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Behavioral changes in obstructive sleep apnea (mnemonic)

A mnemonic used to remember the behavioral changes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is: APRIL Mnemonic A: aggression P: poor school performance R: restlessness I: irritability L: lack of concentration

Temporal bone fracture complications (mnemonic)

A helpful mnemonic for remembering the complications of temporal bone fractures that may require early intervention is: CLONE Mnemonic C: carotid artery injury L: leakage of CSF O: other intracranial complications, e.g. hematoma N: nerve injury leading to complete facial paralysis E: ext...

Auditory brainstem response tracing (mnemonic)

This mnemonic helps when remembering the ascending order of structures that correspond to each waveform in an auditory brainstem response (ABR) tracing: E COLI Mnemonic E: eighth nerve action potential (wave I) C: cochlear nucleus (wave II) O: olivary complex (superior) (wave III) L: later...

T2 hyperintense basal ganglia (mnemonic)

A helpful mnemonic to recall the causes of T2 hyperintense basal ganglia is: LINT Mnemonic L: lymphoma I: ischemia N: neurodegenerative conditions T: toxins See also For a more detailed differential please see the basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity article.

Trauma CT thorax review areas (mnemonic)

Trauma CT thorax review areas are useful to reduce the potential for error, which is higher than usual given the larger number of images requiring review, and the often present time pressures and the potential presence of numerous concurrent injuries (see CT polytrauma). Using some standard re...

Pediatric posterior fossa tumors (mnemonic)

Tumors of the posterior fossa in children can be remembered using the mnemonic: BEAM Mnemonic The mnemonic is not in order of prevalence; medulloblastoma is the most common, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma, brainstem glioma, ependymoma, and AT/RT 1. B: brainstem glioma E: ependymoma A: a...

Wormian bones (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember ten of the numerous conditions associated with Wormian bones is: PORKCHOPS Mnemonic P: pyknodysostosis O: osteogenesis imperfecta R: rickets K: kinky hair syndrome C: cleidocranial dysostosis H: hypothyroidism/hypophosphatasia ...

Chiari II malformation

Chiari II malformations are relatively common congenital malformations of the spine and posterior fossa characterized by myelomeningocele (lumbosacral spina bifida aperta) and a small posterior fossa with descent of the brainstem, cerebellar tonsils, and vermis through the foramen magnum. Numero...

Basal ganglia T2 hypointensity (mnemonic)

The commonest causes of basal ganglia T2 hypointensity can be recalled using the following mnemonic: ChOMP Mnemonic Ch: childhood hypoxia O: old age M: multiple sclerosis P: Parkinson's disease, more in globus pallidus

Peripheral lung opacities (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for peripheral lung opacities seen on chest x-ray or CT are useful to remember differentials. Examples include: AEIOU SIC CUE Mnemonics AEIOU A: alveolar sarcoidosis E: eosinophilic pneumonia I: infarction O: organizing pneumonia (including COP) U: usual interstitial pneumonit...

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics for neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) are: MISME rule of 2s Mnemonics MISME M: multiple I: inherited S: schwannomas M: meningiomas and E: ependymomas In fact, labeling this disorder neurofibromatosis type 2 is a misnomer, because neurofibromas are not a part of its cons...

Causes of oligohydramnios (mnemonic)

A helpful mnemonic for remembering some causes of oligohydramnios is: DRIPPC Mnemonic D: demise R: renal abnormalities (decreased urine output) I: IUGR P: premature rupture of membranes P: post-dates C: chromosomal anomalies

Cerebellopontine angle mass (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for the common cerebellopontine angle masses include: AMEN or MEAN SAME ANGLES Mnemonics AMEN/MEAN A: acoustic neuroma (a.k.a. vestibular schwannoma) (~80%) M: meningioma (~10%) E: ependymoma (~5%) N: neuroepithelial cyst (arachnoid/epidermoid) (~5%) SAME S: schwannoma ves...

Pituitary region mass (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics for remembering the differentials for pituitary region masses (in addition to macroadenoma) are: SATCHMO/STOMACH 1,2 MOuSTACHE SOME ACTH HORMONE Mnemonics SATCHMO/STOMACH S: sarcoid A: aneurysm T: teratoma or tuberculosis (and other granulomatous diseases) C: cranioph...

Cerebral ring enhancing lesions (mnemonic)

Convenient mnemonics for the causes of cerebral ring enhancing lesions are: MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC DR MAGIC L MAGICAL DR Mnemonics MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC M: metastasis A: abscess G: glioblastoma I: infarct (subacute phase) or inflammatory (neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma) C: contusion D: ...

Lucent/lytic bone lesion - differential diagnosis (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for the differential diagnosis of lucent/lytic bone lesions include: FEGNOMASHIC FOG MACHINES They are anagrams of each other and therefore include the same components. They are by no means exhaustive lists, but are a good start for remembering a differential for a lucent/lytic bone...

Facial nerve branches (mnemonic)

There are many mnemonics to recall the branches of the facial nerve (superior to inferior) as they exit the anterior border of the parotid gland. Examples include: Tall Zulus Bear Many Children Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx Ten Zebras Buggered My Car To Zanzibar By Motor Car Two Zombies Buggered...

Internal auditory canal nerves (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the relative position of nerves inside the internal auditory canal (IAC) is: Seven up, Coke down A variation may include the addition of: V8 on the back shelf Anatomy Four nerves pass through the IAC: facial nerve (CN VII) three components of the vestibulocochlear n...

Salter-Harris fracture classification (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics for remembering the Salter-Harris classification system are: SALTR SMACK SMETI Fortunately, this is also the order of prognosis (from best to worse) Mnemonics SALTR S: slipped (type I) A: above or away from joint (type II) L: lower (type III) T: through or transverse o...

Brachial plexus root subdivisions (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for brachial plexus root subdivisions include: Rad Techs Drink Cold Beer Robbie T Drinks Cold Beer Rugby Teams Drink Cold Beers Reach To Drink Cold Beer Read That Damn Cadaver Book Really Tired, Don't Care Now (nerve instead of branch) Red Toucans Don't Come Back Mnemonic Whe...

Osteonecrosis causes (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for the causes of osteonecrosis (previously known as avascular necrosis): STARS PLASTIC RAGS ASEPTIC Mnemonics STARS Most common causes: S: steroids, SLE T: trauma (e.g. femoral neck fracture, hip dislocation, scaphoid fracture, slipped capital femoral epiphysis 2) A: alcohol ...

Cavernous sinus contents (mnemonic)

The cavernous sinus contents (structures within the sinus proper and also in its lateral wall) and their relative positions can be recalled with the following mnemonic: O TOM CAT Consider a coronal view of the cavernous sinus. 'O TOM' are the first letters of components of the lateral wall of...

Hemorrhagic intracranial metastases (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for primary malignancies responsible for hemorrhagic intracranial metastases is: MR CT BB MR CT HBO Mnemonic MR CT BB M: melanoma R: renal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: thyroid carcinoma, teratoma B: bronchogenic carcinoma B: breast carcinoma MR CT HBO M: melanoma ...

Superior orbital fissure (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for all structures passing through the superior orbital fissure (superior to inferior) is: Long Fissures Seem To Store Only Nerves, Instead Of Arteries, Including Ophthalmic Veins Mnemonics for the nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure include: Lazy French Tarts Sit N...

Extraocular muscle involvement in thyroid associated orbitopathy (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the order in which extraocular muscles are involved in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is: I'M SLOw Mnemonic I: inferior rectus M: medial rectus S: superior rectus L: lateral rectus O: obliques muscles (superior oblique and inferior oblique) There is some deba...

Elbow ossification (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for elbow ossification include CRITOE and CRITOL. These are essentially the same, apart from the terminal letter which represents the External or Lateral epicondyle. Mnemonics CRITOE C: capitellum R: radial head I: internal epicondyle T: trochlea O: olecranon E: external epicon...

Pulmonary cavity (mnemonic)

A particularly helpful mnemonic for causes of pulmonary cavities is: CAVITY Mnemonic C: cancer lung cancer: most frequently squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cavitary pulmonary metastasis(es): most frequently SCC A: autoimmune; granulomas from granulomatosis with polyangiitis rheumatoid ar...

Bochdalek hernia features (mnemonic)

A helpful mnemonic for remembering the features of a Bochdalek hernia is: 5 Bs Mnemonic B: Bochdalek B: big B: back and lateral, usually on the left side B: baby B: bad (associated with pulmonary hypoplasia) To remember the side in which a Bochdalek hernia more commonly occurs (and to co...

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (mnemonic)

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are diffuse interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. A useful mnemonic for the American Thoracic Society-European Respiratory Society (ATS-ERS) classification of IIPs is: All Idiopathic Chronic Lung Disease aRe Nonspecifically Patterned The mnemoni...

Chondrocalcinosis (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for chondrocalcinosis include: 3 Cs HOGWASH Mnemonics 3 Cs C: crystals e.g. CPPD, sodium urate (gout) C: cations e.g. calcium (any cause of hypercalcemia), copper, iron C: cartilage degeneration (e.g. osteoarthritis, acromegaly, ochronosis) HOGWASH H: hyperparathyroidism, hyp...

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