Subfalcine herniation
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A subfalcineSubfalcine herniation, the most common cerebral herniation pattern, is characterised by displacement of the brain (typically the cingulate gyrus) beneath the free edge of the falx cerebri due to raised intracranial pressure.
Radiographic features
CT
The easiest method of evaluating for subfalcine shift is a straight line drawn in the expected location of the septum pellucidum from the posterior most aspects to the falx on axial images. Shift of the septum pellucidum from this midline can be measured in millimeters and compared over time to determine any change.
Asymmetry at the anterior falx with a widened CSF spaces on the contralateral anterior falx. There may be ipsilateral lateral ventricle compression with contralateral lateral ventricular dilation.
MRI
Findings are best visualized on coronal MR imaging. Unilateral mass effect from pathology in the frontal, parietal or temporal region, such as intracranial haemorrhage or tumour, causes displacement of the brain away from the mass.
Treatment and prognosis
Complications
- contralateral hydrocephalus
(duedue to obstruction of the foramen of Monro) - anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory infarct
(duedue to compression of ACA branches).
ACA infarction occurs as the cingulate sulcus extends under the falx dragging the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery with it. If this becomes compressed against the falx occlusion can lead to a distal anterior cerebral artery infarction and thus the clinical symptom of contralateral leg weakness.
-<p>A <strong>subfalcine herniation</strong>, the most common <a style="COLOR: rgb(63,117,216); TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="/articles/cerebral_herniation">cerebral herniation</a> pattern, is characterised by displacement of the brain (typically the <a title="cingulate gyrus" href="/articles/cingulate-gyrus">cingulate gyrus</a>) beneath the free edge of the <a style="COLOR: rgb(63,117,216); TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="/articles/falx-cerebri">falx cerebri</a> due to raised intracranial pressure. </p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>CT</h5><p>The easiest method of evaluating for subfalcine shift is a straight line drawn in the expected location of the <a title="septum pellucidum" href="/articles/septum-pellucidum">septum pellucidum</a> from the posterior most aspects to the falx on axial images. Shift of the septum pellucidum from this midline can be measured in millimeters and compared over time to determine any change.</p><p>Asymmetry at the <a title="anterior falx" href="/articles/anterior-falx">anterior falx</a> with a <a title="widened CSF spaces" href="/articles/widened-csf-spaces">widened CSF spaces</a> on the contralateral anterior falx. There may be ipsilateral <a title="lateral ventricle compression" href="/articles/lateral-ventricle-compression">lateral ventricle compression</a> with contralateral lateral ventricular dilation.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Findings are best visualized on coronal MR imaging. Unilateral mass effect from pathology in the frontal, parietal or temporal region, such as <a title="intracranial haemorrhage " href="/articles/intracranial-haemorrhage">intracranial haemorrhage</a> or <a title="intracranial tumour" href="/articles/intracranial-tumour">tumour</a>, causes displacement of the brain away from the mass. </p><h4>Complications</h4><ul>-<li>contralateral hydrocephalus (due to obstruction of the <a href="/articles/foramen-of-monro">foramen of Monro</a>) </li>-<li>anterior cerebral artery territory infarct (due to compression of ACA branches).</li>-</ul><p>ACA infarction occurs as the <a title="cingulate sulcus" href="/articles/cingulate-sulcus">cingulate sulcus</a> extends under the falx dragging the ipsilateral <a title="anterior cerebral artery" href="/articles/anterior-cerebral-artery">anterior cerebral artery</a> with it. If this becomes compressed against the falx occlusion can lead to a distal anterior cerebral artery infarction and thus the clinical symptom of contralateral leg weakness.</p><a name="Reference"></a>- +<p><strong>Subfalcine herniation</strong>, the most common <a href="/articles/cerebral-herniation">cerebral herniation</a> pattern, is characterised by displacement of the brain (typically the <a href="/articles/cingulate-gyrus">cingulate gyrus</a>) beneath the free edge of the <a href="/articles/falx-cerebri">falx cerebri</a> due to raised intracranial pressure. </p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>CT</h5><p>The easiest method of evaluating for subfalcine shift is a straight line drawn in the expected location of the <a href="/articles/septum-pellucidum">septum pellucidum</a> from the posterior most aspects to the falx on axial images. Shift of the septum pellucidum from this midline can be measured in millimeters and compared over time to determine any change.</p><p>Asymmetry at the <a href="/articles/anterior-falx">anterior falx</a> with a <a href="/articles/widened-csf-spaces">widened CSF spaces</a> on the contralateral anterior falx. There may be ipsilateral <a href="/articles/lateral-ventricle-compression">lateral ventricle compression</a> with contralateral lateral ventricular dilation.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Findings are best visualized on coronal MR imaging. Unilateral mass effect from pathology in the frontal, parietal or temporal region, such as <a href="/articles/intracranial-haemorrhage">intracranial haemorrhage</a> or <a href="/articles/intracranial-tumour">tumour</a>, causes displacement of the brain away from the mass. </p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><h5>Complications</h5><ul>
- +<li>contralateral <a title="hydrocephalus" href="/articles/hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a> due to obstruction of the <a href="/articles/foramen-of-monro">foramen of Monro</a>
- +</li>
- +<li>anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory infarct due to compression of ACA branches</li>
- +</ul><p>ACA infarction occurs as the <a href="/articles/cingulate-sulcus">cingulate sulcus</a> extends under the falx dragging the ipsilateral <a href="/articles/anterior-cerebral-artery">anterior cerebral artery</a> with it. If this becomes compressed against the falx occlusion can lead to a distal anterior cerebral artery infarction and thus the clinical symptom of contralateral leg weakness.</p>
References changed:
- 3. Emergency Radiology. Springer. (2007) ISBN:3540689087. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3540689087">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/3540689087">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="ref_v3"></span>
Tags changed:
- neurosurgery
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