Thyroid malignancies
Last revised by Frank Gaillard on 15 Feb 2023
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Weerakkody Y, Gaillard F, Bickle I, et al. Thyroid malignancies. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 03 Dec 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-24817
Permalink:
rID:
24817
Article created:
15 Sep 2013, Yuranga Weerakkody ◉
Disclosures:
At the time the article was created Yuranga Weerakkody had no recorded disclosures.
View Yuranga Weerakkody's current disclosuresLast revised:
15 Feb 2023, Frank Gaillard ◈
Disclosures:
At the time the article was last revised Frank Gaillard had the following disclosures:
- Biogen Australia Pty Ltd, Investigator-Initiated Research Grant for CAD software in multiple sclerosis: finished Oct 2021 (past)
These were assessed during peer review and were determined to not be relevant to the changes that were made.
View Frank Gaillard's current disclosuresRevisions:
18 times, by 11 contributors - see full revision history and disclosures
Systems:
Tags:
Synonyms:
- Thyroid carcinoma
- Thyroid malignancy
- Thyroid carcinomas
- Thyroid cancers
- Thyroid cancer
Thyroid malignancies are most commonly primary thyroid cancers but can rarely be metastatic deposits.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
- head and neck irradiation (see radiation-induced thyroid cancer)
- family history of thyroid cancer
- age <30 or >60 years
- male
- >2 cm
Pathology
Classification
Thyroid malignancies can be categorized into the following key subtypes:
- primary thyroid cancers
- papillary thyroid carcinoma: 60-80% of carcinomas
- follicular thyroid carcinoma: 10-20%
- medullary thyroid carcinoma: 5%
- anaplastic thyroid carcinoma : 1-2%
-
thyroid lymphoma: ~2.5%
- primary thyroid lymphoma
- secondary thyroid involvement with lymphoma
- metastases to the thyroid: 1%
-
squamous cell carcinoma (rare) 4
- primary
- secondary
- direct invasion from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- metastatic disease
- carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE) (rare)
Staging
For primary thyroid tumors see: staging of thyroid cancer.
References
- 1. Hoang J, Lee W, Lee M, Johnson D, Farrell S. US Features of Thyroid Malignancy: Pearls and Pitfalls. Radiographics. 2007;27(3):847-60; discussion 861-5. doi:10.1148/rg.273065038 - Pubmed
- 2. King A. Imaging for Staging and Management of Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2008;8(1):57-69. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0007 - Pubmed
- 3. Lee S, Shin J, Han B, Ko E. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Comparison with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Application of Current Sonographic Criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(4):1090-4. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3276 - Pubmed
- 4. Kleer C, Giordano T, Merino M. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid: An Aggressive Tumor Associated with Tall Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2000;13(7):742-6. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880129 - Pubmed
Incoming Links
Articles:
- Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)
- Thyroid nodules in paediatric patients
- Metastases to the thymus
- Papillary thyroid cancer
- Goitre
- Graves disease
- Brain metastases
- Haemorrhagic intracranial metastases (mnemonic)
- Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (mnemonic)
- Vocal cord paralysis
- Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
- Salt and pepper sign (paraganglioma)
- Anterosuperior mediastinal mass (mnemonic)
- Iodine-131
- Incidental thyroid nodule
- Hypervascular metastases (mnemonic)
- Iodine
- Choroid plexus metastases
- Radiation therapy
- Visceral space
Cases:
- Large skull metastases: primary follicular thyroid carcinoma
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma
- Cold nodule on thyroid scintigraphy
- Primary thyroid lymphoma
- Thyroid lymphoma
- Invasive thyroid carcinoma
- Gossypiboma - neck
- Toxic multinodular goitre
- Miliary nodules from thyroid cancer metastases
- Skeletal metastasis of thyroid cancer
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma with nodal metastases
- Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
- Osteolytic bone metastases
- US-guided thyroid nodule FNA
- Thyroid bed haematoma
- Cystic thyroid carcinoma (superior mediastinal mass)
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma with metastases
- Prostatic utricle cyst (on MRI)
- Microlobulated margin of thyroid nodule: metastasis to thyroid
- Pulmonary metastases (thyroid cancer)
Related articles: Pathology: Thyroid and Parathyroid
-
thyroid
- thyroid inflammatory disease
- thyroid neoplasm
- thyroid nodules
- metabolic
- developmental
- gamuts
- approach
- assessment of thyroid lesions
- postoperative assessment after thyroid cancer surgery
- ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the thyroid
- parathyroid
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