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Windsock sign (duodenal web)

The windsock sign is a typical appearance of a duodenal web (intraluminal duodenal diverticulum) on upper gastrointestinal contrast series which consists of an intraduodenal barium contrast-filled sac that is surrounded by a narrow lucent line (web or intraluminal mucosal diaphragm) which is wel...

Cogwheel sign

The cogwheel sign refers to the pelvic imaging appearance of dilated loops of fallopian tube seen in cross-section. It represents infolding projections (sometimes looking like nodules) into the fallopian tube lumen which are likened to that of a cogwheel. The sign is typically described on ultra...

Sonographic Murphy sign

Sonographic Murphy sign is defined as maximal abdominal tenderness from pressure of the ultrasound probe over the visualized gallbladder 1,2. It is a sign of local inflammation around the gallbladder along with right upper quadrant pain, tenderness, and/or a mass 2. It is one of the most import...

Thumb sign (epiglottitis)

The thumb sign in epiglottitis is a manifestation of an edematous and enlarged epiglottis which is seen on lateral soft-tissue radiograph of the neck, and it suggests a diagnosis of acute infectious epiglottitis. This is the radiographic corollary of the omega sign 1-3. See also Thumb sign is ...

Geographic skull

A geographic skull is a radiographic appearance which is seen in eosinophilic granuloma (EG) and characterized by destructive lytic bone lesions, the edges of which may be bevelled, scalloped or confluent. See also geographic appearance

Cannonball metastases (lungs)

Cannonball metastases refer to multiple large, well-circumscribed, round pulmonary metastases that appear not unsurprisingly like cannonballs. The French terms "envolée de ballons" and "lâcher de ballons", which translate to "balloons release", are also used to describe this same appearance. M...

Starry sky appearance (ultrasound)

A starry sky appearance , also known as a centrilobular pattern 7, refers to a sonographic appearance of the liver parenchyma in which there are bright echogenic dots throughout a background of decreased liver parenchymal echogenicity. Although usually associated with acute hepatitis, this sign ...

Trethowan sign

The Trethowan sign is used to diagnose slipped capital femoral epiphysis (also called slipped upper femoral epiphysis). In this sign, the line of Klein passes above the femoral head. It is best seen on both AP and true lateralcit projections. On the AP view of a normal hip, the Klein line inter...

Boomerang sign (splenium)

The boomerang sign refers to a boomerang-shaped region of cytotoxic edema in the splenium of the corpus callosum typically seen in cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) 1-4. See also boomerang sign in peroneus brevis split syndrome boomerang sign in horizontal meniscal flap tear

Ginkgo leaf sign (subcutaneous emphysema)

The ginkgo leaf sign of the chest, also referred as the ginkgo leaf sign of subcutaneous emphysema, is a radiographic appearance seen with extensive subcutaneous emphysema of the chest wall. Gas outlines the fibers of the pectoralis major muscle and creates a branching pattern that resembles the...

Radiocapitellar line

The radiocapitellar line is one of the key lines used to assess alignment on the elbow radiograph. It is particularly useful in the pediatric setting. Measurement A line drawn down the neck of the radius should intersect the capitellum. It is important to ensure that you draw the line down the...

Anterior humeral line

The anterior humeral line is key to demonstrating normal elbow alignment and should be used whenever reading a pediatric elbow radiograph to exclude a subtle supracondylar fracture. Measurement A line drawn down the anterior surface of the humerus should intersect the middle third of the capit...

Incomplete border sign (chest)

The incomplete border sign is useful to depict an extrapulmonary mass on chest radiograph. An extrapulmonary mass will often have an inner well-defined border and an ill-defined outer margin 1-3. This can be attributed to the inner margin being tangential to the x-ray beam and having a good inh...

Double contour sign (knee)

The double contour sign is a helpful radiologic sign of trochlear dysplasia and is seen on true lateral knee radiographs as a double line at the anterior aspect of condyles that occurs if the medial femoral condyle is hypoplastic.

Crossing sign (knee)

The crossing sign is seen on true lateral plain radiographs of the knee when the line of the trochlear groove crosses the anterior border of one of the condyle trochlea. It is a predictor of trochlear dysplasia. Trochlear dysplasia has been linked to recurrent patellar dislocation 1,2,4. The cro...

Mushroom sign (pyloric stenosis)

The mushroom sign (also called umbrella sign) is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis on barium examination. This sign refers to the impression made by the hypertrophic pylorus on the duodenal cap. See also shoulder sign double track sign caterpillar sign string sign beak sign

Double track sign (pyloric stenosis)

The double track sign is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis on various imaging modalities. Barium study Double streaks of barium passing through the narrow pylorus 1. Ultrasound On fluid aided real-time examination, the pyloric fluid is compressed into smaller tracks as it is...

Cockade sign (intraosseous lipoma)

The cockade sign describes the classic appearance of a calcaneal intraosseous lipoma seen as a well-defined lytic lesion with a central calcification. History and etymology It is named after a cockade, which is a badge, usually in the form of a rosette or knot, generally worn on the hat.

Positive carpal sign

The positive carpal sign is a useful radiographic sign for the diagnosis of Turner syndrome in association with the other musculoskeletal manifestations. Radiographic features Abnormality in the shape of the proximal carpal row in the dorsopalmar radiographs of the wrist and hand (taking in th...

Apple core sign (colon)

The apple core sign, also known as the napkin ring sign (bowel), is most frequently associated with constriction of the lumen of the colon by a stenosing annular colorectal carcinoma. Differential diagnosis The appearance of the apple-core lesion of the colon also can be caused by other diseas...

Apple core sign (femur)

The apple core sign has been used to describe the circumferential erosion of the femoral neck seen in synovial chondromatosis. Although this is the most common process that may lead to an apple core erosion of the femoral neck, this has also been observed with: tenosynovial giant cell tumor am...

Wall-echo-shadow sign (ultrasound)

The wall-echo-shadow sign (also known as WES sign) is an ultrasonographic finding within the gallbladder fossa referring to the appearance of a "wall-echo-shadow": a curvilinear hyperechogenic line representing the gallbladder wall a thin hypoechoic space representing a small amount of bi...

Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery)

The Fleischner sign refers to a prominent central pulmonary artery that can be commonly caused either by pulmonary hypertension or by distension of the vessel by a large pulmonary embolus. It can be seen on chest radiographs, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and MR pulmonary angiography (MRPA). ...

Holman-Miller sign (maxillary sinus)

The Holman-Miller sign (also called the antral sign) is seen in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma; it refers to the anterior bowing of the posterior wall of the maxillary antrum as seen on a lateral skull radiograph or cross-sectional imaging 1,2. This is a non-specific sign that can be prod...

Rim sign (chronic hydronephrosis)

The rim sign can be seen in association with chronic hydronephrosis. In patients with chronic hydronephrosis, in all forms of contrast-enhanced imaging of the obstructed kidney, enhancement may occur in the residual, but markedly atrophic, renal parenchyma, surrounding the dilated calyces and ...

Draped aorta sign

The draped aorta sign is an important imaging feature that can be seen in contained rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. It is highly indicative of aortic wall deficiency. This sign is considered present when the posterior wall of an aortic aneurysm drapes or molds to the anterior surface ...

Neuhauser sign (distal ileum)

Neuhauser sign refers to a soap bubble appearance seen in the distal ileum in cases of meconium ileus, related to the air mixed with meconium. It may be seen with barium enema if contrast passes beyond the ileocecal valve or with small-bowel follow-through. Although classically described with m...

Collar sign in diaphragmatic rupture

The collar sign, also called the hourglass sign, is a helpful sign for diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture on coronal or sagittal CT/ MR images and barium studies. It refers to a waist-like or collar-like appearance of herniated organs at the level of the diaphragm. Small tear on the right side ...

Dependent viscera sign

The dependent viscera sign is one of the signs of diaphragmatic rupture on axial CT or MR images, where herniated viscera lie against the posterior thoracic wall in a dependent position, as they are no longer supported by the diaphragm. See also collar sign (or hourglass sign)

Fogging phenomenon (cerebral infarct)

The fogging phenomenon is seen on non-contrast CT of the brain and represents a transient phase of the evolution of cerebral infarct where the region of cortical infarction regains a near-normal appearance. During the first week following a cortical infarct, hypoattenuation and swelling become...

Curtain sign (vertebral body mass)

The curtain sign, also known as the draped curtain sign, in neuroimaging refers to the appearance of a vertebral body mass that extends posteriorly towards the anterior epidural space. The posterior longitudinal ligament is strongly attached to the posterior vertebral body cortex in the midline...

Triangular cord sign (biliary atresia)

The triangular cord sign is a triangular or tubular echogenic cord of fibrous tissue, representing the ductal remnant of the extrahepatic bile duct, seen in the porta hepatis at ultrasonography, and is relatively specific for the diagnosis of biliary atresia 1,2. This sign is useful in the eval...

Boutonnière deformity

Boutonnière deformity is the eponymous name of a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in a digit, with the combination of: flexion contracture of a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint extension of a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Pathology Boutonnière deformi...

Swan neck deformity (fingers)

Swan neck deformity is a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in a digit of the hand, due to the combination of: hyperextension of a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion of a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Pathology The swan neck deformity, characteriz...

Champagne glass pelvis (achondroplasia)

The champagne glass pelvis is a helpful sign in achondroplasia in which the iliac blades are flattened, giving rise to a pelvic inlet that resembles a champagne glass. The acetabular angles are flattened (horizontal) and the sacrosciatic notch is small.

Rice grain calcification

Rice grain calcification is characteristic of infection with Taenia solium (cysticercosis); when the inflammatory response of the host kills the larval cysts (cysticerci), they undergo granulomatous change and become calcified. Radiographic features Ovoid flecks of calcification resembling gra...

Naked facet sign (vertebral column)

The naked facet sign (also known as the hamburger sign or reverse hamburger bun sign) refers to the CT appearance of an uncovered vertebral articular facet when the facet joint is dislocated, most often in cases of locked facet. This CT sign is characteristic of a flexion-distraction injury an...

Licked candy stick appearance (bones)

The term licked candy stick appearance refers to tapering of the tips of the metacarpal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges or clavicles and is usually associated with: psoriatic arthropathy rheumatoid arthritis leprosy neuropathic joint

Salt and pepper sign (skull)

Salt and pepper sign or pepper pot skull refers to multiple tiny well-defined lucencies in the calvaria caused by resorption of trabecular bone in hyperparathyroidism. There is a loss of definition between the inner and outer tables of the skull and a ground-glass appearance as well as spotty de...

Hematocrit effect

The hematocrit effect with fluid-fluid levels is a result of the layering of heavier cellular elements of blood located dependent on a liquid supernatant. It can be seen on CT or MRI. It is most frequently seen in the setting of anticoagulation therapy or coagulopathy. On reversal of the coagu...

Signal flare phenomenon

The signal flare phenomenon is a useful sign to identify active bleeding in a liquefied hematoma with hematocrit effect on dynamic CT scan images. When active arterial hemorrhage is present in a liquefied hematoma that has a hematocrit effect, a signal flare phenomenon may be seen as a linear, ...

Concentric ring sign

The concentric ring sign is a pathognomonic sign for a subacute hematoma on MRI. A subacute hematoma may show three characteristic layers of signal intensity: a thin peripheral rim of low signal intensity on all pulse sequences corresponding to hemosiderin an inner peripheral high-signal inten...

Sentinel clot sign

The sentinel clot sign is a useful CT finding for the evaluation of probable anatomic sites of hemorrhage. On CT, acute clotted hemorrhage typically has high attenuation (45 to 70 HU), whereas surrounding areas of acute non-clotted hemorrhage or more chronic hemorrhage have either lower attenua...

Picture frame vertebral body

Picture frame vertebral body is a radiologic appearance in which the cortex of the vertebral body is thickened. This sign can be seen in patients with Paget disease. It is a result of disorganized new cortical bone formation after excessive osteoclastic activity causes the resorption of normal...

Sandwich vertebral body

Sandwich vertebral body is a radiologic appearance in which the endplates are densely sclerotic, giving the appearance of a sandwich. This term and pattern are distinctive for benign adult autosomal dominant osteopetrosis. Differential diagnosis rugger jersey spine: sandwich vertebrae appears ...

Feeding vessel sign

Feeding vessel sign consists of a distinct vessel leading directly to a nodule or a mass. This sign indicates either that the lesion has a hematogenous origin or that the disease process occurs near small pulmonary vessels. A number of vessel-related non-neoplastic disorders of the lung produc...

Lateral femoral notch sign (knee)

The (deep) lateral femoral notch sign describes a depression on the lateral femoral condyle at the terminal sulcus, a junction between the weight-bearing tibial articular surface and the patellar articular surface of the femoral condyle. It is occasionally referred to as a deep sulcus sign, not ...

Corduroy sign (vertebral hemangioma)

The corduroy sign refers to vertically-oriented, thickened trabeculae seen in intraosseous hemangiomas of the spine. It is the sagittal and coronal equivalent of the polka-dot sign seen on axial imaging. It is caused by the replacement of the normal cancellous bone by thickened vertical trabec...

Wimberger ring sign

Wimberger ring sign, often simply just called Wimberger ring, refers to a circular calcification surrounding the osteoporotic epiphyseal center of ossification in scurvy, which may result from bleeding. It must not be confused with Wimberger sign, pathognomonic for congenital syphilis. History...

Wimberger sign

The Wimberger sign, also called Wimberger corner sign, refers to localized bilateral metaphyseal destruction of the medial proximal tibias. It is a pathognomonic sign of congenital syphilis. The term must not be mistaken for the Wimberger ring sign seen in scurvy, as both entities are often con...

String of beads sign (vascular)

The string of beads sign is the description typically given to the appearance of the renal arteries in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) but may also be used to describe the appearance of splanchnic arteries in segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM). It refers to the appearance of alternating disease-r...

Gull-wing appearance (phalanges)

The gull-wing appearance, also known as seagull erosions or sawtooth appearance, is classically seen in erosive osteoarthritis, typically on posteroanterior radiographs of the hands, although has also been reported in psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis. These erosions more commonly occur at the ...

Floating head appearance

A floating head appearance refers to imaging features observed typically on antenatal ultrasound with certain skeletal dysplasias such as achondrogenesis. Against the background of a poorly-mineralized spine, a normally ossified skull is seen giving an impression of a floating head.

Bouquet of flowers appearance (medullary sponge kidney)

A bouquet of flowers appearance is a description given to the appearances of medullary sponge kidney on a traditional intravenous pyelogram (IVP) study. The ectatic distal collecting ducts contain the microcalcifications typical of the disease. This is also known as the bunch of grapes appearanc...

Polo mint sign (venous thrombosis)

The polo mint sign is a description given to a venous thrombosis on contrast-enhanced CT imaging. When viewed in the axial plane, a thin rim of contrast persists around a central filling defect due to thrombus. This gives an appearance like that of the popular UK mint sweet, the Polo (figure 1)...

Double diaphragm sign

The double diaphragm sign is one of several radiological signs seen with a pneumothorax in a supine patient. Supine films are commonly performed in unwell patients, particularly in the ICU. In a supine patient with a pneumothorax, air may outline the anterior portions of the hemidiaphragm and c...

Onion peel sign

The onion peel sign (also called the Cumbo sign or double arch sign) is a feature seen with complicated pulmonary hydatid cyst in which the gas lining between the endocyst and pericyst has the appearance of an onion peel. It is pathognomonic for a ruptured hydatid cyst. History and etymology I...

Finger clubbing

Finger clubbing, also called "drumstick fingers" or Hippocratic fingers, is a common clinical sign mainly seen in patients with heart or lung disease. The term is used to describe an enlargement of the distal phalanges of the fingers, giving them a drumstick or club-like appearance. Clinical p...

Double density sign (berry aneurysm)

Double density sign of berry aneurysms refers to the angiographic appearance of a small intracranial aneurysm projecting in front or behind a vessel of similar caliber. As such, the border of the aneurysm cannot easily be seen, but the extra contrast within it can be seen as a rounded area of in...

Double density sign (left atrium)

The double-density sign, also known as the double right heart border, is seen on frontal chest radiographs in the presence of left atrial enlargement, and occurs when the right side of the left atrium extends behind the right cardiac shadow, indenting the adjacent lung and forming its own distin...

Walking man sign (chest x-ray)

The walking man sign is seen on a lateral chest radiograph and is a sign of left atrial enlargement. It results from posterior displacement of the left main bronchus such that it no longer overlaps the right bronchus. The left and right bronchus thus appear as an inverted 'V', mimicking the legs...

Atrial escape

Atrial escape refers to a chest x-ray sign of massive left atrial enlargement and is an exaggerated version of the double density sign. Normally, the right border of the left atrium is not visible. As it enlarges it forms a distinct border projecting through the right heart shadow, medial to ...

Hemosiderin cap sign

The hemosiderin cap sign refers to an MR imaging feature in some spinal tumors where a cap of T2 hypointense hemosiderin is above and/or below the tumor due to previous hemorrhage. It is most often associated with spinal cord ependymomas (20-33% of cases) 1. It may also be seen in hemangioblas...

Pulvinar sign (CNS)

The pulvinar sign refers to bilateral FLAIR hyperintensities involving the pulvinar thalamic nuclei. It is classically described in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It is also described in other neurological conditions: Fabry disease: the hyperintense signal is seen on T1 rather than T2 bila...

Hockey stick sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)

The hockey stick sign refers to the hyperintense signal involving the pulvinar and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei bilaterally on FLAIR, in cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which has the shape of a hockey stick. See also pulvinar sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) hockey stick sign (thyr...

Hampton line

The Hampton line is a thin millimetric radiolucent line seen at the neck of a gastric ulcer in barium studies (profile view), indicating its benign nature. It is caused by a thin line of mucosa overhanging the ulcer's crater. History and etymology It was originally described by Aubrey Otis Ham...

Kirklin complex

The Kirklin complex is a combination of the Carman meniscus sign associated with a radiolucent semicircular zone surrounding the elevated ridge of the ulcer. This complex is seen in cases of gastric adenocarcinoma on barium studies. History and etymology Byrl Raymond Kirklin, (1888-1957 2) an ...

Carman meniscus sign

The Carman meniscus sign describes the lenticular shape of barium in cases of large and flat gastric ulcers, in which the inner margin is convex toward the lumen. It usually indicates a malignant ulcerated neoplasm; in cases of benign gastric ulcers, the inner margin is usually concave toward th...

Steinstrasse

Steinstrasse [stīn′shtra-se] is the German word for "stone street", describing a possible complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary tract calculi, wherein a column of stone fragments forms that blocks the ureter. Incidence Steinstrasse usually develops 1 day to 3...

Radial bands sign (tuberous sclerosis)

The radial bands sign, also known as radial migration bands, refers to linear bands seen on MRI, radiating from the periventricular white matter to the subcortical region, thought to be specific for tuberous sclerosis 1,2. Pathology The exact pathogenesis of radial bands is uncertain, but they...

Puff of smoke sign

The puff of smoke sign describes the characteristic angiographic appearance of tiny abnormal intracranial collateral vessel networks in moyamoya disease. Progressive narrowing of the supraclinoid internal carotid arteries and circle of Willis vessels results in extensive small collateral arteria...

Dumbbell appearance of spinal tumors

The dumbbell appearance of spinal tumors refers to a tumor which has both a component within the canal and a component in the paravertebral space contiguous with each other via a thinner tumor component traversing the neural exit foramen. The appearance can be seen in: spinal nerve sheath tumo...

Naclerio V sign

The Naclerio V sign is a sign described on the plain film in patients with a pneumomediastinum occurring often secondary to an esophageal rupture. It is seen as a V-shaped air collection. One limb of the V is produced by mediastinal gas outlining the left lower lateral mediastinal border. The ...

Hydatid cyst signs

There are numerous named imaging signs of hydatid cysts in echinococcal infection. There is considerable variability in the naming and definition of many of the signs in the literature. In general, the signs demonstrate the presence of laminated cyst membranes in various morphologies within a la...

Cervicothoracic sign

The cervicothoracic sign is a variation of the silhouette sign on frontal chest radiography used to determine whether a superior (para)mediastinal soft tissue mass is anterior or posterior to the trachea. A positive cervicothoracic sign occurs when a thoracic lesion contacts the neck or extends...

Falciform ligament sign

The falciform ligament sign, also called the Silver sign, is characterized by the falciform ligament being outlined with free abdominal gas in cases of pneumoperitoneum of a large amount. It is almost never seen in isolation as, if there is enough free gas to outline the falciform ligament, th...

Colon cut-off sign

The colon cut-off sign describes gaseous distension seen in the proximal colon associated with abrupt termination of gas within the colon usually at the level of the splenic flexure and decompression of the more distal part of the colon. Though originally described in abdominal radiographs, this...

Cord sign (dural sinus thrombosis)

The cord sign refers to cordlike hyperattenuation within a dural venous sinus on non-contrast enhanced CT of the brain due to dural venous sinus thrombosis. The sign is most commonly seen in the transverse sinus because along the origin of the tentorium it runs approximately in the axial plane s...

Frostberg inverted 3 sign

Frostberg inverted 3 sign is a radiological sign seen on a barium examination where there is effacement and distortion of the mucosal pattern on the medial wall of the second part of the duodenum due to focal mass and local edema. It is most commonly associated with carcinoma of the head of the ...

Hot nose sign

The hot nose sign refers to increased perfusion in the nasal region on nuclear medicine cerebral perfusion studies in the setting of brain death. The absent or reduced flow in the internal carotid arteries is thought to lead to increased flow within the external carotid arteries and subsequent i...

Black turbinate sign (nasal cavity)

The black turbinate sign refers to the non-enhancement of nasal turbinates in a patient with acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Angioinvasive fungal infection (e.g. mucormycosis or aspergillosis) involves the nasal mucosa and causes infarction of the surrounding tissue. The infarcted tissue ...

Air trapping

Air trapping in chest imaging refers to retention of excess gas (“air”) in all or part of the lung, especially during expiration, either as a result of complete or partial airway obstruction or as a result of local abnormalities in pulmonary compliance. It may also sometimes be observed in norma...

Subpleural line

Subpleural lines (also known as pleural lines) refers to thin curvilinear opacities, 1-3 mm in thickness, lying less than 1 cm from and parallel to the pleural surface. Etiology dependant atelectasis of normal lung if seen in the dependent posteroinferior portion of the lung of a patient in th...

Fascicular sign

Fascicular sign is a finding on T2-weighted MRI images that suggests a lesion of neurogenic origin. It is characterized by multiple small ring-like structures with peripheral hyperintensity representing the fascicular bundles within the nerves. It is found in various neurogenic tumors, includin...

Dot dash pattern (ovarian dermoid cyst)

The dot-dash pattern (dermoid mesh) is one of the characteristic sonographic appearances of an ovarian dermoid cyst. It refers to the short and long echogenic lines which are often seen within a dermoid cyst and are due to the presence of hair.

Tip of the iceberg sign (ovarian dermoid cyst)

Tip of the iceberg sign refers to one of the characteristic appearances of an ovarian dermoid cyst. If there are echogenic cyst contents of sebum and hair, they cause marked posterior acoustic attenuation so that only the superficial part of the cyst is seen. Just like an iceberg, you may only b...

Troisier sign

Troisier sign is the clinical finding of a hard and enlarged left supraclavicular node (Virchow node), and is considered a sign of metastatic abdominal malignancy. Terminology It is sometimes referred to as the Virchow node, which is the name given by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) 6, a German pat...

Light bulb sign (posterior shoulder dislocation)

The light bulb sign refers to the abnormal AP radiograph appearance of the humeral head in posterior shoulder dislocation. When the humerus dislocates it also internally rotates such that the head contour projects like a light bulb when viewed from the front 1. See also light bulb sign (hepat...

Juxtaphrenic peak sign

The juxtaphrenic peak sign, also known as diaphragmatic tenting or Kattan sign, refers to the peaked or tented appearance of a hemidiaphragm which can occur in the setting of lobar collapse or post lobectomy (lung). It is caused by retraction of the lower end of diaphragm at an inferior accessor...

Hilum convergence sign

The hilum convergence sign is a useful chest radiograph sign to distinguish the cause of a bulky hilum as due to pulmonary artery dilatation or to a juxtahilar mass, including nodal enlargement. If pulmonary vessels appear to converge centrally towards the lateral margin of the abnormal 'bump'...

Dripping candle wax sign (melorheostosis)

Dripping candle wax sign, also known as flowing candle wax appearance, describes the appearance of sclerotic cortical thickening in melorheostosis. The irregular cortical hyperostosis typically occurs on one side of the involved bone and undulates along much like melted wax down a candle. Patho...

Bunch of grapes sign (disambiguation)

Bunch of grapes sign refers to the imaging appearance of multiple cystic spaces or lesions and it has been described for multiple pathologies: bunches of grapes sign (hepatic abscess) 8 bunch of grapes sign (botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma) 5 bunch of grapes sign (bronchiectasis) 3 ...

Bubbly consolidation

Bubbly consolidation describes internal or central lucencies which represent normal aerated lung lobule within infarcted, consolidated, lung parenchyma. It is one of the highly specific imaging appearances of focal pulmonary hemorrhage or possibly pulmonary infarct secondary to pulmonary embolis...

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