Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
104 results found
Article
Akeret staging of neuroepithelial tumors
The Akeret or anatomical staging of neuroepithelial tumors adheres loosely to the general scheme underlying AJCC TNM staging. Like other cancer staging systems it assists in estimating the individual prognosis, in tailoring patient-specific therapy and surveillance, and in improving the comparab...
Article
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system.
stage 0: epithelial
stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria
stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion
B1: superf...
Article
Colorectal cancer (TNM staging 7th edition)
The 7th edition of the TNM classification of colorectal carcinomas was proposed in 2010, and has now been updated and replaced by the 8th edition, published in 2016.
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
T1: in...
Article
Tumor pseudoprogression (lung cancer)
Radiologic tumor pseudoprogression on imaging denotes an imaging appearance of tumor response where the tumor first exhibits findings suggestive of progression (i.e. growth, new lesions). However, during sustained therapy, response is eventually demonstrated 1.
Epidemiology
With the advent of ...
Article
SMART-CT severity index
A SMART-CT severity index is a recent tool and an expansion of the original modified CT severity index of acute pancreatitis. This novel index that is nomogram based, predicts the clinical consequence with modest accuracy. Two components are mainly evaluated, the first ones are the components of...
Article
Gallbladder cancer (staging - AJCC 8th edition)
The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 8th edition gallbladder cancer staging system was introduced in 2018.
TNM system
T: primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ - tumor only within the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder)
T1: tumor invades the lamina propria or muscularis
T...
Article
Distal cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Distal cholangiocarcinoma staging is defined according to the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. These criteria apply to cancer...
Article
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma staging is, for prognostication, most commonly conducted using the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below...
Article
Skip metastases to the axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer
Skip metastases to the axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer refer to the uncommon phenomenon in which metastases do not follow the conventional stepwise pattern from level I to level II, to level III (infraclavicular), to the supraclavicular fossa, and or internal jugular chain 1-6,9.
Terminol...
Article
Rectal cancer response assessment
Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation.
The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...
Article
Iannetti classification of orbital invasion
The Iannetti classification grades orbital invasion by ethmoido-orbital tumors, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, sarcoma, or olfactory neuroblastoma.
Classification
grade I: erosion or destruction of the orbital medial wall
...
Article
Levene index
The Levene index or ventricular index is a marker of ventricular size in infants. It is defined as the distance between the falx and the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle in the coronal plane 1.
Usage
The Levene index is a marker of ventricular volume and thus can be...
Article
Chandler classification of orbital infections
Chandler classification is the most commonly used system for dividing the different types of orbital cellulitis. The system describes five stages 1,2:
stage I: preseptal orbital cellulitis with inflammation and edema anterior to the orbital septum.
stage II: orbital cellulitis with extension o...
Article
B symptoms
The B symptoms (a.k.a. inflammatory symptoms) are a triad of systemic symptoms associated with more advanced disease and a poorer outcome in lymphoma 1,2:
weight loss
>10% unintentional decrease in body weight in the 6 months preceding the diagnosis
fever: >38°C
night sweats
B symptoms are ...
Article
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma staging is conducted most commonly in accordance with the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. Th...
Article
Neuroblastoma (image-defined risk factors)
Image-defined risk factors are imaging features seen at the time of neuroblastoma diagnosis that confer a poorer prognosis. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) suggested an update (2009) to the neuroblastoma staging with a list of features that, if present, upstages a patient with ...
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction neuroendocrine tumor (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction neuroendocrine tumor staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers other than the squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma groups located in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the...
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of adenocarcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia).
Related histologies included in this system are high...
Article
Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)
Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published...
Article
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)
Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...
Article
Wall motion score index (echocardiography)
Calculation of the left ventricular wall motion score index (WMSI) with transthoracic echocardiography allows the semi-quantification of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Calculation of the LVEF with a WMSI demonstrates stronger agreement with measures obtained by cardiac MRI, the gold ...
Article
Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck (staging)
Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of metastatic carcinomas in the head and neck region without an identifiable primary tumor. The typical scenario involves squamous cell carcinoma present in a cervical lymph node, no obvious primary source on clinical exam...
Article
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding eyelid carcino...
Article
Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (staging)
Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of mucosal melanoma involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, and, less commonly, pharynx and larynx. The system is distinct from staging of carcinomas of those sites and of cutaneous melanoma. The following ar...
Article
Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma (staging)
Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers involving the nasal cavity or ethmoid air cells. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and its variants, and other rarer epithelial malignancies other than mucosal melano...
Article
Maxillary sinus carcinoma (staging)
Maxillary sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial malignancies involving the maxillary sinus. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and other rarer carcinomas. The following article reflects the 8th editi...
Article
HPV-mediated (p16-positive) oropharyngeal cancer (staging)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated oropharyngeal (p16+) cancer staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx that test positive for p16, an immunohistochemical proxy for HPV infection. Nodal metastases of p16+ squamous cell carcinoma without an identified primary t...
Article
Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification
The Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification is a lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They came about in 1988 following recommended modifications to the Ann Arbor staging system after a meeting in Cotswold, England.
This classification h...
Article
Lymphoma response to immunomodulatory therapy criteria (LYRIC)
The Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria (LYRIC) represents an adaptation of the Lugano classification for the evaluation of lymphoma after immune-based treatment.
During immunomodulatory agents (e.g. checkpoint inhibitors) therapy, imaging findings suggestive of progressive d...
Article
iRANO criteria
The immunotherapy response assessment for neuro-oncology (iRANO) criteria have been developed as a modification of RANO criteria to address the challenges of emerging novel immunotherapy for high-grade gliomas 1. Although these criteria have been primarily for the purposes of standardizing asses...
Article
Head and neck cancer therapy response interpretation (Hopkins criteria)
The head and neck cancer therapy response interpretation (Hopkins criteria) is a qualitative system of interpretation for therapy response assessment using PET-CT.
Background
Widely used options for therapy response assessment are clinical examination, histopathology, CT and MR imaging, howeve...
Article
WHO criteria in tumor response
The WHO criteria were developed in the 1980s under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO) to standardize reporting of cancers in clinical trials. Nowadays, newer criteria often based on the WHO criteria (such as RECIST, mRECIST, Choi criteria, Lugano response criteria), have widely...
Article
Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST)
Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST) are guidelines to asses tumors that makes use of positron emission tomography (PET) to provide functional information to help determine tumor viability.
The criteria consist of four categories: complete metabolic response ...
Article
Choi response criteria
The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...
Article
Visceral pleural invasion
Visceral pleural invasion is a feature that can be seen in lung cancers. It is defined as tumor extension beyond the elastic layer of the visceral pleura, and in some cases may result in a cancer crossing a fissure to invade an adjacent lobe of the lung. It is considered an aggressive sign and o...
Article
Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 8th edition)
The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 8th edition lung cancer staging system was introduced in 2016 and supersedes the IASLC 7th edition. It is a TNM staging system.
Standard-of-care lung cancer staging ideally should be performed in a multidisciplinary meeting usin...
Article
Salter-Thompson classification of Perthes disease
The Salter-Thompson classification of Perthes disease simplifies the Catterall classification into two groups. Based on the radiographic crescent sign, we can distinguish:
group A: including Catteral groups I and II, where the crescent sign involves less than 50% of the femoral head
group B: i...
Article
Catterall classification of Perthes disease
The Catterall classification of Perthes disease is based on radiographic appearances of the epiphysis and metaphysis visible in osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
stage I
bone absorption changes visible in the anterior aspect of the epiphysis of femoral head
changes are visible best in frog l...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (staging)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis arises most commonly at the distal end of the penile urethra with local invasion of the glans.
In addition to TNM classification, the following staging is used:
Staging
stage I: confined to the glans or foreskin
stage II: invasion of penile shaft
stage I...
Article
Enneking surgical staging system
The Enneking surgical staging system (also known as the MSTS system) is based on tumor grade, local spread and metastatic disease of malignant musculoskeletal tumors.
It does not classify skull tumors or marrow-originating tumors (e.g. lymphoma, plasmacytoma / multiple myeloma, Ewing sarcoma) 1...
Article
Thoracic lymph node stations
Thoracic lymph nodes are divided into 14 stations as defined by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 1, principally in the context of oncologic staging. For the purpose of prognostication, the stations may be grouped into seven zones. The IASLC definitions leave so...
Article
Cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Cholangiocarcinoma staging is most commonly classified using the TNM staging systems of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), which starting 1 January 2018 is according to its 8th edition. There are separate systems depending on whether the ...
Article
Okuda staging system
The Okuda staging system was an advance on earlier hepatocellular (HCC) staging classifications, in that it incorporated both cancer-related variables and liver function related variables to determine prognosis 1:
disease involving >50% of hepatic parenchyma
ascites
albumin ≤3 mg/dL
bilirubi...
Article
Liver cancer (BCLC staging)
Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) staging uses a set of criteria to guide the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
The classification takes the following variables into account 1,2:
performance status (PS)
Child-Pugh score
radiologic tumor extent
tumor size
multi...
Article
Hepatocellular carcinoma (staging)
Hepatocellular carcinoma staging classifications supersede the typical TNM staging system seen in most other epithelial cancers, as the TNM staging system has been found to not be as prognostically useful for stratification of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Several substitute staging sy...
Article
Deauville five-point scale
The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL).
Incl...
Article
Dukes staging system for colorectal cancer
The Dukes staging system is a classification system for colorectal cancer. This system is now mainly of historical interest as it has largely been replaced by the TNM staging system. It is not recommended for clinical practice.
Dukes A: invasion into but not through the bowel wall (90% 5 year s...
Article
Modified Ringertz grading system for diffuse astrocytomas
The modified Ringertz grading system has historically been one of the more frequently used grading systems for diffuse astrocytomas, but has essentially been replaced by the WHO grading system.
Unlike the WHO grading system and St Anne-Mayo grading system (also known as the Dumas-Duport grading...
Article
Pediatric liver tumor staging (PRETEXT grouping system)
The PRETEXT system proposed by the International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group (previously called Société Internationale d’Oncologie Pédiatrique - Epithelial Liver Tumor Study Group - SIOPEL) aims for staging and risk stratification of liver tumors at diagnosis.
It is used to describe ...
Article
ECOG performance status
The ECOG performance status is a scale used to assess how a patient's disease is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and determine appropriate treatment and prognosis (it is one of the three components that form the BCLC HCC staging).
grade 0: ...
Article
Anal cancer (staging)
The most recent version of TNM staging of anal cancer is as follows:
Primary tumor (T)
TX: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II...
Article
Primary urethral cancer (staging)
Primary urethral cancer staging often uses the TNM system and is as follows:
TNM staging
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
Ta: non-invasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma
T1: invasion of sube...
Article
Vaginal cancer (staging)
The staging of primary vaginal cancer covers all histological subtypes and is as follows
FIGO staging system
stage 0: carcinoma in situ
stage I: tumor confined to vagina
stage II: invasion of paravaginal tissues but no extension beyond pelvic side walls
stage III: extension to pelvic side w...
Article
Vulval cancer (staging)
Staging of vulval cancer can be done with either the AJCC or FIGO systems, although both are similar.
Staging
FIGO
stage I:tumor confined to the vulva
IA lesions ≤2 cm in size, confined to the vulva or perineum and with stromal invasion ≤1.0 mm*, no nodal metastasis
IB: lesions N2 cm in si...
Article
Choriocarcinoma (staging)
The staging system for choriocarcinoma (usually refers to uterine choriocarcinoma) is the FIGO staging system and is as follows 1:
stage I: disease limited to the uterus
stage II: disease out of the uterus but limited to the female genital tract
stage III: metastasis in the lung with or with...
Article
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (staging)
The staging used for primary fallopian tubal carcinoma is the FIGO system and is as follows:
stage I: limited to fallopian tubes
stage Ia: limited to lining of one fallopian tube (intraluminal)
stage Ib: limited to inner linings of both tubes (intraluminal)
stage Ic: invasion beyond the inne...
Article
Ovarian cancer (staging)
The most commonly adopted ovarian cancer staging system is the FIGO staging system. The most recent staging system is from 2014 1:
CT is considered the best imaging modality for staging ovarian cancer 4.
stage I: tumor limited to the ovaries
stage Ia:
tumor limited to one ovary
capsule i...
Article
Rai staging system for chronic lymphoid leukemia
The Rai staging system is one of the two staging systems currently adopted in assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
It comprises of stages 0 to IV and classifies chronic lymphocytic leukemia into low, intermediate and high-risk categories, which correspond with stages 0, I and II, a...
Article
Binet staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
The Binet staging system is one of the two staging systems currently adopted in assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
It classifies CLL according to the number of lymphoid tissues that are involved (i.e. the spleen and the lymph nodes of the neck, groin, and underarms), as well as t...
Article
Oropharyngeal (p16-negative) cancer (staging)
Oropharyngeal (p16-) cancer staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas originating in the oropharynx that are not human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated. This system most commonly pertains to squamous cell carcinomas that tested negative for p16, an immunohistochemical proxy for HPV infection, o...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat)
T1: through lamina propria into s...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the renal pelvis.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat)
T1: through lamina propria into ...
Article
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (staging)
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas originating in the hypopharynx. This system most commonly applies to squamous cell carcinomas but can also apply to rarer epithelial malignancies in the region. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by the Am...
Article
Nasopharyngeal cancer (staging)
Nasopharyngeal cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. The vast majority of applicable tumors are nasopharyngeal carcinomas, but other epithelial malignancies of the nasopharynx are included, such as minor salivary gland tumors. The following article reflects...
Article
Retinoblastoma (staging)
Retinoblastoma staging can be via a number of systems with various end-points and multiple systems are often used concurrently.
Staging
Reese Ellsworth classification
The Reese Ellsworth classification is assessed with fundoscopy and aims at predicting the chance of preserving the eye with ex...
Article
Major salivary gland cancer (staging)
Major salivary gland cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands). In contrast, tumors arising from minor salivary glands are staged according to their site of origin. The following article reflects the 8th ...
Article
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (staging)
Staging of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas is performed with cross-sectional imaging and relies on the identification of local tumor extent, and invasion of adjacent spaces. For a discussion of this entity please refer to the parent article: juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
The stag...
Article
Olfactory neuroblastoma (staging)
Olfactory neuroblastomas (or esthesioneuroblastomas) are most frequently staged using a system proposed by Kadish et al. in 1976 1.
group a: limited to the nasal cavity
group b: limited to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
group c: extends beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses:
...
Article
Cancer staging list
Cancer staging involves a number of systems to help direct treatment and aid prognosis. The AJCC TNM staging schema is the most common, but other systems are used for specific malignancies or body parts.
Breast
breast cancer staging
Chest
lung cancer staging
malignant pleural mesothelioma s...
Article
Gleason score
The histological grading of prostate cancer has undergone many revisions, and for many years the primary system was the Gleason score, itself derived from the Gleason grade. In 2014, the Grade Group was introduced, and care must be taken to not confuse this with the Gleason grade.
The Gleason g...
Article
FIGO staging system
The FIGO staging systems are determined by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique).
In general, there are five stages:
stage 0: carcinoma in situ (common in cervical, vaginal, and vulval cancer)
stage I: confined to...
Article
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (TNM staging)
Below is the eighth edition of the TNM staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma, which was published in 2018 1.
T - Tumor
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
T1
involving ipsilateral parietal pleura (inc. mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura) +/- v...
Article
Small cell lung cancer (staging - superseded)
Previously, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was not staged in the same manner as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but since 2013 both are staged using the IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) lung cancer staging system (currently in its 8th edition, published in 2016)....
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis (staging)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can be staged into three groups, to guide appropriate treatment based on the work of Bell et al. 1. In general, stage I and II are managed medically whereas stage III is managed surgically.
stage I
clinical signs
lethargy, temperature instability, apnea, bradyc...
Article
Hepatoblastoma (staging)
As expected there are a number of different staging systems for hepatoblastoma.
Staging
PRETEXT grouping system of pediatric liver tumors
not specific to hepatoblastoma; used in all pediatric liver tumors
Intergroup staging system
specific for hepatoblastoma (see below)
Intergroup staging ...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging, one that is based on post-operative patients (INSS) and one developed for pre-treatment patients (INRGSS).
Staging
International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS)
This staging system is for post-operative patients and mainly for prognosis 1:
...
Article
Masaoka staging system of thymoma
The Masaoka staging system is commonly adopted for thymomas 1-3, and is the most important determinant of survival following surgical resection 4:
stage I: intact thymic capsule
stage II: capsular invasion into adjacent mediastinal fat or pleura
stage III: macroscopic invasion into adjacent o...
Article
Osteochondritis dissecans (surgical staging)
Osteochondritis dissecans can be classified at surgery into 4 stages:
stage I
stable
lesion in continuity with the host bone
covered by intact cartilage
stage II
stable on probing
partial discontinuity of the lesion from the host bone
stage III
unstable on probing
fragment not dislocat...
Article
Robson staging system of renal cell carcinoma
Robson staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is simple but has largely been replaced by the TNM system (see renal cell cancer staging article). Robson staging revolves around the relationship to Gerota's fascia, involvement of renal vein and regional nodes.
stage I: limited to kidney
stage II:...
Article
Waldenström classification of Perthes disease
The Waldenström classification of Perthes disease refers to x-ray abnormalities and represents four temporal phases of the disease. These stages have been further subdivided in the modified Elizabethtown classification 2.
stage I: early
asymmetric femoral epiphyseal size (smaller on the affect...
Article
Rectal cancer (staging)
Staging of rectal cancer uses the TNM staging system and strongly predicts the success, and rate, of local recurrence following rectal cancer resection. MRI is the modality of choice for the staging of rectal cancer, to guide surgical and non-surgical management options. MRI is used at diagnosis...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder staging uses the TNM system which has replaced the previously widely used Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system. It is very similar to the staging of TCC of the renal pelvis and staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: non-...
Article
Pancreatic cancer (staging)
Staging of pancreatic cancer (i.e. ductal adenocarcinoma) is traditionally performed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) / Union for International Cancer Control (IUCC) TNM system.
In the 2017 new edition (8th edition) AJCC published various major changes including exocr...
Article
Cervical lymph node (staging)
Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th edition of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma (TNM staging)
The TNM system may be used for staging of renal cell carcinoma. An older but still widely used system for staging of renal cell carcinoma in some practices is the Robson staging system.
TNM staging (8th edition)
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T0: tumor not seen
T1
T...
Article
Fisher scale
The Fisher scale is the initial and best known system of classifying the amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scans, and is useful in predicting the occurrence and severity of cerebral vasospasm, highest in grade 3 2.
Numerous other scales have been proposed, incorporating various parameter...
Article
Suzuki staging system for Moyamoya
The staging system for moyamoya disease first described by Suzuki and Takaku in their seminal 1969 article 1 is still in use today. Formally, the staging refers to findings on conventional angiography, although there are efforts to apply similar systems to MR angiography 2.
Suzuki stage appears...
Article
Wilms tumor (staging)
Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies.
stage I
confined to kidney
complete resection possible
stage II
local spre...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (staging)
Staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract vary according to the location of the tumor, and are staged using the TNM staging system.
transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Article
Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committ...
Article
Testicular cancer (staging)
The staging for testicular tumors is performed according to the TNM system with staging groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:
stage I: confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
stage II: lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases and serum tumor markers...
Article
TNM staging system
The TNM staging system (officially known as the TNM classification system of malignant tumors) is a cancer staging system overseen and published by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) publishes the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual which is b...
Article
Oral cavity carcinoma (staging)
Oral cavity carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the oral cavity. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial and minor salivary gland cancers are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by th...
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