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Paediatric femur (lateral view)

The lateral femur view for paediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joint. Indications This view demonstrates the femur in an orthogonal position to the AP view. This allows assessment of suspected dislocations, fractures, localis...

Paediatric femur (AP view)

The anteroposterior femur view for paediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joints. Indications This view demonstrates the paediatric femur in its natural anatomical position allowing for assessment of suspected dislocations, frac...

Femur series (paediatric)

The femur series for paediatrics is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP), and lateral radiograph. The series is utilised to assess for abnormalities pertaining to the shaft of the femur (often requested when fringe abnormality is seen on hip or knee radiographs). It is not an effective series to...

Paediatric knee (AP view)

The anteroposterior knee view for paediatrics is one of two views in order to examine the knee joint, patella, distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, additional views such as the skyline and intercondyler views may also be performe...

Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan

Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, also known by the trade name Zevalin (Acrotech Biopharma LLC, USA), is a theranostic radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low grade or follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). More specifically, it is a radioimmunot...

Film processing

Film processing is a procedure whereby a latent image on a film is processed to become a visible radiograph. It consists of four major steps namely: development, fixing, washing, and drying. Process Development Developer solution (e.g. hydroquinone or phenidone) is used to reduce more silver ...

Radium-223 dichloride

Radium-223 dichloride, trade name Xofigo, is a radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with symptomatic bone metastases and no visceral disease from prostate cancer resistant to anti androgen therapy. The molecule mimics calcium and forms a complex with hydroxyapatite at sites...

Notch width index

The notch width index (NWI) is a measurement that has been proposed as a possible indicator of the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries 5. Measurement The NWI is assessed on the tunnel view radiograph of the knee as the ratio between the width of the intercondylar notch and the width of...

CT gastrointenstinal bleed (protocol)

A CT gastro-intestinal bleed protocol utilises a multiphasic technique to detect active gastrointestinal bleeding (as well as other potential non-bleeding bowel disease 1. Note: This article is a general guideline for evaluating CT gastrointestinal bleeds. Protocol factors are variable as they...

Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan

Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan, trade name Pluvicto, also known as 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a theranostic (i.e. both therapeutic and diagnostic) agent approved as a treatment for adult patients with treatment-resistant advanced metastatic prostate cancer. The treatment works by binding to cancer ...

Lutetium-177 dotatate

Lutetium-177 dotatate, also known as Lu-177 oxodotreotide and by the trade name Lutathera (Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, USA), is a theranostic agent approved as a second-line agent for the treatment of patients with inoperable and/or metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours...

Knee series (paediatric)

The knee series for paediatrics consists of an anteroposterior and a lateral projection. Indications trauma with a suspected fracture inability to weight-bear suspected foreign body or bony lesions Projections anteroposterior view lateral view Gonadal shielding The ...

Brachial artery Doppler assessment for detecting endothelial dysfunction

Brachial artery Doppler assessment for detecting endothelial dysfunction is performed for detecting and classifying endothelial dysfunction by measuring the vascular dilation of the brachial artery, which is highly related to coronary endothelial dysfunction 1,4. This test is generally indicate...

Iodine-131 iobenguane

Iodine-131 iobenguane, trade name Azedra, sometimes referred to as I-131 MIBG, is a theranostic (i.e. both therapeutic and diagnostic) agent used for the treatment of unresectable phaeochromocytomas, paragangliomas, carcinoid, and neuroblastomas. It is created using the high specificity Ultrat...

Oesophageal foreign bodies

Oesophageal foreign bodies are frequently encountered in clinical practice, representing the most common site for ingested foreign bodies or food impaction within the gastrointestinal tract. This article discusses oesophageal foreign bodies; a general view of the theme is available in the main...

Gastro-oesophageal reflux grading

Gastro-oesophagal reflux grading is based on the vertical height that contrast-media reaches during fluoroscopy 1: grade I: reflux in the distal oesophagus grade II: reflux up to or just above the carina grade III: reflux into cervical oesophagus grade IV: reflux in the cervical oesophagus w...

Tibia fibula series (paediatric)

The tibia fibula series for paediatrics consists of an anteroposterior and a lateral projection. Indications trauma with a suspected fracture inability to weight-bear suspected foreign body or bony lesions Projections anteroposterior view lateral view Gonadal shield...

Endobronchial blocker device

An endobronchial blocker (also sometimes referred to a bronchial blocker) is a flexible tube with an inflatable balloon at its distal end. The device is purposefully inserted into the proximal aspect of a main bronchus to induce one lung ventilation. It may be placed via bronchoscopic guidance o...

Paediatric tibia fibula (lateral view)

The paediatric tibia fibula lateral view is part of a two-view series of the entire tibia, fibula, and both the knee and ankle joint. Indications The tibia fibula lateral view is performed for evaluation of the lower leg in paediatric patients. It allows for assessment of fractures in trauma ...

CT abdominal aorta (protocol)

CT abdominal aorta can be performed with or without contrast. The decision is based on the indication, clinical indications provided, and vascular access. Various scanning methods can be utilised depending on the scanner and patient demographics. NB: This article relates to general protocol des...

Paediatric tibia fibula (AP view)

The paediatric tibia fibula anteroposterior view is part of a two-view series of the entire tibia, fibula, and both the knee and ankle joint. Indications The tibia fibula AP view is performed for evaluation of the lower leg in paediatric patients. It allows for assessment of fractures in trau...

Optical density

Optical density is a measure of the degree of radiographic film darkening, and is related to the proportion of incident x-ray photons that are transmitted through the tissue and strike the film 1. Usage Optical density is used to describe the level of film exposure in film-screen radiography. ...

Paediatric ankle (lateral view)

The lateral ankle view for paediatrics is one of three views to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal. Indications The lateral projection demonstrates the ankle joint orthogonal to the AP ankle view. It is useful in diagnosing fractures, joint s...

Pico method

The Pico method is a CT-based calculation of glenoid bone loss in terms of an area (expressed in mm 2 or surface percentage). Before treatment, glenoid bone defect quantification with PICO method is required to select the best option (i.e. arthroscopy vs open surgery with bone transposition). M...

Scapulohumeral arthrodesis with a reconstruction plate

Shoulder arthrodesis with reconstruction plate aims to relieve pain and provide a stable site for elbow and hand function and also to allow for active and limited elevation of the shoulder with scapulothoracic motion. Plates are a useful method for glenohumeral salvage in cases without severe bo...

Short humeral stem arthroplasthy

A short humeral stem arthroplasty is less than 100 mm in length (standard-length > 100 mm) and comprises titanium with a proximal porous surface coating and metaphyseal press-fit fixation Advantages and disadvantages Advantages preserving bone stock eliminates damaging biological effects of ...

Paediatric ankle (mortise view)

The mortise ankle view for paediatrics is one of three views to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, the mortise view may or may not be performed. Terminology Mortise and mortice are v...

Pyrocarbon

Pyrocarbon or pyrolytic carbon is a synthetic material that, due to its tribological properties and biocompatibility, particularly with blood, was initially used in the medical field for mechanical heart valves. To make pyrocarbon-coated orthopaedic implants, a graphite substrate is coated with...

Glenoiditis

Glenoiditis or glenoid wear is the progressive erosion/wear of the native glenoid and is the most common complication of shoulder hemiarthroplasty. It may be caused by oversized humeral heads and insufficient joint release. Epidemiology Glenoiditis after shoulder hemiarthroplasty occurs in one...

Epiphyseal cortical irregularity

An epiphyseal cortical irregularity is an anatomical variant featuring a fragmented appearance of the distal femoral epiphysis in children. Epidemiology Epiphyseal cortical irregularity is a rare finding, accounting for 6.7% of all incidental findings on a knee radiograph series 1. It has a h...

Paediatric ankle (AP view)

The anteroposterior ankle view for paediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal. Indications This projection demonstrates the ankle joint in its natural anatomical position. It is useful in diagnosing fractu...

Centrifugal (inside-out) enhancement of liver haemangioma

Centrifugal (inside-out) enhancement of liver haemangioma are a type of atypical hepatic haemangioma, which due to its imaging features, often raises the concern of a malignant process rather than a benign one. Epidemiology Centrifugal (inside-out) enhancement of liver haemangiomas are a rela...

Ankle series (paediatric)

The ankle series for paediatrics consists of an anteroposterior, mortise and a lateral projection. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, the mortise view may or may not be performed. Indications trauma with a suspected fracture suspected dislocation inability t...

Attenuation imaging (ultrasound)

Attenuation imaging is an emerging method (c.2022) used for detection hepatic steatosis. It provides the function of quantifying and reducing the colour code of liver decay factors, which may be due to changes in hepatic composition (such as increased fat content) 1-3. The ATI value is defined ...

Paediatric foot (lateral view)

The lateral foot view for paediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the phalanges, metatarsals and tarsal bones of the foot. Indications This projection demonstrates the foot joint orthogonal to the natural anatomical position. It is useful in diagnosing fractures, soft tissue eff...

Mandible (axiolateral oblique view)

The axiolateral oblique mandible view allows for visualisation of the mandibular body, mandibular ramus, condylar process and mentum. Indications This projection is useful in identifying structural changes and displaced fractures of the mandible in a trauma setting, and in neoplastic or inflam...

CT orbits (protocol)

CT orbits (computed tomography of the orbits) involves the visualisation of bony and soft tissue structures of the orbits. This examination is most commonly performed as a non-contrast scan or reconstructed from other examinations such as a CT head/face. Contrast-enhanced scans are utilised depe...

CT neck, chest, abdomen-pelvis (NCAP protocol)

The CT neck chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol aims to evaluate the neck, thoracic and abdominal structures using contrast in trauma imaging. The use of contrast facilitates the assessment of pathologies globally whilst minimising dose by potentially disregarding a non-contrast scan. Note: This art...

Normal imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system. brain head and neck spine chest breast gastrointestinal genitourinary hepatobiliary upper limb lower limb paediatrics

Paediatric foot (medial oblique view)

The medial oblique foot view for paediatrics is one of three views performed to examine the phalanges, metatarsals and tarsal bones of the foot. Indications This projection is useful in diagnosing fractures; particularly 5th metatarsal fractures, soft tissue effusions, joint space abnormalitie...

Paediatric foot (DP view)

The dorsoplantar foot view for paediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the phalanges, metatarsals and tarsal bones of the foot. Indications This projection demonstrates the foot joint in its natural anatomical position. It is useful in diagnosing fractures, soft tissue effusions...

Foot series (paediatric)

The foot series for paediatrics consists of a dorsoplantar (DP), medial oblique and a lateral projection. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, the medial oblique view may or may not be performed. Indications trauma with suspected fracture suspected dislocation ...

Lower limb radiography (paediatric)

Lower limb radiography involves plain film imaging of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle bones in paediatric patients. Depending on the patient's age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist-trained radiographer familiar with a variety of distraction and immobilisa...

Paediatric scaphoid (axial view)

The scaphoid axial view in paediatrics examines the scaphoid bone in its true anatomical position. Since minimising radiation dose is essential in paediatric imaging, one posteroanterior angled view of the scaphoid is usually sufficient. The scaphoid bone begins ossification at age 5 years and c...

Paediatric clavicle (AP cephalic view)

The cephalad angulation clavicle view for paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and seve...

Paediatric clavicle (AP view)

The anteroposterior clavicle view for paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and severity...

Harris ring

A Harris ring is a ring-like shadow observed at the base of the odontoid process on a lateral radiograph of the cervical spine. It is formed by the superimposition of the lateral masses of the C2 vertebra (axis) on its body. Disruption of the Harris ring is seen in type III, and less commonly, ...

Virtual grid

Virtual grid softwares are a relatively new innovation utilising no physical grid at all. Instead, the original purpose of a grid is replicated by an algorithm 1 based on fundamental mathematics (i.e. Laplace transformation, wavelet transformation and Gaussian decomposition) which iteratively re...

Clavicle series (paediatrics)

The clavicle series for paediatrics is a two-view series containing an anteroposterior and a cranially angled axial radiograph. Depending on the patient's level of distress and severity of the injury, adapting the radiographic technique to suit a child sitting in bed or lying supine may be neces...

Paediatric shoulder (lateral view)

The lateral shoulder view in paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the shoulder joint, clavicle, scapula and proximal humerus. Indications This projection is an orthogonal view of the AP shoulder and is useful in paediatric imaging for identifying potential fractures or dislocati...

Foot (DP talus view)

The medial oblique axial talus view, also known as the Canale view, is a specialised projection of the talus bone, more specifically the talar neck. Indications This view is specifically indicated when assessing talar neck fracture and/or their follow-up. It is particularly useful to assess va...

Timed barium oesophagogram

The timed barium oesophagogram (TBO) is a simple physiologic assessment and objective method for assessing the oesophageal emptying used in patients with suspected achalasia and to evaluate and follow up patients who have been treated with myotomy or pneumatic dilatation1,3. Technique Several ...

Nephrostogram

Nephrostogram, also known as antegrade pyelogram, is a special x-ray procedure that fluoroscopically evaluates the upper collecting system by introducing water-soluble contrast through the nephrostomy catheter. Indications Nephrostogram can be useful to determine tube position or assess resid...

Paediatric shoulder (AP view)

The anteroposterior shoulder view in paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the shoulder joint, clavicle, scapula and proximal humerus. Indications This projection demonstrates the shoulder joint in natural anatomical position and is used as an orthogonal view to the lateral shoul...

Broden's view

The Broden's view (or Broden view) is a specialised projection that accurately 1 examines the large posterior calcaneal facet and the subtalar joint 2. As technology advances, computed tomography (CT) has widely been used to better visualise and characterise fragment displacements and fracture ...

Long axial hindfoot alignment view

The long axial hindfoot alignment view is a specialised, weight-bearing radiographic view that examines the hindfoot alignment as part of a foot and ankle instability investigation. The long axial view requires no equipment and has higher inter-observer reliability compared to the standard hin...

Hindfoot alignment view

The hindfoot alignment view is a specialised, weight-bearing radiographic view that examines the hindfoot alignment as part of a foot and ankle instability investigation. The long axial view requires no equipment and has higher inter-observer reliability when measuring angular hindfoot alignme...

Foot (weight-bearing medial oblique view)

The weight-bearing medial oblique view of the foot is a specialised projection that places the foot under normal weight-bearing conditions. The projection is utilised to assess the foot under stress and better demonstrate structural and functional deformities. Indications This projection is ...

Ankle (weight-bearing mortise view)

The weight-bearing mortise (mortice is equally correct) view of the ankle is a specialised projection that places the joint under normal weight-bearing conditions. The projection is utilised to assess the joint under stress and better demonstrate structural and functional deformities. Termino...

Ankle (weight-bearing AP view)

The weight-bearing AP view of the ankle is a specialised projection that places the joint under normal weight-bearing conditions. The projection is utilised to assess the joint under stress and better demonstrate structural and functional deformities. Indications This projection is utilised ...

Ankle (weight-bearing lateral view)

The weight-bearing lateral view of the ankle is a specialised projection that places the joint under normal weight-bearing conditions. The projection is utilised to assess the joint under stress and better demonstrate structural and functional deformities. Indications This projection is util...

CT renal mass (protocol)

The renal mass CT protocol is a multi-phasic contrast-enhanced examination for the assessment of renal masses. It is most often comprised of a non-contrast, nephrogenic phase and excretory phase. However, this article will cover the optional, corticomedullary phase too. NB: This article is inte...

Excretory phase

The excretory phase also known as the urographic phase is a postcontrast injection time range in which there is an optimal enhancement of the renal collecting systems. Technique The acquisition time depends on the intravenous device (central or peripheral), the concentration of the contrast me...

Contrast phases

Contrast phases are terms used to describe different stages of contrast enhancement to blood vessels, following the introduction of a pressure injected intravenous (IV) contrast agent such as iodine in CT. Typical phases (time from injection) include: early arterial phase 15-25 seco...

CT four-phase liver (protocol)

The four-phase liver CT protocol is a useful examination in the assessment of focal liver lesions, hypervascular liver metastasis and endocrine tumours. It is a triple-phase liver with an initial non-contrast component included before the intravenous contrast medium is given, often requested if...

CT triple-phase liver (protocol)

The triple-phase liver CT protocol is a useful examination in the assessment of focal liver lesions, hypervascular liver metastases and endocrine tumours. It involves a dedicated late arterial phase, portal venous phase and delayed phase acquisition. Not to be confused with a four-phase which i...

Shoulder series (paediatric)

The shoulder series for paediatrics is a two-view series containing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Depending on the patient's level of distress and the severity of the injury, adapting the radiographic technique to suit a child sitting in bed or lying supine may be necessary. Indicat...

Portable radiography

Portable radiography (also known as mobile radiography) is frequently performed in hospitals when patients are too unwell to transport to the imaging department. However, most health facilities endeavour to perform "departmental films", as image quality tends to be inferior when performed with a...

Paediatric thumb (AP/PA view)

The anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) view of the thumb in paediatrics is part of a two view series and is orthogonal to the lateral view. Often the decision to choose between the AP or PA thumb depends on what the child can manage and how agitated they are. An AP thumb is ideal as th...

Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays

The book Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays was the first ever textbook on x-rays anywhere in the world. It was written by H Snowden Ward and first published in May 1896 by Dawbarn & Ward. This is a mere six months after Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays. ...

Paediatric humerus (lateral view)

The lateral humerus view for paediatrics is part of the humerus series and is usually taken in a standing position. However, it can also be obtained in a supine position. The projection demonstrates the humerus orthogonal to the AP view, allowing for adequate radiographic examination of the ent...

Paediatric thumb (oblique view)

The oblique thumb view in paediatrics is an additional projection for thumb imaging. Typically, this view is not performed unless specified by the referring doctor or radiologist. Indications For paediatrics, this oblique view is only indicated when specifically requested. This view may help ...

Nephrogenic phase

The nephrogenic phase, also known as the nephrographic phase or the renal parenchymal phase, is a postcontrast injection time range in which there is an optimal enhancement of the renal parenchyma including the medulla. Technique The acquisition time depends on the intravenous device (central ...

Portal venous phase

The portal venous phase, also known as the late portal phase or hepatic phase, is a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI series that has the following characteristics: liver parenchyma is at its peak enhancement with a density >110 HU (an increase of at least 50 HU from the unenhanced baseline)1,2 ...

Late arterial phase

The late arterial phase, also known as the corticomedullary phase or early venous portal phase, is a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI series, in which there is an optimal enhancement of structures that get their blood supply directly from the arterial system. The standard characteristics for this ph...

Early arterial phase

The early arterial phase, also known as the early systemic arterial phase, is a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI series, in which the contrast (e.g. iodinated or gadolinium) is still in the arteries and has not reached the organs and other soft tissues. Technique The acquisition time depends on the...

Paediatric humerus (AP view)

The anteroposterior humerus view for paediatrics is part of the humerus series and is usually taken in a standing position. However, it can also be obtained in a supine position. The projection demonstrates the humerus in its natural anatomical position allowing for adequate radiographic examin...

Humerus series (paediatric)

The humerus series for paediatrics is a set of anteroposterior and lateral radiographs taken to investigate elbow joint pathology, often in the context of trauma. As the elbow joint is also imaged in this series, being familiar with the order of elbow ossification is important in assessing the ...

Paediatric thumb (lateral view)

The lateral thumb view for paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the distal metacarpal, distal and proximal phalanges. Indications This projection is useful for diagnosing fractures and localising foreign bodies in paediatric patients. It also presents as an orthogonal view of th...

Paediatric finger (oblique view)

The oblique finger view for paediatrics is an additional view examining the distal metacarpal, distal, middle and proximal phalanges of the finger of interest. Indications To minimise radiation dose, only the PA and lateral finger views are typically performed for paediatrics. However, the ob...

Archives of the Roentgen Ray

The Archives of the Roentgen Ray was a general radiology journal published from 1897 to 1915. In 1915, it was renamed the Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. The Archives was a forerunner publication of the British Journal of Radiology (BJR). History In 1897, after a single year in print...

CT transcatheter aortic valve implantation planning (protocol)

The transcatheter aortic valve implantation or TAVI planning CT protocol is used to plan for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. CT allows for the assessment of the aortic root and valve annulus in order to select an appropriate valve size and location specific to the patient. An aortic ang...

En face

En face (pronounced /ɒ̃ ˈfas/) is a term used in radiology, mainly in plain radiography, to refer to structures or pathology that are seen front on.

Cardiac gating (CT)

Cardiac gating or ECG gated angiography in CT is an acquisition technique that triggers a scan during a specific portion of the cardiac cycle. Often this technique is conveyed to obtain high-quality scans void of pulsation artefact. Technique Via the attachment of ECG leads, cardiac gating aim...

F-18 DOPA

F-18 DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine) is a PET radiotracer primarily used in the evaluation of neuropsychiatric diseases, movement disorders, and brain malignancies 1. Production L-DOPA is the nonproteinogenic amino acid precursor to dopamine with F-18 DOPA, in recent years,...

Cardiac CT (prospective high-pitch acquisition)

The prospective ECG-gated high-pitch dual-source CT cardiac angiogram is a high pitch helical acquisition of the heart that is able to capture a single phase of the cardiac cycle, a dual-source scanner is required to perform it. Although this is the CT cardiac angiogram with the lowest dose it a...

Renal transplant scintigraphy

Renal transplant scintigraphy is a non-invasive diagnostic modality, using radioactive isotopes, to assess renal transplant related complications. Renal scintigraphy images are acquired with a dynamic planar procedure using a radioactive isotope visualised on a gamma camera. The final result is ...

Paediatric finger (lateral view)

The lateral finger view for paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the distal metacarpal, distal, middle and proximal phalanges of the finger of interest. The patient position can vary depending on which finger is being imaged. Indications This projection is useful for diagnosing ...

Shoulder (Velpeau view)

The Velpeau view of the glenohumeral joint is a modified axial projection performed in the context of shoulder immobilisation. Indications This projection is performed on patients with a shoulder sling (Velpeau bandage) in place, often in the context of post-operative or a post-reduction prese...

Shoulder (West Point view)

The West Point view of the glenohumeral joint is a modified axial projection of the glenohumeral joint in which the patient is prone. Indications The West Point view is a highly specific radiographic projection to assess the anteroinferior glenoid rim often in the context of recurrent instabi...

Nasal bones (lateral view)

The lateral nasal bones view is a nonangled lateral radiograph showcasing two small oblong bones situated side by side, together forming the nasal ridge. Indications This view is often primarily used in assessing various nasal bone fractures in the trauma setting. Depending on the department, ...

Contrast-enhanced CT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Contrast-enhanced CT of patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) presents unique technical and diagnostic challenges. Technical considerations There are a number of factors that need to be considered to ensure contrast-enhanced CT studies of ECMO patients are both succes...

Paediatric finger (PA view)

The posteroanterior finger view for paediatrics is part of a two view series examining the distal metacarpal, distal, middle and proximal phalanges of the finger of interest. Indications This projection demonstrates the metacarpal and interphalangeal joint spaces in their natural anatomic pos...

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