Stroke in children and young adults can result from several causes, which are distinct from the most common causes in adults.
Pathology
Etiology
Arterial ischemic stroke
- arteriopathies
- CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy)
- CARASIL (cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy)
- CNS vasculitis (e.g. large vessel childhood primary angiitis of the CNS (cPACNS), systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.)
- COL4A1 brain small-vessel disease
- Divry van Bogaert syndrome
- focal cerebral arteriopathy of childhood
- HANAC syndrome (hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps syndrome)
- MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes)
- moyamoya disease/syndrome
- multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome (ACTA2 cerebral arteriopathy)
- retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S)
- Sneddon syndrome
- embolic phenomena
- arterial dissection
- infection
- purulent meningitis
- tuberculosis
- varicella zoster (postvaricella arteriopathy)
- blood disorders
- radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
- other genetic disorders (e.g. neurofibromatosis type 1 2, Fabry disease)
Hemorrhagic stroke
- vascular lesions
- arteriovenous malformation
- arteriovenous fistula
- aneurysms
- cavernous malformations
- moyamoya disease/syndrome
- blood disorders
- anticoagulation
- inherited coagulopathies
- platelet disorders
- sickle cell disease
- vitamin K deficiency
- drugs
- amphetamines
- cocaine
Venous thrombosis
- pregnancy
- postpartum
- oral contraceptive pill
- skull base/intracranial infection
- inflammatory bowel disease
- malignancy (e.g. acute lymphoblastic leukemia)
- chemotherapy (e.g. L-asparaginase)
- anemia
- dehydration
- trauma
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