrauterine infection I: intrauterine growth retardation
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Sinonasal polyposis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the causes of sinonasal polyposis is:  KIC AAAN Mnemonic K: Kartagener syndrome I: infectious rhinosinusitis  C: cystic fibrosis                         A: aspirin sensitivity A: allergic fungal sinusitis  A: asthma  N: nickel exposure
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Z deformity (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the features of Z deformity of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis is: WRD UPP Mnemonic Consider mnemonic to be pronounced "word up" to help remember it. WR: wrist radial deviation  DU: digits ulnar deviation PP: proximal phalanges palmar subluxation See also Z deform...
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Lung carcinoma doubling time (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the lung carcinoma doubling time, in order of increasing time, is: SMS LA ​Mnemonic SM: small cell lung cancer - 30 days S: squamous cell carcinoma (lung) - 90 days L: large cell cancer of lung - 120 days A: adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung - 150-180 days
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Complex adnexal mass - differential diagnosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for the differential diagnosis of complex adnexal masses is: CHEETAH Mnemonic C: cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma (serous and mucinous) H: hemorrhagic ovarian cyst E: endometrioma E: ectopic pregnancy T: teratoma/torsion A: abscess (tubo-ovarian) H: hydrosalpinx/hematosalpinx (...
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Coarse trabecular pattern in bone (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember differentials causing a coarse trabecular pattern in the bone PHROG Mnemonic P: Paget disease (bone) H: Hemoglobinopathies (i.e thalassemia), hyperparathyroidism R: Rickets O: Osteoporosis, osteomalacia G: Gaucher's disease  
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High density GI lesions on CT (mnemonic)

There are several mnemonics to remember the causes of high density lesions in the gastrointestinal tract on CT: CHIPES COINS PIG BEACH Mnemonics CHIPES C: chloral hydrate/cocaine packets H: heavy metals I: iodinated compounds, e.g. contrast media, iron P: phenothiazines E: enteric-coat...
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Primary and secondary hemochromatosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological features of hemochromatosis is: P's for primary and S's for secondary Mnemonic Primary hemochromatosis P: parenchymal (liver, myocardium, thyroid and synovium) P: pancreas P: pituitary P: poor liver (organ dysfunction and malignancy) Secondary hemo...
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Toxic leukoencephalopathy (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the more common causes of toxic leukoencephalopathy is: CHOICES​ 1 Mnemonic C: chemotherapy (e.g. methotrexate) H: heroin O: other opioids I: immunosuppressant drugs or imidazole C: cocaine E: ethanol or environmental (e.g. carbon monoxide) S: splenial lesions (re...
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Epiphyseal lesions (mnemonic)

The differential diagnosis for epiphyseal lesions can be recalled with mnemonics for the most common entities: Chondroblastoma IS AGE-related 1 See the separate article for the full list: epiphyseal lesions (differential). Mnemonics Chondroblastoma IS AGE-related This mnemonic notes the fac...
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Five Ts of cyanotic congenital heart disease (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the most important congenital heart defects associated with cyanosis is: 5 Ts Mnemonic T: tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) T: transposition of the great arteries (TGA) T: truncus arteriosus T: total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) T: tricuspid valve abnormalities...
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Inferior orbital fissure contents (mnemonic)

Mnemonic for the contents of the inferior orbital fissure (from medial to lateral) is: Inferior Orbit Gets Infra-Orbital Nerves and VeinZ Mnemonic Inferior Orbit Gets Infra-Orbital Nerves and VeinZ IO: inferior ophthalmic vein (tributary to both pterygoid venous plexus and cavernous sinus) ...
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Annulus of Zinn contents (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the contents of the tendinous ring (also known as the annulus of Zinn) from superior to inferior is: One Canal, Several Orbital Nerves In One Annulus Mnemonic: OC: optic canal SO: superior division of oculomotor nerve N: nasociliary nerve IO: inferior division of ocu...
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Typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma (mnemonic)

The typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma can be recalled using the mnemonic: CRAB Mnemonic C: hypercalcemia R: renal failure A: anemia B: bone disease The CRAB mnemonic can help differentiate multiple myeloma from its precursor diseases - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermin...
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Cruciate ligament insertions onto the femur (mnemonic)

The location of the cruciate ligament insertions onto the femur can be remembered with the mnemonic: AEPI Mnemonic AE: anterior onto external condyle PI: posterior onto internal condyle
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Abdominal distension (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is: F: fat F: fluid  F: flatus F: feces  F: fetus F: fulminant mass
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Inguinal region masses (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for remembering the causes of an inguinal region mass is: L SHAPE Mnemonic L: lymphadenopathy or lipoma S: saphena varix H: hernia A: aneurysm P: psoas abscess E: ectopic testis
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3-6-9 rule (bowel)

The 3-6-9 rule is a simple aide-memoire describing the normal bowel caliber: small bowel: <3 cm large bowel: <6 cm appendix: <6 mm cecum: <9 cm Above these dimensions, the bowel is generally considered dilated, and obstruction or an adynamic/paralytic ileus should be considered.
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1-2-3 rule (ovary)

The 1-2-3 rule is a simple aide-mémoire describing the nomenclature of any small simple anechoic structure in the ovary on ultrasound: <1 cm = follicle 1-2 cm = dominant follicle >3 cm = cyst
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Intracranial hypotension (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the features of intracranial hypotension is: SEEPS Mnemonic S: subdural fluid collections E: enhancement of the pachymeninges E: engorgement of the venous sinuses P: pituitary hyperemia S: sagging brain See also intracranial hypotension
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Intradural extramedullary spinal tumors (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics to remember the differential diagnoses for intradural extramedullary spinal neoplasms include the following: No More Spinal Masses MNM Mnemonics No More Spinal Masses N: neurofibroma M: meningioma S: schwannoma M: metastasis MnM This simplified mnemonic, as in M&M cand...
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Intramedullary spinal masses (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses of intramedullary spinal masses is: I HEAL Mnemonic I: infarction H: hemangioblastoma E: ependymoma A: astrocytoma L: lipoma
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Dural tail sign (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember differential diagnoses associated with a dural tail sign is: My Scary Dog Likes To Stand Guard Mnemonic M: meningioma S: sarcoidosis D: dural metastases L: lymphoma T: tuberculoma S: schwannoma G: glioma
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Posterior vertebral scalloping (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses for posterior vertebral scalloping is: SALMON Mnemonic S: spinal cord tumor (e.g. astrocytoma, ependymoma, schwannoma) A: achondroplasia, acromegaly L: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (and other connective tissue disorders) M: Marfan's syndrome...
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Calcifying pulmonary metastases (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the causes of calcifying pulmonary metastases is: BOBCAT Mnemonic B: bone (chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma) O: ovary B: breast C: colon A: any primary post-chemotherapy T: thyroid and testis    Another useful mnemonic is BOTTOM. B: Breast O: Osteosarcoma T...
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Interstitial lung disease without volume loss (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the causes of interstitial lung diseases which do not cause volume loss is: LENT Mnemonic L: lymphangioleiomyomatosis E: eosinophilic granuloma (pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis) N: neurofibromatosis type 1 T: tuberous sclerosis
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Lucent transverse metaphyseal lines (mnemonic)

The differential diagnosis for lucent transverse metaphyseal lines or bands may be recalled using various mnemonics: CAMEL LINING Mnemonics CAMEL C: congenital infection (e.g. STORCH) A: anatomical variation M: metastatic neuroblastoma E: earlier systemic illness (rickets, scurvy) L: le...
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Seronegative spondyloarthritis (mnemonic)

 A useful mnemonic to remember the subgroups of seronegative spondyloarthritides is:  PEARU Mnemonic P: psoriatic arthritis E: enteropathic arthritis (i.e. extraintestinal manifestation of IBD) A: ankylosing spondylitis R: reactive arthritis U: undifferentiated spondyloarthritis
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Right-to-left shunt (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses associated with right-to-left cardiovascular shunts is: 1-5 Mnemonic 1: a combination vessel; truncus arteriosus 2: number of arteries involved; transposition of the great arteries 3: "tri-" means 3, the number of leaflets involved; t...
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (mnemonic)

Clinical diagnosis requires the presence of at least two criteria to confirm the presence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) 1. These diagnostic criteria can be remembered with the mnemonic: CAFE SPOT Mnemonic C: café-au-lait spots (greater than six seen during one year) A: axillary or ingui...
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Complications of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the complications of pulmonary interstitial emphysema is that the most common ones begin with: pneum- Mnemonic pneumatocele pneumothorax pneumomediastinum pneumoperitoneum
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Malunited fractures - most common (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the most common malunited fractures is:  CSI - Miami Mnemonic C: Colles fracture S: scaphoid fracture I: intertrochanteric femoral neck fracture Miami: malunion See also fracture malunion
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Crohn disease (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological features of Crohn disease is: CROHNS Mnemonic C: cobblestone appearance of mucosa R: rose-thorn ulcers O: obstruction of bowel H: hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes N: narrowing of intestinal lumen S: skip lesions
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Causes of cone-shaped epiphysis (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic for remembering the causes of cone-shaped epiphysis is: ABCDE MOST Mnemonic A: achondroplasia, acrodysostosis B: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome C: chondroplasia punctata, Cockayne syndrome, conorenal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, cartilage-hair hypoplasia D: dactylitis...
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ASCOD classification (ischemic stroke)

The ASCOD classification system 1, published in 2013, aims to define phenotypes of ischemic strokes for individual patients by assigning a degree of probability to each of the most common causes of this pathology. It serves most strictly as a research tool but is also useful clinically as a mne...
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Soft tissue nodules in arthropathy (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics to remember the differential diagnoses for soft tissue nodules in arthropathy are: RAGS "-oids" Mnemonics RAGS R: rheumatoid arthritis A: amyloid G: gout S: sarcoidosis "-oids" The aforementioned differential diagnoses end in "-oid": rheumat-oid amyl-oid sarc-oid g...
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Calcified glial tumors (mnemonic)

In order of decreasing frequency, a useful mnemonic to remember glial tumors which calcify is: Old Elephants Age Gracefully Mnemonic O: oligodendroglioma E: ependymoma A: astrocytoma G: glioblastoma
Article

Finger clubbing (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember most of the causes of finger clubbing is: CLUBBING Mnemonic C: cardiac subacute infective endocarditis cyanotic heart disease atrial myxoma L: lungs lung abscess empyema cystic fibrosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis bronchiectasis mesothel...
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Hypervascular metastases (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic for remembering the tumors which cause hypervascular metastases is: MR CT PET Mnemonic M: melanoma R: renal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: thyroid carcinoma PET: (pancreatic) neuroendocrine tumor
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FIGO classification system for the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in non-gravid women of reproductive age (mnemonic)

The FIGO classification system for the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in non-gravid women of reproductive age has a mnemonic at its core 1: PALM-COEIN The "PALM" causes are considered structural and the "COEIN" (coin) causes are considered non-structural. Mnemonic P: polyp A: adenomyos...
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Acute stroke symptoms (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics to remember the symptoms of acute stroke are: FAST BE-FAST Mnemonics FAST F = face (look uneven?) A = arm (drift down?) S = speech (sound strange or difficulty speaking) T = time (brain cells die every second) BE-FAST B = balance (sudden loss of balance) E = eye (sudd...
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