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Spectral Doppler (ultrasound)

Dr Daniel J Bell ◉ and Dr David Carroll ◉ et al.

Utilizing automated Fourier analysis to convert returning sound waves into a series of individual frequencies, spectral Doppler refers to ultrasound modalities which yield graphical representations of flow velocity over time.

On this page:

Article:

Terminology
Radiographic features
Practical points
Related articles
References

Images:

Cases and figures

Terminology

The frequency of the sound waves returned to an ultrasound transducer when interrogating blood flow represents a composite of the heterogenous Doppler shifts yielded by each red blood cell in motion, each of which is in motion at a unique velocity and direction. Spectral Doppler modalities utilize Fourier analysis (fast Fourier transformations) to average the frequencies over a circumscribed time period, usually 5 milliseconds, convert frequencies to velocities using the Doppler equation, and display a "spectrum" of these frequencies as Doppler waveforms (hence the term "spectral") ³.

Radiographic features

These velocity-time spectral recordings may be obtained with two conventional modalities, both of which are typically used in conjunction with B-mode ultrasonography; pulsed wave and continuous wave Doppler.

Continuous wave Doppler

Continuous wave Doppler (CWD) simultaneously transmits and receives sound waves with separate piezoelectric crystals, recording every velocity received along a path defined by the operator. It is capable of recording the direction and velocity of flow even at high velocities, but is unable to localize from where individual velocity elements originate ¹.

Pulsed wave Doppler

In pulsed wave Doppler (PWD), the user defines a small area (the sample "volume" or "gate") within the B-mode image, and (based on pulse repetition frequency, or the time required for returning sound waves) only the Doppler shifts recorded from that area are recorded. While avoiding the range ambiguity of continuous wave Doppler, the intermittent sampling of PWD, especially at targets that are further away from the transducer, renders the modality vulnerable to aliasing at higher velocities ⁴.

Practical points

utilization of continuous wave Doppler
- accurately records high flow velocities
- unable to determine the exact origin of any velocity it records
- common uses in sonography include the analysis of:
  - aortic stenosis
  - mitral stenosis
utilization of pulsed wave Doppler
- accurately records velocities at a user-defined origin
- vulnerable to aliasing at higher velocities and with deeper targets
- common uses in sonography include the analysis of:

References

Ultrasound - general index

ultrasound (introduction)
ultrasound physics
- basic physics
  - absorption
  - acoustic impedance
  - attenuation
  - decibel
  - propagation speed
  - reflection
  - refraction
  - scattering
- transducers
  - ultrasound frequencies
  - piezoelectric effect
  - linear array
  - convex array
  - phased array
  - beam focusing
  - beam steering
  - gain
  - time gain compensation
  - power output
  - focal zone
  - dynamic range
  - frame rate
  - line density
  - frame averaging (frame persistence)
  - ultrasound image resolution
    - axial resolution
    - lateral resolution
    - elevational (azimuthal) resolution
    - temporal resolution
- imaging modes and display
  - pulse-echo imaging
  - real-time imaging
  - Doppler imaging
    - Doppler effect
    - color Doppler
    - power Doppler
    - B flow
    - color box
    - Doppler angle
    - pulse repetition frequency and scale
    - wall filter
    - color write priority
    - packet size (dwell time)
    - resistive index
    - pulsatility index
  - panoramic imaging
  - compound imaging
  - harmonic imaging
  - elastography
  - scanning modes
    - 2D ultrasound
    - 3D ultrasound
    - 4D ultrasound
    - M-mode
- ultrasound artifacts
  - acoustic shadowing
  - acoustic enhancement
  - beam width artifact
  - reverberation artifact
    - comet tail artifact
      - color comet tail artifact
    - ring down artifact
  - mirror image artifact
  - side lobe artifact
  - speed displacement artifact
  - refraction artifact
  - multipath artifact
  - anisotropy
  - electrical interference artifact
  - Doppler artifacts
    - aliasing
    - tissue vibration
    - spectral broadening
    - blooming
    - motion (flash) artifact
    - twinkle artifact
    - acoustic streaming
- biological effects of ultrasound
  - mechanical index
  - thermal index
- history of ultrasound
obstetric ultrasound
- other
- placenta
- second trimester
  - fetal biometry
    - basic biometry
  - fetal morphology assessment
    - fetal echocardiography views
  - soft markers
    - nuchal fold thickness
    - ventriculomegaly
    - absent nasal bone
      - hypoplastic nasal bone
    - echogenic intracardiac focus
    - choroid plexus cysts
    - echogenic bowel
    - aberrant right subclavian artery
  - amnioreduction
  - echogenic fetal bowel
  - umbilical artery Doppler assessment
    - absent umbilical arterial end diastolic flow
    - reversal of umbilical arterial end diastolic flow
- chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis
- nuchal translucency
- failed early pregnancy
- subchorionic hematoma
- multiple gestations
- ectopic pregnancy
- first trimester and early pregnancy
gynecologic ultrasound
- acute pelvic pain
- chronic pelvic pain
- uterus
- ovaries
  - ovarian torsion
  - pelvic inflammatory disease
    - tubo-ovarian abscess complex
  - ovarian cysts and masses
  - paraovarian cyst
  - polycystic ovaries
  - ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
  - post-hysterectomy ovary
- cervix
- fallopian tube
- other
  - pelvic congestion syndrome
  - peritoneal inclusion cyst
vascular ultrasound
- carotids
  - internal carotid artery
  - cartoid stenosis
- extremities
  - ankle brachial index
- mesenteric vessels
  - chronic mesenteric ischemia
- other
  - fibrin sheath
  - tardus parvus
breast ultrasound
- benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
- hyperechoic breast lesions on ultrasound
- differential diagnosis of dilated ducts on breast imaging
musculoskeletal ultrasound
- technique/artifacts
  - anisotropy
- ultrasound of arthropathies
  - musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
- skin/soft tissue ultrasound
  - lipoma
  - parasitic infection
    - scrotal filariasis
    - filarial dance sign
- other
  - sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes
  - sonography of peripheral nerves
- pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound
  - ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip
    - alpha angle
    - beta angle
- ankle/foot ultrasound
  - Morton neuroma
- knee ultrasound
  - Baker cyst (popliteal cyst)
  - infrapatellar bursitis
- hip ultrasound
  - Morel-Lavallee lesion
- hand ultrasound
  - gamekeeper thumb
  - glomus tumor
- wrist ultrasound
- elbow ultrasound
- shoulder ultrasound
  - sonographic evaluation of rotator cuff tears
liver ultrasound
- liver
  - focal
  - diffuse
  - hepatic vasculature
  - other
    - hepatic trauma on ultrasound
- liver transplant
  - hepatic arterial resistive index
- biliary
gallbladder ultrasound
- diffuse gallbladder wall thickening (differential)
- focal gallbladder wall thickening (differential)
- gallstones
  - twinkling artifact
  - wall-echo-shadow sign
- gallbladder sludge
  - hepatisation of the gallbladder
- acute cholecystitis
- chronic cholecystitis
- gallbladder polyp
- gallbladder cholecystoses
  - adenomyomatosis
  - gallbladder wall cholesterolosis
    - strawberry gallbladder
- porcelain gallbladder
- gallbladder carcinoma
- gallbladder metastases
- gallbladder lymphoma
- gallbladder volvulus / torsion
- variants
- variants and anomalies
pancreatic ultrasound
- pancreatitis
  - acute
  - chronic
  - pseudocyst
- pancreatic necrosis
- pancreatic abscess
- pancreatic carcinoma
- pancreatic endocrine tumors / islet cell tumors
- cystic pancreatic neoplasms
- intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
- pancreatic metastases
- pancreatic lymphoma
- pancreatic trauma
- pancreas transplant
gastrointestinal ultrasound
- appendicitis
- hyperechoic bowel
- inguinal hernia
renal ultrasound
- hydronephrosis
- renal stone
- focal lesion
- diffuse
  - pyelonephritis
  - renal abscess
- renal vascular
  - renal artery stenosis
- renal transplant ultrasound
- other
  - renal trauma
bladder ultrasound
- bladder wall thickening
- bladder diverticulum
- bladder calculi
- ureterocele
- pseudoureterocele
- schistosomiasis
testicular and scrotal ultrasound
- other
- epididymis
- paratesticular lesions
- bilateral testicular lesion
- unilateral testicular lesion
  - testicular torsion
  - orchitis
  - testicular rupture
  - germ cell tumor of the testis
    - testicular seminoma
    - non seminomatous germ cell tumors
      - mixed germ cell tumor
      - yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)
      - embryonal cell carcinoma
      - choriocarcinoma
      - testicular teratoma
      - testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
    - burned out testis tumor
  - sex cord / stromal tumors of the testis
    - Leydig cell tumor
prostate ultrasound
- transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
- prostate carcinoma
- prostatitis
other lower genitourinary ultrasound
- urachal cyst
- urethra
- penis
  - Peyronie's disease
  - priapism
neck and thyroid ultrasound
- thyroid
- parathyroid
echocardiography
- echocardiographic modalities
  - transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
  - transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
  - three dimensional (3D) echocardiography
  - epicardial echocardiography
  - contrast enhanced echocardiography
  - fetal echocardiography
  - speckle tracking echocardiography
- physics and imaging modes
  - grey-scale (B-mode)
  - motion mode (M-mode)
  - color flow Doppler (CFD)
  - spectral Doppler
    - pulsed wave Doppler (PWD)
    - continuous wave Doppler (CWD)
  - tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)
- left ventricular systolic and diastolic function
  - structure and morphology
  - systolic function
  - diastolic function
- right ventricular assessment
  - structure and morphology
  - right ventricular (RV) dysfunction
- right and left atria
  - right atrial enlargement
  - left atrial enlargement
- valvular structure and function
  - mitral valve
    - mitral regurgitation
    - mitral stenosis
  - aortic valve
    - aortic stenosis
    - aortic regurgitation
  - pulmonic valve
    - pulmonic regurgitation
    - pulmonic stenosis
  - tricuspid valve
    - tricuspid regurgitation
    - tricuspid stenosis
- hemodynamics
- pericardium
  - pericardial effusion
  - constrictive pericarditis
- cardiomyopathies
- congenital heart disease
  - echocardiographic approach
  - deductive echocardiography
- great vessels
  - thoracic aorta
    - thoracic aortic aneurysm
    - thoracic aortic dissection
  - main pulmonary artery
    - pulmonary embolism
  - inferior vena cava
    - collapsability index
    - distensibility index
  - superior vena cava
pediatric ultrasound
- intussusception
- appendicitis
- vesicoureteric reflux grading
- transcranial ultrasound
ultrasound interventions
- ultrasound-guided biopsy
- ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage
  - thoracentesis
- ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal interventions
  - joint injection
  - nerve blocks
    - interscalene brachial plexus block
- ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation
contrast-enhanced ultrasound
- liver
- kidney

Article information

rID: 67204

System: Vascular, Hepatobiliary, Cardiac

Section: Physics

Tag: echo, pocus, ultrasound, doppler

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

Pulsed wave Doppler (PWD)
Continuous wave Doppler (CWD)
Pulsed wave Doppler

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Cases and figures

Case 1: carotid pulsed wave DopplerCase 1: carotid pulsed wave Doppler

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