Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
309 results found
Article
von Hippel-Lindau disease (mnemonic)
Features of von Hippel-Lindau disease can be remembered by the mnemonic:
HIPPEL
Mnemonic:
H: hemangioblastoma of CNS
I: increased risk of renal cell cancer
P: pheochromocytoma
P: pancreatic lesions (cyst, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, neuro-endocrine tumors)
E: eye and ear dysfunction ...
Article
Carpal tunnel syndrome causes (mnemonic)
Carpal tunnel syndrome results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Its causes are numerous and varied.
A useful mnemonic to remember the causes is:
MEDIAN TRAP
Mnemonic
M: myxedema
E: edema
D: diabetes mellitus
I: idiopathic
A: acromegaly
N: neoplasm
T: trau...
Article
Pulmonary nodules with air bronchograms (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for causes of pulmonary nodules with air bronchograms is:
OBALLS
Mnemonic
OBALLS
O: organizing pneumonia
B: bronchoalveolar carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
A: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
L: lymphoma
L: lipoid pneumonia
S: sarcoidosis
Another consideration i...
Article
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery preoperative variants (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the potential anatomic variants to report on pre-functional endoscopic sinus surgery studies is 1:
CLOSE
Mnemonic
C: cribriform plate
L: lamina papyracea
O: Onodi cell
S: sphenoid sinus pneumatization
E: ethmoidal artery (anterior)
See also
ostiomeatal complex nar...
Article
Fallopian tube segments (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the order of the five segments of the fallopian tube, from lateral to medial, the direction an ovum would pass following ovulation, is:
Four INches Across IS IMpossible
Four inches (10 cm) is the approximate length of the fallopian tube.
Mnemonic
F: fimbriae
I...
Article
Causes of air trapping on high-resolution CT chest (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the causes of air trapping on HRCT chest are:
HSBC
Mnemonic
H: hypersensitivity pneumonitis
S: sarcoidosis
B: bronchiolitis obliterans
C: cystic fibrosis/bronchiectasis
A useful way to remember the mnemonic is recalling that once you are with HSBC, you are "trapped" ...
Article
Benign lytic bone lesions that rarely occur in patients over 30 (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember five benign lytic lesions that rarely occur in patients over 30 years old
SCAN Everything
Mnemonic
S: simple bone cyst
C: chondroblastoma
A: aneurysmal bone cyst
N: non-ossifying fibroma (including fibrous cortical defect)
E: eosinophilic granuloma
In a patient old...
Article
Brachial plexus terminal branches (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for brachial plexus terminal branches includes:
Most Alcoholics Must Really Urinate
Mnemonic
Where the first letter of each word represents the terminal branches of the brachial plexus:
M: musculocutaneous nerve
A: axillary nerve
M: median nerve
R: radial nerve
U: ulnar...
Article
Bone within a bone appearance (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the possible etiologies of a bone within a bone appearance is:
GHOST DRAGON
Mnemonic
G: growth arrest lines
H: heavy metals, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
O: osteopetrosis
S: sickle cell anemia, scurvy, syphilis
T: thalassemia, tuberculosis
D: disease o...
Article
Causes of dementia (mnemonic)
The causes of dementia can be remembered using the mnemonics:
VANISHED
DEMENTIA
VANISHED
V: vascular, vitamin deficiency: B1, B6, B12, folate
A: Alzheimer disease, autoimmune: cerebral vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus
N: normal pressure hydrocephalus, neoplasia
I: infection, e.g. ...
Article
Conditions with upper lobe predominance (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember conditions with upper lobe predominance in chest radiology are:
STEP
BREASTS
Mnemonics
STEP
S: sarcoidosis, silicosis
T: tuberculosis
E: eosinophilic pneumonia
P: pneumoconiosis
BREASTS
B: berylliosis
R: radiation fibrosis
E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis...
Article
Thoracoacromial artery (mnemonic)
Some useful mnemonics to remember the branches of the thoracoacromial artery are:
Cadavers Are Dead People
PACkeD
Mnemonics
Cadavers Are Dead People
C: clavicular
A: acromial
D: deltoid
P: pectoral
PACkeD
P: pectoral
A: acromial
C: clavicular
D: deltoid
Article
Couinaud classification of hepatic segments (mnemonic)
Pauli et al published a "handy" way to remember the Couinaud classification of hepatic segments 1.
Make a fist with your right hand. The fingers should be wrapped around the flexed thumb and the fist should face you. The segments are represented by the following:
segment 1: (caudate): the thum...
Article
DeBakey classification (mnemonic)
A mnemonic used to remember the DeBakey classification 1 is:
BAD
Mnemonic
B: both ascending and descending aorta (type I)
A: ascending aorta (type II)
D: descending aorta (type III)
See also
Stanford classification of aortic dissection
DeBakey classification
Article
Cortically-based brain tumors (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall cortically-based brain tumors is:
PDOG
DOG Pee
Mnemonic
P: pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
D: dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET); desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioglioma
O: oligodendroglioma
G: ganglioglioma
Article
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (ultrasound measurements mnemonic)
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can be characterized on ultrasound by the measurements of the hypertrophic muscle. Although the criteria can vary from publication to publication, an easy way to keep in mind the values is using a mnemonic which relies upon remembering the first digits of the number...
Article
Subdivisions of the cerebellar vermis (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the nine lobules of the cerebellar vermis is:
Like Cats Catching Dogs For The Party Up North
Mnemonic
L: lingula
C: central lobule
C: culmen
D: declive
F: folium
T: tuber
P: pyramid
U: uvula
N: nodulus
Article
Causes of breast edema (mnemonic)
The causes of breast edema can be remembered using the mnemonic:
VIRALS
Mnemonic
V: venous obstruction
I: inflammatory breast cancer
R: radiotherapy
A: abscess
L: lymphatic obstruction
S: surgery (recent), secondaries 2
Article
Tributaries of the inferior vena cava (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the tributaries of the inferior vena cava is:
I Like To Rise So High
Mnemonic
I: common iliac veins
L: lumbar veins
T: right testicular (gonadal) vein
R: renal veins
S: suprarenal veins
H: hepatic veins
Article
Acute bacterial meningitis complications (mnemonic)
The complications of acute bacterial meningitis can be remembered using the mnemonic:
HACTIVE
Mnemonic
H: hydrocephalus
A: abscess
C: cerebritis / cranial nerve lesion
T: thrombosis
I: infarct
V: ventriculitis/vasculopathy
E: extra-axial collection: empyema and hygroma
Related articles...
Article
Rickets (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the radiological features of rickets is:
RICKETS
Mnemonic
R: reaction of the periosteum
I: indistinct cortex
C: coarse trabeculation
K: knees, wrists and ankles mainly
E: epiphyseal plates widened and irregular
T: tremendous metaphysis
S: spur (metaphyseal)
Article
Apical lung diseases (mnemonic)
Handy mnemonics to remember common apical lung diseases are:
SET CARP
CARPETS (anagram of SET CARP)
Mnemonics
S: sarcoidosis
E: eosinophilic pneumonia
T: tuberculosis
C: cystic fibrosis
A: ankylosing spondylitis
R: radiation pneumonitis
P: pneumoconiosis
Article
Aortic arch branches (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the major branches of the aortic arch is:
ABC'S
Mnemonic
A: arch of aorta
B: brachiocephalic trunk
C: left common carotid artery
S: left subclavian artery
Article
Contents of the cubital fossa (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the contents of the cubital fossa is, from medial to lateral:
My Brother Throws Rad Parties
Mnemonic
M: median nerve
B: brachial artery
T: tendon of biceps
R: radial nerve
P: posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve
Article
Sonographic approach to dyspnea (mnemonic)
This mnemonic will help with the sonographic approach to the critically ill patient with dyspnea:
CHEST
Mnemonic
C: collapsed lung (pneumothorax)
absence of anterior lung sliding, lung pulse, B-lines, or z-lines
these artifacts arise from the pleural interface; their presence would rule ou...
Article
Cardiophrenic angle mass (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses of a cardiophrenic angle mass is:
Fat PAD
Mnemonic
F: fat
P: pericardial cyst
A: aneurysm, adenopathy
D: diaphragmatic hernia
Article
Skull vault bones (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the six skull vault bones is:
STEP OF 6
Mnemonic
S: sphenoid
T: temporal
E: ethmoid
P: parietal
O: occipital
F: frontal
6: number of skull bones
Article
Lumbar plexus roots (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the roots of the lumbar plexus is:
2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3
Mnemonic
2 nerves from 1 root: ilioinguinal (L1), iliohypogastric (L1)
2 nerves from 2 roots: genitofemoral (L1/L2), lateral femoral cutaneous (L2/L3)
2 nerves from 3 roots: obturator (L2/L3/L4), femo...
Article
Spermatic cord contents (mnemonic)
Handy mnemonics to recall the contents of the spermatic cord are:
Papers Don't Contribute To A Good Specialist Level
3 arteries, 3 nerves, 3 fascias, 3 other things
Mnemonics
Papers Don't Contribute To A Good Specialist Level
P: pampiniform plexus
D: ductus deferens
C: cremasteric artery
...
Article
Muscular attachments of the hyoid bone (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the muscle attachments of the hyoid bone. The first sentence is for six muscles attaching superiorly, the second sentence is for three muscles attaching inferiorly. Both sentences are in order from lateral to medial:
Christopher, He Didn't See Girls Much. That's Obvio...
Article
Medial wall of the orbit (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the bones forming the medial wall of the orbit is:
My Little Eye Sits (in the orbit); or
Medial Layer Eye Socket
Mnemonic
M: maxilla (frontal process)
L: lacrimal
E: ethmoid (lamina papyracea)
S: sphenoid (body)
Article
Diaphragmatic apertures (mnemonic)
Two useful mnemonics to remember the thoracic spinal levels at which the three major structures pass through the diaphragmatic apertures is:
I 8 10 eggs at 12 - where 8 is a homophone for 'ate' and the 'e' in eggs is for the US spelling of esophagus
the number of letters per structure
Mnemon...
Article
Erector spinae muscles (mnemonic)
There are multiple handy mnemonics to recall the erector spinae muscles. They usually describe the position from lateral to medial.
I Like Standing
I Love Sex
I Long for Spinach
I Like Siri
Mnemonic
I: iliocostalis
L: longissimus
S: spinalis
Article
Tarsal bones (mnemonic)
Mnemonics of the tarsal bone are numerous and useful for memorizing the order and location of tarsal bones. They describe the position of the tarsal bones from proximal to distal, medial to lateral:
The Cab in New Mexico Is Land Cruiser
The Cure of Nemaline Myopathy Is of Least Concern
Tiger ...
Article
Ejaculatory pathway of sperm (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the ejaculatory pathway of sperm is:
SEVEN UP
Mnemonic
S: seminiferous tubules of the testes
E: epididymis
V: ductus deferens
E: ejaculatory duct
N: nothing
U: urethra
P: penis
Article
Branches of the thoracoacromial artery (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the four branches of the thoracoacromial artery are:
ABCD
CAlifornia Police Department
Cadavers Are Dead People
PACkeD
Mnemonics
ABCD
A: acromial
B: breast (pectoral)
C: clavicular
D: deltoid
CAlifornia Police Department
C: clavicular
A: acromial
P: pe...
Article
Cervical incompetence morphological changes on ultrasound (mnemonic)
Sequential morphological ultrasound changes of the endocervical canal with cervical incompetence can be remembered using the mnemonic:
Trust Your Vaginal Ultrasound
Mnemonic
T-shaped (normal internal cervical os)
Y-shaped
V-shaped
U-shaped
Related article
cervical incompetence
funnelin...
Article
Male urethral segments (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic to remember the 4 segments of the male urethra from proximal to distal is:
Pet My Beautiful Pig
Mnemonic
P: prostatic
M: membranous
B: bulbous
P: penile
Posterior urethra equates to the prostatic and membranous urethras. Anterior urethra equates to the bulbous and peni...
Article
Ostiomeatal complex parts (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the five parts of the ostiomeatal complex is:
HI EMU
Mnemonic
H: hiatus semilunaris
I: infundibulum
E: ethmoidal bulla
M: maxillary ostium
U: uncinate process
Emus have large beaks, and hence could have large ostiomeatal complexes (if they had paranasal sinu...
Article
Innervation of the muscles of the middle ear (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember innervation of the muscles of the middle ear is:
ST
Mnemonic
S: stapedius is supplied by a branch of the facial nerve - the Seventh cranial nerve. It is also the Smallest muscle in the body, and inserts onto the neck of Stapes.
T: tensor tympani is supplied by a...
Article
Axillary artery branches (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the branches of the axillary artery are:
S AL SAP
Screw the lawyer, save a patient!
Mnemonics
S AL SAP
The gap between the 'S' and the 'AL' to emphasize that 'S' is 1st part and 'AL' are 2nd part
S: superior thoracic artery (from 1st part)
A: acromiothoracic (...
Article
Corpus callosum parts (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to help remember the parts of the corpus callosum, from anterior to posterior, is:
Remember Genu Before Splenium
Remember G Before S (as G comes before S alphabetically)
Mnemonic
R: rostrum
G: genu
B: body (trunk)
S: splenium
Article
Order of structures in the porta hepatis (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to help remember the order of structures in the porta hepatis from anterior to posterior is:
DAVE
Mnemonic
D: ducts (right and left hepatic duct branches)
A: arteries (right and left hepatic artery branches)
V: vein (portal vein)
E: epiploic foramen (of Winslow)
Article
Internal carotid artery segments (mnemonic)
The internal carotid artery segments, according to the Bouthillier classification, can be recalled by the following mnemonic:
C'mon Please Learn Carotid Clinical Organizing Classification
Mnemonic
C: cervical segment
P: petrous segment
L: lacerum segment
C: cavernous segment
C: clinoid se...
Article
Potter syndrome (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic to remember the common clinical features of Potter syndrome is:
POTTER
Mnemonic
P: pulmonary hypoplasia
O: oligohydramnios
T: twisted skin (wrinkly skin)
T: twisted face (Potter facies: low set ears, retrognathia, hypertelorism)
E: extremity deformities (limb deformitie...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segments (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the bronchopulmonary segments are:
A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm (right lung)
ASIA ALPS (left lung)
Mnemonics
'A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm'
right upper lobe
A: apical segment
P: posterior segment
A: anterior segment
middle lobe
L: lateral segment...
Article
Branches of ophthalmic artery (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the branches of the ophthalmic artery is:
DR MCLESSI
Mnemonic
D: dorsal nasal artery
R: (central) retinal artery
M: muscular artery
C: ciliary arteries (long, short and anterior)
L: lacrimal artery
E: ethmoidal arteries (anterior and posterior)
S: supraorbi...
Article
Branches of internal carotid artery (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the branches of the internal carotid artery is:
A VIP'S COMMA
Calming Voices Make Intra-Operative Surgery Pleasurable And Almost Memorable
Carotid Vessels Mnemonic Instantly Offers Super Powers And Aids Memory
Mnemonics
A VIP'S COMMA
A: anterior choroidal arter...
Article
Branches of anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the branches of the anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery is:
I <3 U SUMO SIL which reads as "I love you sumo Sil"
Mnemonic
I: internal pudendal artery
I: inferior vesical artery *
I: inferior gluteal artery
U: uterine artery (in femal...
Article
Hepatic capsular retraction (mnemonic)
The following mnemonics can be used as reminders of the causes of hepatic capsular retraction:
CT CHIEF
FILTH E
FITCH
Mnemonics
CT CHIEF
C: cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic)
T: treated hepatic metastasis or hepatocellular carcinoma
C: cirrhosis with confluent hepatic fibrosis
H: hemangi...
Article
Hand intrinsic muscles innervated by the median nerve (mnemonic)
All the intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the ulnar nerve, except four muscles which are supplied by the median nerve and are easily recalled with the mnemonic:
FOAL or LOAF
Mnemonic
F: flexor pollicis brevis
O: opponens pollicis
A: abductor pollicis brevis
L: lateral two lum...
Article
Stellate breast lesions: causes (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the causes of a stellate breast lesion is:
STARFACE
Mnemonic
S: summation shadow
T: tumor (i.e. invasive breast cancer)
A: abscess
R: radial scar
F: fibroadenoma / fat necrosis
A: adenosis (sclerosing)
CE: other causes, hematoma (e.g. postoperative, post biops...
Article
Complications of petrous temporal bone fracture (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the complications of transverse and longitudinal petrous temporal bone fractures is:
Listen Carefully To Something Funny
Mnemonic
listen carefully = longitudinal / conductive hearing loss
to something funny = transverse / sensorineural hearing loss and facial nerve...
Article
Fluid-fluid level containing bone lesions (mnemonic)
There is a handy mnemonic for fluid-fluid levels of bone lesions on MRI:
GOATS CSF
Mnemonic
G: giant cell tumor
O: osteoblastoma
A: aneurysmal bone cyst
T: telangiectatic osteosarcoma
S: sarcomas
C: chondroblastoma
S: simple (unicameral) bone cyst
F: fibroxanthoma
Article
Aging blood on MRI (mnemonic)
Aging blood on MRI is dependent on the varying MRI signal characteristics of hemorrhagic collections with time and can be very useful in correlating the imaging findings with the clinical picture. However, as it can be complicated to recall the MRI features of aging blood through the 5 stages of...
Article
Sacral nerve plexus - anterior components (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the anterior components of the sacral plexus is:
too much sex in the quad
Mnemonic
tibial portion (L4-S2) of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
nerve to internal obturator and superior gemellus muscles (L5-S2)
nerve to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles (L4-S1)
Article
Osteochondroma malignant transformation (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for listing the radiological and clinical features suggestive of osteochondroma malignant (sarcomatous) transformation is 1:
GLAD PaST
Mnemonic
G: growth after skeletal maturity
L: lucency (new)
A: additional scintigraphic activity
D: destruction (cortical)
P: pain after...
Article
Meniscofemoral ligament (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for how the meniscofemoral ligaments course in relation to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is:
the posterior meniscofemoral ligament (of Wrisberg) rides the PCL (i.e. is posterosuperior)
the anterior meniscofemoral ligament (of Humphrey) is humped by the PCL (i.e....
Article
Charcot joint causes (mnemonic)
The causes of a Charcot joint can be remembered, using a mnemonic - with a little poetic license - as they (all) start with the letter S.
Mnemonic
s: sugar (diabetes)
s: syphilis
s: steroid use
s: syringomyelia
s: spinal cord injury
s: spina bifida
s: scleroderma
s: scaly disease (lepro...
Article
Rule of 2s in Meckel diverticulum
The rule of 2s is a useful mnemonic for the features of Meckel diverticulum, although the figures do have a broad range:
occur in 2% of the population
are 2 inches (5 cm) long
are 2 feet (60 cm) from the ileocecal valve
2/3 have ectopic mucosa
2 types of ectopic tissue are commonly present ...
Article
Tumors that metastasize to bone (mnemonic)
Tumors that metastasize to bone may be remembered using the mnemonic "PBKTL", rendered as "lead kettle", as "Pb" is the standard abbreviation for the chemical element, lead.
PB-KTL
Mnemonic
P: prostate
B: breast
K: kidney
T: thyroid
L: lung
For females, breast and lung are the most commo...
Article
Surgically-created cardiac shunts (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for surgically-created cardiac shunts for congenital heart disease is:
Great Flow Really Would Be Perfect
The mnemonic is ordered by the position of the shunt antegrade to normal blood flow through the heart, proceeding from the systemic venous system into the right heart, and then...
Article
Marginal artery of Drummond and arc of Riolan (mnemonic)
Remembering the colon vascular supply can be confusing because of inconstant collateral vascularization, therefore mnemonics can be helpful.
One way to remember the location of the marginal artery of Drummond is to remember that it runs distally to the root of the mesentery (near the colon).
I...
Article
Medullary nephrocalcinosis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic used to remember the etiology of medullary nephrocalcinosis is:
HAM HOP
Mnemonic
H: hyperparathyroidism
A: (renal tubular) acidosis
M: medullary sponge kidney
H: hypercalcemia/hypercalciuria
O: oxalosis
P: papillary necrosis
See also
cortical nephrocalcinosis mnemonic
renal...
Article
Cortical nephrocalcinosis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for common causes of cortical nephrocalcinosis are:
COAG
GOAT
Mnemonics
COAG
C: cortical necrosis
O: oxalosis
A: Alport syndrome
G: glomerulonephritis (chronic)
GOAT
G: glomerulonephritis (chronic)
O: oxalosis
A: Alport syndrome/ acute cortical necrosis
T: transplant rejec...
Article
Branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery are:
SOI VU MR PIG (it can be remembered as SO fourth (IV) U MR PIG)
Oranges Under Some Ice Might Peel Instantly
Some Old Uteruses May Get Prolapsed (the consistent branches, in order, in females)
Mnemon...
Article
Upper and lower lobe distribution of bilateral pulmonary pathologies (mnemonic)
The upper and lower lobe distribution of certain bilateral pulmonary pathologies can be recalled using the following mnemonics:
upper lobe or apical predominance: CASSET HPP or SET CAP
lower lobe or bibasilar predominance: BAD RASH
Mnemonics
CASSET HPP
C: cystic fibrosis
A: ankylosing spo...
Article
Gynecomastia causes (mnemonic)
Mnemonic for the causes of gynecomastia:
CODES
Mnemonic
C: cirrhosis
O: obesity
D: digoxin
E: estrogen
S: spironolactone
Article
Persistent communications between the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to recall the persistent communications between the anterior (carotid) and posterior (vertebrobasilar) systems is:
HOT Pepper
Knowledge of these anatomical variants is important to avoid confusion with pathology and to prevent inadvertent injury during surgery.
Mnemonic
H: hypoglo...
Article
Corpus callosum hyperintensity (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the causes of corpus callosum hyperintensity is:
I MADE A PHD
Mnemonic
I: infections (e.g. tuberculosis, varicella, rotavirus, HSV)
M: Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome
A: AIDS encephalopathy
D: diffuse axonal injury and diffuse vascular injury
E: epilepsy
A:...
Article
Endobronchial metastases (mnemonic)
Primary neoplasms which may result in endobronchial metastases may be memorized by utilizing the following mnemonic:
Kiss My RBC 1
Mnemonic
K: Kaposi sarcoma
M: melanoma
R: renal cell carcinoma
B: breast cancer
C: colorectal carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, carcinoid
See also
endobronchi...
Article
Sacral plexus branches (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the branches of the sacral plexus is:
Six Ps: as all of the nerves of the anterior rami (prior to its division) start with the letter P
SLIP, DSP: if you slip over, you may need to go on the DSP (Disability Support Pension)
Mnemonic
Six Ps
nerve to piriformis (S1-...
Article
Hyperintense on T1-weighted images (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for hyperintense T1-weighted lesions include:
My Best Friend is Pretty Cool
3 Fs and 4 Ms
Mnemonic
My Best Friend is Pretty Cool:
M: melanin
B: blood (i.e. methemoglobin in subacute hemorrhage)
F: fat and slow flow
P: protein; paramagnetic substances (e.g. manganese, copper); p...
Article
Segmental bronchi of the right lower lobe (mnemonic)
The anatomy of the segmental bronchi of the right lower lobe can be remembered by using one of several mnemonics. The segments are as follows:
SMALL P (feel free to make the "P" into its own word)
Sometimes My Animals Love Petting
Mnemonics
S: superior (B6)
M: medial basal (B7)
A: anteri...
Article
Eggshell calcification in thorax and mediastinum (mnemonic)
Helpful mnemonics to remember the major causes of eggshell calcification of the nodes in the thorax and mediastinum are:
A Silly Cool Sergeant Likes His Tubercular Blast
Sam Smith Likes His Smart ABC Mnemonic
Mnemonics
A Silly Cool Sergeant Likes His Tubercular Blast
A: amyloid...
Article
Nasopharyngeal masses (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of nasopharyngeal masses is:
SAIL
Mnemonic
S: squamous cell carcinoma
A: antrochoanal polyp (extending from sinonasal cavity)
I: inverted papilloma (extending from sinonasal cavity)
L: lymphoma
Article
Layers of the scrotum (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the layers of the scrotum is:
Some Damn Englishman Called It The Testes
Mnemonic
S: skin
D: dartos fascia and muscle
E: external spermatic fascia
C: cremasteric fascia
I: internal spermatic fascia
T: tunica vaginalis
T: tunica albuginea
Article
Cystic lesions of the spleen (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of cystic lesions in the spleen is:
TEAM
Mnemonic
T: trauma
E: echinococcal
A: abscess
M: metastasis
Article
Bladder wall calcification (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the causes of bladder wall calcification is:
CREST
Mnemonic
C: cystitis post radiation therapy/chemotherapy/chronic infection
R: radiation
E: eosinophilic cystitis
S: schistosomiasis
T: tuberculosis
Article
Abnormal collection of barium anywhere (mnemonic)
A mnemonic used for abnormal collection of barium anywhere in the body:
FED UP
Mnemonic
F: fistula
E: extravasation
D: diverticulum
U: ulcer
P: perforation
Article
Causes of sacroiliitis - symmetric vs asymmetric (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for remembering the symmetric vs asymmetric causes of sacroiliitis is:
PAIR
Mnemonic
P: psoriatic arthritis
A: ankylosing spondylitis
I: inflammatory bowel disease related
R: reactive (e.g. reactive arthritis)
The asymmetric letters (P and R) are the asymmetric causes
The symm...
Article
5-F risk factors for cholelithiasis (mnemonic)
The 5-F rule refers to risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis in the event of upper abdominal pain:
fair: more prevalent in the Caucasian population 1
fat: BMI >30 kg/m2 and hyperlipidemia 3,4
female
fertile: one or more children
forty: age ≥40 years
cholelithiasis can occur in...
Article
Branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the three branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery include:
I Love Sex
PILLS G
Mnemonics
I Love Sex
I: iliolumbar artery
L: lateral sacral artery
S: superior gluteal artery
PILLS G
P: posterior division of the internal iliac artery
IL: iliol...
Article
Low signal masses in synovium (mnemonic)
Mnemonic for masses in the synovium which show low signal on all pulse sequences:
PACS
Mnemonic
P: pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) (now known as tenosynovial giant cell tumor)
A: amyloid
C: chronic bleeding disorders, e.g. hemophilia
S: synovial osteochondromatosis
Article
Lumbar plexus (mnemonic)
Handy mnemonics to recall the branches of the lumbar plexus are:
Indecent Ian Gets Laid On Fridays Luckily
Itchy Igor Gets Laid On Fridays Luckily
(ItcHy - iliohypogastric, IGor - ilioinguinal)
IIGLO For aLl
IIGLO is used in place of an igloo
Interested In Getting Lucky On Friday, Love?
...
Article
Accessory ossicles of the wrist (mnemonic)
The accessory ossicles of the wrist can be easily recalled with the mnemonics:
LOTTEO 1
HOTELS
Mnemonics
LOTTEO
L: lunula
O: os styloideum (carpal boss)
T: (os) triangulare
T: (os) trapezium secondarium
E: (os) epilunate
O: os hamuli proprium
HOTELS
H: (os) hamuli proprium
O: os tri...
Article
Femoral triangle contents (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to recall the order of the femoral vessels and nerve as they emerge from beneath the inguinal ligament into the femoral triangle are:
NAVY
NAVEL
Mnemonics
NAVY
From lateral to medial:
N: femoral nerve
A: femoral artery
V: femoral vein
Y: "Y-fronts" (i.e. the midline)
It shoul...
Article
Rotator cuff (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to recall the muscles of the rotator cuff are:
SITS
TISS
Mnemonic
S: supraspinatus
I: infraspinatus
T: teres minor
S: subscapularis
With 'SITS', recalling this order also helps remember the insertions of these muscles, with the order being superior, middle, and inferior facets ...
Article
Causes of pancreatitis (mnemonic)
A catchy and early learnt mnemonic for recalling some of the causes of pancreatitis is:
I GET SMASHED
Mnemonic
I: idiopathic
G: gallstones, genetic - cystic fibrosis
E: ethanol (alcohol)
T: trauma
S: steroids
M: mumps (and other infections)/malignancy
A: autoimmune
S: scorpion stings/s...
Article
Foramen ovale contents (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember foramen ovale contents is:
OVALE
Mnemonic
O: otic ganglion (inferior)
V: V3 cranial nerve (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)
A: accessory meningeal artery
L: lesser petrosal nerve
E: emissary veins
Article
Inguinal canal walls (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic to remember the walls of the inguinal canal is:
MALT: (2M, 2A, 2L, 2T)
Mnemonic
Starting from superior, moving counterclockwise in order to posterior:
Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles
internal oblique Muscle
transversus abdominis Muscle
Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses
Apon...
Article
Profunda femoris branches (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the branches of the profunda femoris artery:
Put My Leg Down Please
Mnemonic
P: profunda femoris (deep femoral artery)
M: medial circumflex femoral artery
L: lateral circumflex femoral artery
D: descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery
P: perforati...
Article
Subclavian artery branches (mnemonic)
Helpful mnemonics to remember the branches of the subclavian artery include:
Very Indignant Tired Individuals Sip Tasty Almond Coffee Served Double Daily
VIT C, D (as in vitamins C and D)
Mnemonics
Very Indignant Tired Individuals Sip Tasty Almond Coffee Served Double Daily
V: vertebral art...
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