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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

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Osborne-Cotterill lesion

Osborne-Cotterill lesions represent a shear or depression fracture of the posteroinferior aspect of the capitellum and an avulsed fragment in posterolateral elbow most commonly seen in patients with chronic posterolateral rotatory instability. Pathology It is thought to be due to posterolater...

Claw sign (spine)

The claw sign on diffusion weighted imaging refers to a pattern of hyperintensity seen in degenerative changes in the spine (Modic type 1): well-defined, paired band-like regions of restricted diffusion affecting two contiguous vertebral bodies, resembling a claw surrounding the disc space on sa...

Burst lobe

A burst lobe is an uncommonly used description of traumatic lobar intraparenchymal hemorrhage of the brain that ruptures into the subdural space and communicates with subdural hemorrhage 1. As traumatic hemorrhages are more common in the frontal and temporal lobes, these lobes are the most affe...

Trident sign (persistent primitive trigeminal artery)

The trident sign of a persistent primitive trigeminal artery refers to the appearance of the intracranial circulation on lateral projection. The internal carotid artery, the abnormal vessel and superior portion of the basilar artery resemble the Greek letter tau (thus tau sign). This configurati...

Pivot shift test

The pivot shift test forms part of the orthopedic examination of a post-traumatic knee. A positive test shows high specificity for injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. Procedure The pivot shift test is performed on a supine patient. At the start the subject's knee is permitted to droop ...

Kissing ovaries sign

The kissing ovaries sign refers to the appearance seen when both ovaries are located in close proximity or are touching each other in the pouch of Douglas, usually due to pelvic adhesions, and may be seen on ultrasound, CT or MRI. This sign is most frequently associated with the severe form of ...

Festooned dura (CSF leak)

The festooned appearance of the spinal dural sac has been described in cases of CSF leak resulting in the combination of epidural fluid and craniospinal hypotension/hypovolemia. The theca collapses down upon the cord but kept attached at multiple points by the epidural ligaments 1.

Septal flash

Septal flash, also known as septal beaking, is a sign of interventricular dyssynchrony seen on echocardiography or cinematographic cardiac CT/MRI. It represents an abnormal rapid movement pattern of the interventricular septum during pre-ejection systole (i.e. isovolumic contraction): septal mo...

Intramural fat of the urinary bladder

Intramural fat of the urinary bladder is an occasional benign finding on CT/MRI. Epidemiology The incidence of this finding in histopathological studies is up to 4%. There is a male predominance ref. Clinical presentation It is typically an incidental, asymptomatic finding. Pathology Adip...

Polycoria

Polycoria is the presence of more than one true pupil in the iris, each possessing their own fully functional sphincter pupillae muscle, which responds appropriately to light and drugs. It is a very rare entity with only a few case reports in the global literature 1,2. Pseudopolycoria occurs w...

Thin postcentral gyrus sign

The thin postcentral gyrus sign is an anatomic landmark useful for identifying the central sulcus on cross-sectional imaging. The anteroposterior dimension of the postcentral gyrus surface is less than that of the precentral gyrus surface, as seen in the axial or sagittal planes. Identifying tw...

Aniridia

Aniridia refers to either the clinical sign of a complete/partial absence of the iris, or more specifically to the disease entity classic aniridia. Rarely other genetic conditions may cause this sign. Epidemiology Classic aniridia is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition and is seen in ...

Bifid postcentral gyrus sign

The bifid postcentral gyrus sign, also known as the pars deflection sign, is a landmark useful for identifying the central sulcus on cross-sectional imaging. The medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus splits in two before meeting the interhemispheric fissure. The two legs straddle the pars marg...

Anisocoria

Anisocoria is present when an individual's pupils differ in size. If a person's pupils are symmetric there is said to be isocoria. Epidemiology The prevalence of transient physiological anisocoria of >0.4 mm is found in up to 20% population. However persistent anisocoria seems to be rarer, in ...

Lollipop sign (hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma)

The lollipop sign is seen in hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE). It represents hepatic/portal vein and/or their tributaries/branches tapering and terminating at or just within the edge of a well defined peripherally enhancing (or non-enhancing) lesion with an avascular core on CT or...

Positive bronchus sign

The positive bronchus sign is seen on CT chest, and refers to the presence of a bronchus leading directly to a peripheral lung lesion 1,2. In one study, four types of tumor-bronchi relationships were described 3: patent bronchus leads directly to the tumor mass bronchus is within the tumor ma...

T2/FLAIR mismatch sign

The T2/FLAIR mismatch sign describes the MRI appearance considered a highly specific radiogenomic signature for astrocytomas (IDH-mutant, 1p19q non-codeleted), as opposed to other low-grade gliomas 4,5. Indeed, a 2021 meta-analysis showed a pooled specificity of 100% for identifying tumors with...

Anterior center-edge angle

The anterior center-edge angle, also known as the vertical-center-anterior (VCA) angle, is a radiographic measurement of the anterior coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. It is used in assessing acetabular dysplasia and pincer type of femoroacetabular impingement. Radiographic featur...

Volcano sign (meningioma)

Volcano sign refers to the appearance of classical meningioma that resembels the appearance of volcano (viewed in cross-section MRI, parallel to dural attachment) in which there is triangular hyperostosis at the base of the meningioma (mountain) with the tumor being the cloud around it. The intr...

Yin-yang sign (solitary fibrous tumor)

The yin-yang sign is a radiologic appearance described in solitary fibrous tumor of the dura on MR. On T2-weighted images, these tumors have two separate solid components, one that is hyperintense and one that is iso- to hypointense relative to brain parenchyma. Histologically, the former repre...

McConnell's sign (echocardiography)

The McConnell's sign describes a regional pattern of acute right ventricular dysfunction on transthoracic echocardiography first observed in a cohort of patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism. In contrast to the global wall motion abnormalities observed in chronic right ventricular dysfun...

B-line (ultrasound)

The B-line is an artifact relevant in lung ultrasonography. As originally described, it has seven defining features 1: a hydroaeric comet-tail artifact arising from the pleural line hyperechoic well-deﬁned extending indeﬁnitely erasing A-lines moving in concert with lung sliding, if lung...

Straight left heart border sign

Straight left heart border sign is a recently described finding on chest radiograph. It is a fairly specific (84%) sign of hemopericardium after a penetrating chest trauma, although sensitivity at 40% is relatively poor. Positive predictive value (PPV) was found to be 89% 1. It is different to ...

Beads on a string sign (chronic salpingitis)

The beads on a string sign is used to refer to the classic ultrasound morphologic changes of the fallopian tubes as a result of chronic salpingitis. Terminology The "string" alludes to the notably thin salpingeal wall, while the hyperechoic mural nodules constitute the "beads" 1. Pathology...

Pseudoboutonniere deformity

The pseudoboutonniere deformity is the result of an untreated hyperextension injury of the proximal interphalangeal joint. It is due to an uncommon avulsion of the volar plate from the proximal phalanx causing a flexion deformity of the PIP joint, while the central slip of the extensor tendon r...

Trousseau sign

Trousseau sign of latent tetany (not to be confused with Trousseau syndrome) is highly specific for hypocalcemia 1. It may be elicited by placing a blood pressure cuff over the upper arm and inflating to above systolic pressure for 2-3 minutes. This reduces arterial supply to the forearm. The is...

Imaging psoas sign (spondylodiscitis)

The imaging psoas sign is an MRI finding specific for spondylodiscitis and is seen as T2 hyperintensity in the psoas major muscle. The sign has a high sensitivity (92%) and specificity (92%) for spondylodiscitis and in the clinical context of a suspected infective process of the spine supports c...

Paint brush borders sign

The paint brush borders sign may be seen on MRI of a giant cell tumor, at the margin between the lesion and the normal bone. The sign specifically refers to the jagged interface as the tumor penetrates into the bone which mimics the profile of the bristles of a paint brush. It has recently been...

Track sign (femur)

The track sign is the presence of two sclerotic lines, running parallel to the long axis of the bone, on a frontal radiograph of the femur. It represents visualization of the linea aspera-pilaster complex, an anatomic variant 1. The linea aspera is the roughened vertical ridge of bone which run...

Sliding sign

The loss of the normal sliding sign is a dynamic sonographic sign performed during transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) of women with suspected pelvic peritoneal endometriosis. It indicates pouch of Douglas (POD) involvement and obliteration and is suggestive of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). ...

Piglet sign (osmotic demyelination)

The piglet sign is seen in osmotic demyelination syndrome. It refers to the appearance of the upper pons in axial T2 and FLAIR images. The areas of coalescent T2 signal increase are reminiscent of a pig's snout, with other features on axial MR images resembling the rest of the face of a piglet w...

Psoas sign (abdominal x-ray)

The psoas sign is a classic albeit non-specific finding on the abdominal radiograph, potentially representing retroperitoneal pathology. Normally on an abdominal radiograph, the lateral margins of both the psoas muscles are clearly visible due to adjacent fat. When the lateral edge of one, or b...

Inverted Mercedes-Benz sign

The inverted Mercedes-Benz sign refers to the shape taken on by a spinal subdural hematoma on axial imaging at the level of the denticulate ligaments, best visualized on MRI. A pair of denticulate ligaments and the dorsal septum constitute the three radiating spikes of the sign, while blood expa...

Dorsal fat pad sign (wrist)

A positive dorsal fat pad or stripe sign is defined as a convex dorsal displacement of the dorsal fat pad of the wrist. A positive sign may indicate a distal radius fracture. Is it best visualized on the lateral view of the wrist. Anatomy The normal dorsal skin subcutaneous fat pad is a thin c...

Scaphoid fat pad sign

The scaphoid fat pad or stripe sign is defined as obliteration or lateral displacement of the normal scaphoid fat pad. A positive sign usually indicates a scaphoid fracture, although it may also be associated with a radial styloid or proximal first metacarpal fracture. Is it best visualized on p...

A-line (ultrasound)

An A-line is an ultrasonographic artifact appreciated during the insonation of an aerated lung. 1 The term may be applied to the horizontal, echogenic long path reverberation artifacts that occur beneath the pleural line at multiples of the distance between the ultrasound probe and the visceral...

Ventricular interdependence

Ventricular interdependence (or ventricular coupling) is a phenomenon whereby the function of one ventricle is altered by changes in the filling of the other ventricle. This leads to increase in volume of one ventricle associated with a decreased volume in the opposite ventricle 1. This conditi...

Venetian blind appearance (uterus)

The Venetian blind (a.k.a. rain shower 2) appearance is a sonographic finding that is typically associated with adenomyosis but can also occur in uterine fibroids. The Venetian blind appearance associated with adenomyosis is typically "thin" whereas when associated with uterine fibroids, there a...

Pool sign (intracranial; metastatic adenocarcinoma)

The pool sign is a recently described brain MRI appearance where an intracranial mass exhibits a T2 hyperintense rim adjacent to a solid mass surrounded by peritumoral edema. This appearance has been recently suggested to be a feature characteristic of metastatic adenocarcinoma (with various pri...

Golden arches sign (knees)

The Golden arches sign is a nuclear medicine sign often seen on bone scan in patients with total knee prosthesis. The femoral condylar prosthesis results in two central photopenic regions with two 'hot' arches formed around the periprosthetic region. This finding is non-specific and may sugges...

Tram-track sign (bone)

The tram-track sign is sometimes seen on delayed bone scan images. They can appear as symmetric linear increase in tracer accumulation along diaphyseal and metaphyseal surfaces of long bones. Corresponding to similar periosteal reaction seen on radiographs. Bone scan findings precede radiographi...

Peaking sign (tension pneumocephalus)

The peaking sign is seen in cross-sectional imaging of the brain suggestive of a tension pneumocephalus. It represents the frontal lobes being pushed together forming a peak in the midline giving a heaped up appearance surrounded by air 1. Later, as the frontal lobes are separated they take on t...

Air bubble sign (tension pneumocephalus)

The air bubble sign is seen on CT of the brain and represents multiple small foci of air within the subarachnoid space, especially the Sylvian fissure.1 Although described as a sign of tension pneumocephalus it is also seen in pneumocephalus without elevated pressures.2 It should not be confus...

Rim sign (pulmonary infarction)

The rim sign can be seen in cases of pulmonary infarction on PET-CT with very mild peripheral continuous FDG uptake and the complete absence of central uptake. This is a different appearance to that seen in lung abscesses or necrotic tumors, whereby the peripheral FDG-avidity is marked. History...

Bone marrow edema

Bone marrow edema is the term given to abnormal fluid signal seen within the bone marrow on MRI. It is a non-specific, yet important imaging finding, usually indicating the presence of underlying pathology. Pathology Etiology There is a long (long) list of possible causes of this finding: pr...

Empty notch sign (anterior cruciate ligament tear)

Empty notch sign is a direct sign of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear/avulsion at its femoral attachment. It denotes a fluid signal at the expected ACL attachment site at the intercondylar notch (fossa) on axial and coronal fluid-sensitive MR images. The proximal ACL is the second most com...

Whirlpool sign (ovarian torsion)

The whirlpool sign or whirl sign of ovarian torsion is characterized by the appearances of a twisted ovarian pedicle seen on US or even on CT. Terminology The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation). Radiographic features It appears as twisting of ...

Esophageal intubation

Esophageal intubation refers to the incorrect placement of an endotracheal tube in the esophagus. Within minutes its consequences can be catastrophic with the seriousness of its outcome depending largely on the timeliness of its diagnosis. Epidemiology Accidental esophageal intubation can happ...

Split hand sign

The split hand sign is a clinical sign classically seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and refers to loss of pincer grasp due to preferential wasting of the thenar eminence (abductor pollicis brevis and first dorsal interosseous muscle) with relative preservation of the hypothenar eminen...

Double lung point sign (Ultrasound)

The double lung point sign refers to a sharp boundary found between relatively aerated superior lung fields and coalescent "B‐lines" (representing interstitial edema) in the basal lung fields, with a reported sensitivity of 45.6%-76.7% and a specificity of 94.8%-100% 1,3 in diagnosing transient ...

Keyhole sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture)

The keyhole or noose sign indicates an uncollapsed intracapsular breast implant rupture seen as the focal invagination of the implant shell caused by a small concealed leak of silicone outside shell where the two membranes do not contact each other. It is best appreciated on breast MRI. Differe...

Teardrop sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture)

The teardrop sign indicates an uncollapsed intracapsular breast implant rupture and is seen as a small focal invagination of the implant shell caused by a minimal concealed leak of droplets of silicone outside the shell where the two membranes contact each other. It is best appreciated by MRI. ...

Subcapsular line sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture)

The subcapsular line sign is a small localized leak from a silicone implant that leads to the formation of a thin layer of silicone between the implant shell and the fibrous capsule. It represents a minimally collapsed intracapsular breast implant rupture. It is best appreciated by MRI.

Fissure for ligamentum teres sign

The fissure for ligamentum teres sign or extrahepatic ligamentum teres sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It represents the outline of the ligamentum teres (remnant of an obliterated left umbilical vein) with free abdominal gas in a supine patient, as seen on a plain abdominal radi...

Hepatic edge sign

The hepatic edge sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum seen on a supine plain abdominal radiograph. It is represented by a cigar-shaped pocket of free air in the subhepatic region, which tracks superomedial following the contour of the liver.

Urachus sign

The urachus sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It represents the outline of the median umbilical ligament with free abdominal gas in a supine patient, as seen on a plain abdominal radiograph.

Shagreen patch

A shagreen patch is a subepidermal collagenous connective tissue nevus, also known as a collagenoma, associated with tuberous sclerosis. The overlying skin may be discoloured with obvious pores, giving the appearance of orange peel. These lesions are most commonly found in the lumbosacral region...

Hypomelanotic macules

Hypomelanotic macules are otherwise known as ash-leaf spots due to their resemblance to Sorbus aucuparia, or mountain-ash, leaves. These macules have a strong association with tuberous sclerosis and are often multiple and present in the vast majority of individuals with the condition (up to 97% ...

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Kayser-Fleischer rings, sometimes shortened to K-F rings, are caused by copper deposition in the cornea and are a specific, clinical sign of Wilson disease. Clinical presentation They are usually brown or dark reddish in color. Early on they may need a slit lamp to be visible before they becom...

Liver overlap sign (sigmoid volvulus)

The liver overlap sign can be seen in sigmoid volvulus wherein the sigmoid loop is seen, usually on an abdominal radiograph, ascending to the right upper quadrant and projecting over the liver shadow. In one study of 21 patients with confirmed sigmoid volvulus, the sign was present in 9 patient...

Ptosis

Ptosis (or blepharoptosis) is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. Complete ptosis is due to complete oculomotor nerve palsy. Partial ptosis is due to a dysfunction of the sympathetic pathway leading to paralysis of Muller muscle. Note that facial nerve paralysis prevents screwing of the...

Chilaiditi sign

Chilaiditi sign refers to the interposition of the bowel, usually colon, between the inferior surface of the right hemidiaphragm and the superior surface of the liver. It may be misinterpreted as a true pneumoperitoneum resulting in unnecessary further investigations and/or therapy (so-called ps...

Pretzel sign (serpentine aneurysm)

The pretzel sign is seen on DSA and is indicative of a serpentine aneurysm 1. The sign refers to the sinusoid configuration of the intra-aneurysmal vascular channel seen in serpentine aneurysms, giving it the appearance of a pretzel.

Cockade sign (disambiguation)

There are several described cockade signs in radiology: cockade sign (aorto-left ventricular tunnel) 1 cockade sign (appendicitis) 2 cockade sign (GI tumors) 4 cockade sign (hypertrophic pyloric stenosis) 3 cockade sign (intraosseous lipoma) History and etymology It is named after a cocka...

Fishtail pancreas

Fishtail pancreas (also known as pancreas bifidum or bifid tail of the pancreas) is a rare anatomical variant of the pancreas produced by a branching anomaly during its development. It is named as such due to the fishtail-like appearance of the pancreas. Epidemiology It is a rare anatomical an...

Telltale triangle sign

The telltale triangle sign, also known as the triangle sign or telltale triangle, is a radiographic sign seen on plain abdominal radiographs in a supine, cross table lateral or decubitus view that signifies presence of pneumoperitoneum, of any cause 1,2. It describes the appearance of a radiolu...

Double artery sign

The double artery sign refers to the appearance of a non-dilated mucus-filled bronchus adjacent to a pulmonary artery producing the appearance of a "double artery" on CT chest. This sign is considered a feature of a central endobronchial lesion such as a mucus plug or neoplasm.

Telephone receiver deformity

A telephone receiver deformity is a characteristic bowing of the shaft of the long bones, usually the humeri or femora, seen in thanatophoric dysplasia.

Trident acetabulum

Trident acetabulum is an appearance which can be seen in several skeletal dysplasias 1. It is characterized by small bony spurs at the medial and lateral acetabular margins with a more subtle central spur, resembling a trident, the three-pronged spear of classical Greece 1. The appearance has...

Stack of coins sign (bowel)

Stack of coins sign refers to the appearance of small bowel folds that are smoothly and uniformly thickened 1. The margins between the folds are sharply delineated and the arrangement of clearly demarcated parallel folds is likened to a stack of coins or a picket fence. This sign is distinct fro...

Erased charcoal sign (prostate cancer)

The erased charcoal sign describes the typical appearance of focal prostate cancer in the transition zone characterized as homogeneous hypointensity on T2WI with ill-defined borders, akin to a charcoal pencil drawing smudged with an eraser, often with a lenticular or waterdrop-like shape.

Motor band sign

The motor band sign is a radiological sign described in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It refers to the appearance of the cortex on axial GRE and SWI MRI in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1,2. On these sequences, and in the axial plane, curvilinear bands of low signal may be ...

Starfield pattern (fat embolism)

A starfield pattern has been described as being typical of DWI of patients with cerebral fat embolism 1,2. Although the term is closely linked to the diagnosis of fat embolism, it should be noted that such an appearance is merely the result of very numerous microemboli. As such, a similar patter...

Thimble bladder

Thimble bladder is a descriptive term for extreme fibrosis and contracture of the bladder walls, resulting in a tiny bladder. The term is usually used to describe changes from advanced genitourinary tuberculosis.

Trident sign (osmotic demyelination)

The trident sign (a.k.a. omega sign) describes the typical appearances of the pons in osmotic demyelination syndrome, whereby the symmetrical high T2/FLAIR signal abnormality centrally in the pons is shaped like a trident, the three-pronged spear of classical Greece 1. The predominant involvemen...

Veiled right kidney sign

The veiled right kidney sign is a sonographic sign described in pneumoretroperitoneum, most commonly due to duodenal perforation. It refers to the appearance of the right kidney on transabdominal ultrasound 1-4. On ultrasound, there is difficulty in obtaining images of the right kidney due to i...

Signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiography

There are several described signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiography which are suggestive of this diagnosis. None are pathognomonic and need to be interpreted with caution with close regard to the clinical presentation. Chang sign Fleischner sign Hampton hump (strictly a sign of pulmon...

Fleischner sign (disambiguation)

Fleischner sign can refer to two distinctly separate signs: Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery) Fleischner sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

Palla sign

Palla sign is a sign seen on chest radiographs suggestive of pulmonary embolism, usually seen in the acute setting. Although uncommon, it can be seen along with several other described signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiography. Pathology Palla sign describes an enlarged right descending...

Ghost sign (osteomyelitis)

The ghost sign is an MRI feature of osteomyelitis and is helpful in distinguishing a pure (aseptic) Charcot joint from one complicated by superimposed infection. Radiographic features MRI This sign refers to the poor definition of the margins of a bone on non-contrast T1 weighted image, blen...

Fountain sign (acute idiopathic scrotal edema)

The fountain sign is a sonographic sign described in acute idiopathic scrotal edema (AISE). It refers to the appearance of the pattern of vascularity seen during transverse color Doppler sonography of the scrotum with both testes together 1. In this transverse view, in patients with AISE, marke...

Costal hook sign (flail chest)

The costal hook sign is a chest x-ray feature seen in some cases of flail chest. It represents the rotation of a fractured rib along its long axis, something that is only possible if a second fracture is present along its length, even if the second fracture is not visible 1.

Inverted "V" sign (spinal cord)

The inverted "V" sign, also known as the inverted rabbit ears sign, is a radiological sign described in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. It refers to the appearance of the spinal cord on axial MRI slices 1-3. On these slices in a patient with subacute combined degeneration of...

Caterpillar sign (pyloric stenosis)

The caterpillar sign is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis. It refers to the appearance of the stomach on an upper gastrointestinal radiographic series or plain abdominal radiograph 1,2. On these imaging modalities in a patient with pyloric stenosis, the stomach appears distended...

Watermelon skin sign

The watermelon skin sign refers to diffuse, radiating, streaky areas of low signal intensity in prostate on T2WI in patients with prostatic tuberculosis 1.

Pooping duck sign

Pooping duck sign indicates the presence of a triquetral fracture on a lateral wrist radiograph, where an avulsed fracture fragment from the dorsal cortex of the triquetrum projects along the dorsal aspect of the osseous structures of the wrist. In this sign, the fracture fragment represents th...

Sack of marbles sign (dermoid cyst)

The sack of marbles sign, also known as the marbles in a bag sign, refers to aggregations of multiple small globules of fat within a cyst mimicking marble spheres within a sack. They appear hyperechoic on ultrasound, fat attenuation on CT, and high signal on T1WI and T2WI on MRI. It is considere...

Mickey Mouse sign (ultrasound)

The Mickey Mouse sign is said to represent the normal anatomy of the common femoral artery, common femoral vein and great saphenous vein on ultrasound at the level just inferior the inguinal crease. See also Mickey Mouse appearance

Rose-thorn ulcers (terminal ilium)

Rose-thorn ulcers or rose-thorn appearance refers to deep penetrating linear ulcers or fissuring typically seen within stenosed terminal ileum with a thickened wall. They appear as thorn-like extraluminal projections on barium studies and this appearance is one of the typical signs of Crohn dise...

Battle sign (base of skull fracture)

Battle sign is an eponymous term given to mastoid ecchymosis (bruising of the scalp overlying the mastoid process) and is strongly suggestive of a base of skull fracture, most commonly a petrous temporal bone fracture. History and etymology Mr William Henry Battle (1855-1936) was an English s...

Flip-flop effect

The so-called flip-flop effect refers to a confusing MRI appearance of the skeletal system and subcutaneous tissues. It is seen in a variety of severe fat depletion conditions responsible for diffuse bone marrow serous atrophy and modification or loss of the subcutaneous fat. It is not to be co...

Triple bubble sign

The triple bubble sign is the classic radiographic appearance observed in jejunal atresia 1,2. The appearance is due to a proximal obstruction caused by the atretric jejunum. It is equivalent to the double bubble sign, but a third bubble is seen because of proximal jejunal distention.

Intrabiliary rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst

Intrabiliary rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst is a common complication associated with hepatic hydatid cysts. It is important to appreciate the direct and indirect signs of this condition. Radiographic features The radiological features of intrabiliary rupture of a hepatic hydatid cyst can be c...

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