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Hand-foot-genital syndrome

Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands and feet and uterus. Affected patients can have urogenital abnormalities in females bicornuate uterus vaginal septum ectopic localization of uret...

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) encompasses non-specific symptoms that occur following exposure to inert material (e.g. silicone, aluminum salts), which are thought to trigger an abnormal autoimmune response 1-3. Whether this is association or causation is s...

Cestan-Chenais syndrome

Cestan-Chenais syndrome is a rare brainstem stroke syndrome with features between that of the hemimedullary syndrome (Reinhold syndrome) and the lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome), but distinct to that of Babinski-Nageotte syndrome 1,2. Clinical presentation Cestan-Chenais syndr...

Middle clunal nerve entrapment

Middle clunal nerve entrapment is a potential cause of low back pain. The middle clunal nerves travel beneath the long posterior sacroiliac ligament and this is a potential space for nerve entrapment 1. Clinical presentation Low back pain and leg pain can be caused by entrapment of these nerve...

Cri du chat syndrome

Cri du chat syndrome is a rare congenital disorder caused by the deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. A high-pitched monotonous cry is the significant characteristic finding 1. Epidemiology Cri du chat syndrome is rare with an incidence of 1 in 15,000-50,000 births 1. Clinical presentat...

Medial tibial crest friction syndrome

Medial tibial crest friction syndrome, also known as medial tibial condyle friction syndrome, is a rare entity characterized by the symptomatic inflammation resulting from extra-capsular friction of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee on the medial tibial crest 1-3. Clinical prese...

Duplication of the pituitary gland - plus syndrome

Duplication of the pituitary gland (DPG) is a rare developmental anomaly that may occur in an isolated fashion or in combination with other congenital craniofacial anomalies, hence, the term DPG-plus syndrome. Epidemiology Duplication of the pituitary gland is a very rare disease with a small ...

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop or AICA loop refers to an aberrant course of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) that enters the internal auditory meatus and loops over the 7th and 8th cranial nerves. This has been associated with audiological, vestibular, and facial symptoms...

VEXAS syndrome

VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a severe, treatment-refractory, monogenic, multiorgan, autoinflammatory condition with vasculitic and hematological complications. Epidemiology VEXAS syndrome is likely to be rare, but also likely to be underdiagnosed...

Donohue syndrome

Donohue syndrome, also known as leprechaunism, is a rare autosomal recessive form of insulin resistance syndrome with a distinctive phenotype including elfin facies and severe disturbances of glucose homeostasis. It is universally fatal in early childhood. Epidemiology Donohue syndrome is very...

Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome

Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome refers to the concomitant occurrence of dyspnea and hypoxemia, respectively, which are precipitated by assuming an upright position and alleviated by assuming a recumbent position 4. Clinical presentation As the name of the syndrome suggests, the hallmark clinic...

Broca aphasia

Broca aphasia, also known as expressive aphasia or motor aphasia, is a type of non-fluent aphasia usually caused by injury (e.g. stroke) to Broca's area and the surrounding frontal fields 1,2. Clinical presentation Broca aphasia has classic effects on speech 1,2: fluency: non-fluent and effor...

Chudley-McCullough syndrome

Chudley-McCullough syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and a distinctive combination of structural brain abnormalities, with relative preservation of psychomotor development. Epidemiology Chudley-McCullough syndrome...

Pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome

Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) syndrome is a rare and under-diagnosed condition associated with chronic pain, sexual dysfunction and impaired sphincter control due to compression of the pudendal nerve. Anatomy The pudendal nerve arises from S2-S4 roots of the sacral plexus, carrying both s...

Orbital apex syndrome

Orbital apex syndrome, also known as Jacod syndrome, is a constellation of clinical findings, presenting as a result of several potential pathologies that compress or otherwise affect structures passing through the orbital apex. Clinical presentation Presentation is according to the structures...

Mowat-Wilson syndrome

Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a rare disorder with a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies. It is caused by an abnormality in the ZFHX1B gene. Anomalies that may be recognized at birth or 1st year of life include: CNS seizures intellectual disability distinct facial profile genitourinary abnor...

PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS)

PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) is a broad group of segmental overgrowth disorders that can occur with or without associated vascular anomalies, caused by activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene, which are also responsible for the vast majority of isolated lymphatic malformations and s...

Reye syndrome

Reye syndrome is a rare pediatric condition characterized by acute onset encephalopathy, severe vomiting and fatty liver failure. It typically presents in children recovering from a viral illness, most commonly influenza or chickenpox 1. Epidemiology Reye syndrome is usually seen between the ...

Achard Thiers syndrome

Achard-Thiers syndrome is a rare condition in elderly postmenopausal females, which is illustrated by androgen excess and insulin resistance secondary to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical presentation hirsutism in older females high serum glucose levels proteinuria glucosuria polyuria hy...

Cachexia

Cachexia is a syndrome of metabolic dysfunction secondary to an underlying disease in which there is depleted skeletal muscle (sarcopenia) which may or may not be accompanied by an absolute loss of body fat. Terminology Cancer cachexia is specifically used to refer to the cachexia associated ...

Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome

Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by macrostomia, wide mouth and microblepharon. Clinical presentation A few of the clinical features of this syndrome are: syndactyly zygomatic hypoplasia delayed speech microtia hypoplastic nipples excessive ...

Parkes weber syndrome

Parkes Weber syndrome is a rare disease, depicted by capillary malformation, venous malformation, arteriovenous malformation and lymphatic malformation in the affected limb, hypertrophy of the bone, as well as soft tissues of the involved limb. Multiple AV malformation of the affected limb will...

Long COVID-19

Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or post COVID-19 condition, is a post-viral syndrome affecting people who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Symptoms are similar to those experienced by patients with chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIR...

Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome

Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ACTA2 gene, resulting in intracranial steno-occlusive disease and aortic dissection or aneurysm, among other complications. Epidemiology Most cases are diagnosed in childhood 1. Clinical pre...

Auriculocondylar syndrome

Auriculocondylar syndrome is a rare congenital syndrome primarily characterized by malformed ears and mandibular condyle aplasia/hypoplasia. Pathology This is an autosomal dominant genetic disease resulting from GNAI3 or PLCB4 gene defects. This affects facial development especially the 1st an...

Gunal-Seber-Basaran syndrome

Gunal-Seber-Basaran syndrome is an exceedingly rare presentation of multiple bone islands, i.e. osteopoikilosis. It is characterized by dacryocystitis due to lacrimal canal stenosis with osteopoikilosis 1-3. This syndrome has an autosomal dominant inheritance 2,3. History and etymology The com...

Elsberg syndrome

Elsberg syndrome is an established but rarely recognized cause of cauda equina syndrome and lower thoracic myelitis, associated with a presumed infectious etiology. Epidemiology Elsberg syndrome is likely responsible for 10% of combined cauda equina syndrome and myelitis 1. Clinical presenta...

Omodysplasia

Omodysplasia is an extremely rare short-limb skeletal dysplasia characterized by 1: frontal bossing depressed nasal bridge anteverted nares low-set ears long philtrum rhizomelia short Humerus with hypoplastic distal humeri elbow dislocation radio-ulnar diastasis flared metaphyses shor...

Hip spine syndrome

Hip spine syndrome is one term used to describe the clinical association between hip osteoarthritis and degenerative lumbar spinal canal stenosis due to overlapping pain distribution. Clinical presentation Patients with hip spine syndrome have hip and lumbar spine degeneration and present wit...

Post cardiac arrest syndrome

The post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) describes the clinicopathological state that manifests following most cardiac arrests. Clinically, it is manifested by a combination of neurological disturbance, multiorgan dysfunction and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome-like state. Pathology T...

Godtfredsen syndrome

Godtfredsen syndrome is a rare syndrome of abducens and hypoglossal nerve palsies that localizes to a clival mass. Clinical presentation The classic clinical presentation includes 1-3: abducens nerve palsy: diplopia worse when horizontal gaze is directed towards the affected side hypoglossal...

Prefemoral fat pad impingement syndrome

Prefemoral fat pad impingement syndrome, also known as supratrochlear / posterior suprapatellar fat pad impingement syndrome, is one of the fat pad impingement syndromes of the knee, specifically involving the prefemoral fat pad. Clinical presentation Patients present with anterior knee pain e...

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is the most common cause of thoracic outlet syndrome accounting for approximately 90% of cases. It is caused by compression of the brachial plexus as it passes between the scalenus muscles, over the first rib and posteroinferior to the clavicle before e...

McCleery syndrome

McCleery syndrome is a subtype of venous thoracic outlet syndrome with symptoms resulting from compression of the subclavian vein without thrombosis (in contrast to Paget-Schroetter syndrome). Clinical presentation Patients with McCleery syndrome present with intermittent obstruction of the s...

Snapping scapula syndrome

Snapping scapula syndrome is an uncommon condition where on scapular movement there is pain associated with an audible or palpable grinding, clicking or snapping. Pathology Causes include 1,2: scapulothoracic bursitis scapular stabilizer muscular atrophy/fibrosis, e.g. long thoracic nerve i...

Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome

Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome occurs during a colonoscopic polypectomy procedure when electrocoagulation injury causes a transmural burn to the colon without radiographic evidence of perforation 1,2. Terminology Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome is also known as post-polypectomy ...

Fuhrmann syndrome

Fuhrmann syndrome is a rare non-lethal genetic limb malformation syndrome characterized by 1,2: hypoplasia of pelvis bowing of femur bone polydactyly hypoplastic fibula symmetrical fingernail deficiency 4 tooth anomalies 5 malformed thumbs 8 It is a syndrome in which there is a partial l...

Arterial tortuosity syndrome

Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a very rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disease. It is similar to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), the major differentiator being the general tortuous nature of the larger arteries. Clinical presentation It presents similarly to other collagen disor...

Megalocornea

Megalocornea is a rare bilateral congenital ocular defect characterized by a corneal diameter of more than 13 mm with the deep anterior chamber and normal intraocular pressure 1-3. Epidemiology Megalcornea is associated with Chordin-like 1 (CHRDL1) gene mutation 1,2. It is associated with mult...

Mercedes Benz craniosynostosis syndrome

Mercedes Benz pattern craniosynostosis also known as pure bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis (BLSS) is a pattern of craniosynostosis 1,2. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at around 0.3 - 0.7 % 3. Clinical presentation Cognitive function is grossly normal. Dolichocephalic hea...

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) is an emerging pediatric disease occurring after prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and is therefore strongly associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Terminology The World Health Organiz...

Catel-Manzke syndrome

Catel-Manzke syndrome is a digitopalatal syndrome initially described in 1961. Inheritance pattern is unknown. Radiographic findings include micronagthia and accessory ossicles at the bases of the metacarpals.

Short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks

Short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks can present with either conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) or with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA) are rare headache syndromes that belong to a larger group of headaches known as trigeminal autonomic cephalgia and can present very ...

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis, also known as hyaline fibromatosis syndrome or infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome outlined by painful, abnormal, often deforming deposits of hyalinized fibrous material in the extracellular matrix of the skin, subcutaneous soft tis...

Wernekink commissure syndrome

Wernekink commissure syndrome (sometimes spelled Wernekinck) is a rare brainstem syndrome caused by lesions (usually infarcts) involving the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles (Wernekink commissure) at the caudal midbrain. Clinical presentation The syndrome is characterized by bi...

Tapia syndrome

Tapia syndrome , also called matador's disease, is a rare syndrome that is characterized by unilateral paralysis of the tongue and vocal cords. Although the problem typically occurs after anesthetic airway management or manipulation, it can be due to central causes in rare cases 11. The syndrom...

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of pre- and postnatal overgrowth syndrome represented by mild to severe intellectual disability 3,7, anomalies of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, renal and gastrointestinal tract were ...

Perlman syndrome

Perlman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive overgrowth syndrome with earlier neonatal mortality. Maximum survival documented in the literature is up to nine years 4. Clinical presentation Perlman syndrome is demonstrated by a combination of many clinical features which includes polyhydramni...

Legius syndrome

Legius syndrome is a neurocutaneous disease, one of the RASopathies, and is characterized by multiple café-au-lait spots, with or without freckles and macrocephaly. Epidemiology More than 200 cases were reported between 2007 and 2013 1,3. Although rare, it is estimated that up to 2% of patien...

Riley-Day syndrome

Riley-Day syndrome, also known as familial dysautonomia, is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic autosomal recessive disorder that primarily affects the autonomic nervous system 1,9. Epidemiology Familial dysautonomia is more common in Ashkenazi Jews 1. Clinical presentation Recurrent aspiratio...

Posterior nutcracker syndrome

Posterior nutcracker syndrome is a rare vascular compression disorder, in which a retroaortic left renal vein is trapped between the aorta and the vertebral column. Clinical presentation The most reported clinical manifestation is microscopic or macroscopic hematuria. See also vascular compr...

Cerebellar, hippocampal, and basal nuclei transient edema with restricted diffusion (CHANTER) syndrome

Cerebellar, hippocampal, and basal nuclei transient edema with restricted diffusion (CHANTER) syndrome is a recently described constellation of imaging findings in adults with opioid neurotoxicity. It is characterized by cytotoxic edema in the bilateral hippocampi and cerebellar cortices, and va...

Pediatric opioid use‐associated neurotoxicity with cerebellar edema (POUNCE) syndrome

Pediatric opioid use‐associated neurotoxicity with cerebellar edema (POUNCE) syndrome is a toxic encephalopathy in children with opioid overdose that features prominent cerebellar edema. Cerebellar predominance, along with variable supratentorial involvement, appears to be a distinct pattern of ...

REACT syndrome

Reversible acute cerebellar toxicity (REACT) syndrome is a potentially reversible acute encephalopathic syndrome 1,2. Epidemiology REACT is a rare syndrome that has been associated with several opioid and chemotherapeutic agents, including Minnelide 1,2. Clinical presentation Patients typic...

Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome

The Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome is characterized by chronic hypothyroidism with high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), delayed bone age, precocious puberty but lacking pubic and axillary hair growth 1. Epidemiology The acquired form of hypothyroidism is seen in children caused by chr...

Delirium

Delirium (also known as acute brain failure) is an acute syndrome characterized by impaired intellect, awareness and concentration. Typically, the cognitive impairment fluctuates throughout the day. In contrast to dementia, delirium tends to be reversible. Terminology The number of synonyms fo...

Spinoglenoid notch syndrome

Spinoglenoid notch syndrome is caused by compression of suprascapular nerve due to a ganglion cyst at the spinoglenoid notch resulting in shoulder pain and posterior shoulder tenderness. Clinical presentation On clinical examination, there is posterior shoulder tenderness, discomfort in extern...

Keutel syndrome

Keutel syndrome is an extremely rare inherited condition. Clinical presentation It is characterized by: cartilage calcification of: ears nose larynx trachea - with resultant tracheobronchial stenosis ribs pulmonary arterial stenoses brachytelephalangism (short fingers and nails that re...

CHEDDA syndrome

CHEDDA syndrome stands for congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay and digital anomalies. Is a newly discovered neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with mutations in a conserved histidine-rich motif within Atrophin-1 (ATN-1).1 Epidemiology CHEDDA syndrome is very rare, with only...

Transient osteoporosis

Transient osteoporosis is a self-limited condition characterized by reparative bone remodeling, which can affect all weight-bearing joints, being most common in the femoral head (see transient osteoporosis of the hip). Clinical presentation Typical symptoms are pain with sudden onset in the a...

Hip impingement syndromes (overview)

There are several different impingement syndromes of and around the hip, which are all characterized by a painful reduction of motion in the hip joint 1: femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) ischiofemoral impingement subspine (anterior inferior iliac spine) impingement greater trochanteric-pel...

Impingement syndrome

Impingement syndrome is a painful encroachment of joint motion caused by protruding bony or soft tissue structures. Epidemiology Impingement syndromes are common and can occur at any age. Risk factors developmental osseous anomalies overuse activity trauma Associations osteoarthritis te...

Little league shoulder

Little league shoulder is thought to occur due to overuse damage of the proximal humeral epiphysis/metaphysis, seen typically in young baseball players, especially pitchers. Epidemiology Although it is most commonly seen in baseball players particularly in pitchers, it also presents in adolesc...

Bile plug syndrome

Bile plug syndrome, also known as inspissated bile syndrome, is an uncommon cause of jaundice in neonates. Refers to a rare extrahepatic mechanical obstruction of the major bile duct in the perinatal period caused by viscous bile (sludge) within its lumen 3. Epidemiology Risk factors Risk fa...

Anterior suprapatellar fat pad impingement syndrome

Anterior suprapatellar (quadriceps) fat pad impingement syndrome is a controversial cause of anterior knee pain although anterior suprapatellar fat pad edema may often, and possibly more commonly, be incidental 1,2. Clinical presentation Patients present with anterior knee pain and with the p...

Toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a severe bacterial-toxin mediated condition, characterized by an initial soft tissue infection, which rapidly progresses to systemic disease and circulatory collapse 5. It is due to a Gram positive infection, most frequently Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus py...

Central herniation

Central herniation is the subtype of downward transtentorial herniation of the brain that involves descent of the diencephalon and midbrain. It usually occurs with other types of downward herniation such as uncal herniation. Clinical manifestations The clinical syndrome of central herniation c...

Vaughan-Jackson syndrome

Vaughan-Jackson syndrome describes a rare syndrome of sequential atraumatic extensor tendon ruptures in the hand, usually in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis of the distal radioulnar joint. Clinical presentation The presentation is with reduced extension of the fingers 1-5. Typically, the f...

Small for size syndrome (liver graft)

Small for size syndrome (SFSS) is a clinical syndrome caused by the transplantation of a liver graft that is too small for a recipient. It occurs when the graft to recipient weight ratio (GRWR) is less than 0.8% or a graft volume to standard liver volume ratio (GV/SLV) is less than 35%. Clinica...

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). Epidemiology Affects 1 per 380,000 individuals, which are nearly all male given the X-linked inheritance 1. Clinical presentation hyperuricemia-...

Hunter syndrome

Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1. Epidemiology Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...

Computer vision syndrome

Computer vision syndrome is a condition that affects primarily workers who use computers (including tablets and other devices with computer screens) many hours a day with symptoms that can include blurred vision, eye strain, and headache. Epidemiology Computer vision syndrome is a growing phen...

Bone marrow edema syndrome

Bone marrow edema syndrome refers to a group of transient, self-limiting clinical entities of unknown cause, which are associated with the presence of bone marrow edema pattern. These conditions include: transient osteoporosis of the hip bone marrow edema syndrome of the foot and ankle regio...

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a complex organic disorder, characterized by profound fatigue and associated marked impairment of both physical and mental functioning. Its underlying etiology is undetermined and a curative treatment remains elusive. Terminology ...

Anterior resection syndrome

Anterior resection syndrome refers to wide spectrum of symptoms which develop post-sphincter preserving rectal resection for rectal cancer. Pelvic radiotherapy is a known risk factor to develop anterior resection syndrome. Epidemiology There have been reports that up to 47% of patients who un...

Branchio-otic syndrome

Branchio-otic syndrome (also known as BOS, BOS1, BO syndrome 1 and branchiootic dysplasia) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. It manifests as abnormalities of the second branchial arch, with predominant abnormalities of the ear. No renal disease is seen, in contradistinction to its close name...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a zoonotic illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), a coronavirus. The disease was first seen in the city of Foshan in Guangdong Province in China in 2002 and was traced back to the Himalayan (masked) p...

Wolfram syndrome (type one)

Wolfram syndrome type one, also known as DIDMOAD, is a disease caused by an autosomal recessive genetic trait, caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene, with incomplete penetrance. Clinical presentation The syndrome presents initially with type 1 diabetes mellitus, followed by optic atrophy, diabe...

Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia

Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (EAE), also known as Gleich syndrome, is a rare condition presenting as a self-limiting cyclic urticaria, fever, angioedema, weight gain and marked eosinophilia, with 3-4 weekly episodes 1. Epidemiology Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia is rare, only a...

Trisomy 8 mosaic

Trisomy 8 mosaicism or Warkany syndrome is a less severe variant of trisomy 8 and individuals with a low proportion of affected cells may exhibit a comparatively mild range of physical abnormalities and developmental delay. They are more likely to survive into childhood and adulthood but can exh...

Big black brain

Big black brain is a radiologic pattern unique to infants and toddlers in the context of traumatic brain injury, most frequently due to abusive head trauma. The CT presentation is a parenchymal hypodensity and uniform loss of gray-white matter differentiation of the entire hemisphere, associat...

Perry syndrome

Perry syndrome is a rare, progressive, hereditary neurodegenerative movement disorder and TDP-43 proteinopathy. Epidemiology Perry syndrome is considered to be very rare, generally isolated to select families who carry the mutation implicated in the disease 1,2. In one study, the age on onset ...

Agraphia

Agraphia represents acquired impairments of writing ability secondary to damage or dysfunction of the central nervous system. Impairments caused solely by motor dysfunction (e.g. hand paresis or tremor) are not considered to be forms of agraphia 1. Clinical presentation Agraphia is rarely an i...

Alexia

Alexia (or acquired dyslexia) is a neurological term refers to an acquired impairment of reading resulting from damage of critical brain areas. Clinical presentation Alexia can manifest itself as an impairment of oral reading and reading comprehension alike and can occur in combination with va...

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), also known as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), is a disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of total (i.e. apnoeas) or reduction (i.e. hypopnoeas) in ventilation due to total or partial collapse of the upper airway during sleep. This condition is dis...

Shapiro syndrome

Shapiro syndrome is a very rare condition characterized by the triad of episodic hypothermia, hyperhidrosis, and agenesis of the corpus callosum 1. A similar syndrome, characterized by episodic hyperthermia and agenesis of the corpus callosum, has been termed reverse Shapiro syndrome 2. Epidemi...

RAPADILINO syndrome

RAPADILINO syndrome is a rare autosomal-recessive syndrome that results from mutations in the RECQL4 gene 1. Epidemiology RAPADILINO syndrome is a rare condition, prevalence is unknown. It is, however, more common and was first described in Finnish populations 2. Pathology The acronym RAPADI...

Schindler disease

Schindler disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficiency of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (alpha-NAGA or alpha-galactosidase B). Epidemiology It is a rare disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. Clinical presentation Age and severity of presentation depends ...

Sanjad Sakati syndrome

Sanjad Sakati syndrome, also known as hypoparathyroidism-intellectual disability-dysmorphism syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Epidemiology The syndrome is almost exclusively found in people of Arab origin. There is an equal distribution in both sexes. Clinical presentation h...

White cord syndrome

White cord syndrome refers to the sudden onset of neurological deterioration following spinal decompressive surgery. The condition is believed to be a form of reperfusion injury of the spinal cord, not to be confused with central cord syndrome. Epidemiology White cord syndrome is rare with onl...

MEGDEL syndrome

MEGDEL syndrome (3-MEthylGlutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome) is a recently described syndrome with infantile onset. These patients typically initially receive a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome, based on clinical and biochemical features and an abnormal basal ganglia s...

DICER1 syndrome

DICER1 syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing individual to the development of multiple tumor types. DICER1 is considered a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the endoribonuclease protein Dicer. The first association with pleuropulmonary blastoma was discovered in 2009. Ass...

Empty nose syndrome

The empty nose syndrome refers to a paradoxical sensation of nasal obstruction despite objectively patent nasal airways following inferior and/or middle turbinate resection. Epidemiology The condition is rare, occuring in a minority of patients who have undergone prior turbinate resection. Cl...

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