{"countries":[{"id":4,"name":"Afghanistan","region_id":1},{"id":17,"name":"Åland Islands","region_id":1},{"id":7,"name":"Albania","region_id":1},{"id":64,"name":"Algeria","region_id":1},{"id":13,"name":"American Samoa","region_id":3},{"id":2,"name":"Andorra","region_id":1},{"id":10,"name":"Angola","region_id":1},{"id":6,"name":"Anguilla","region_id":1},{"id":11,"name":"Antarctica","region_id":1},{"id":5,"name":"Antigua and Barbuda","region_id":1},{"id":12,"name":"Argentina","region_id":1},{"id":8,"name":"Armenia","region_id":1},{"id":16,"name":"Aruba","region_id":1},{"id":15,"name":"Australia","region_id":2},{"id":14,"name":"Austria","region_id":1},{"id":18,"name":"Azerbaijan","region_id":1},{"id":34,"name":"Bahamas","region_id":1},{"id":25,"name":"Bahrain","region_id":1},{"id":21,"name":"Bangladesh","region_id":1},{"id":20,"name":"Barbados","region_id":1},{"id":38,"name":"Belarus","region_id":1},{"id":22,"name":"Belgium","region_id":1},{"id":39,"name":"Belize","region_id":1},{"id":27,"name":"Benin","region_id":1},{"id":29,"name":"Bermuda","region_id":1},{"id":35,"name":"Bhutan","region_id":1},{"id":31,"name":"Bolivia","region_id":1},{"id":32,"name":"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba","region_id":1},{"id":19,"name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","region_id":1},{"id":37,"name":"Botswana","region_id":1},{"id":36,"name":"Bouvet Island","region_id":1},{"id":33,"name":"Brazil","region_id":1},{"id":108,"name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","region_id":1},{"id":30,"name":"Brunei Darussalam","region_id":1},{"id":24,"name":"Bulgaria","region_id":1},{"id":23,"name":"Burkina Faso","region_id":1},{"id":26,"name":"Burundi","region_id":1},{"id":119,"name":"Cambodia","region_id":1},{"id":49,"name":"Cameroon","region_id":1},{"id":40,"name":"Canada","region_id":1},{"id":54,"name":"Cape Verde","region_id":1},{"id":126,"name":"Cayman Islands","region_id":1},{"id":43,"name":"Central African Republic","region_id":1},{"id":217,"name":"Chad","region_id":1},{"id":48,"name":"Chile","region_id":1},{"id":50,"name":"China","region_id":1},{"id":56,"name":"Christmas Island","region_id":1},{"id":41,"name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","region_id":1},{"id":51,"name":"Colombia","region_id":1},{"id":121,"name":"Comoros","region_id":1},{"id":44,"name":"Congo","region_id":1},{"id":42,"name":"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The","region_id":1},{"id":47,"name":"Cook Islands","region_id":1},{"id":52,"name":"Costa Rica","region_id":1},{"id":46,"name":"Côte D'Ivoire","region_id":1},{"id":100,"name":"Croatia","region_id":1},{"id":53,"name":"Cuba","region_id":1},{"id":55,"name":"Curaçao","region_id":1},{"id":57,"name":"Cyprus","region_id":1},{"id":58,"name":"Czech Republic","region_id":1},{"id":61,"name":"Denmark","region_id":1},{"id":60,"name":"Djibouti","region_id":1},{"id":62,"name":"Dominica","region_id":1},{"id":63,"name":"Dominican Republic","region_id":1},{"id":65,"name":"Ecuador","region_id":1},{"id":67,"name":"Egypt","region_id":1},{"id":212,"name":"El Salvador","region_id":1},{"id":90,"name":"Equatorial Guinea","region_id":1},{"id":69,"name":"Eritrea","region_id":1},{"id":66,"name":"Estonia","region_id":1},{"id":71,"name":"Ethiopia","region_id":1},{"id":74,"name":"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)","region_id":1},{"id":76,"name":"Faroe Islands","region_id":1},{"id":73,"name":"Fiji","region_id":1},{"id":72,"name":"Finland","region_id":1},{"id":77,"name":"France","region_id":1},{"id":82,"name":"French Guiana","region_id":1},{"id":177,"name":"French Polynesia","region_id":1},{"id":218,"name":"French Southern Territories","region_id":1},{"id":78,"name":"Gabon","region_id":1},{"id":87,"name":"Gambia","region_id":1},{"id":81,"name":"Georgia","region_id":1},{"id":59,"name":"Germany","region_id":1},{"id":84,"name":"Ghana","region_id":1},{"id":85,"name":"Gibraltar","region_id":1},{"id":91,"name":"Greece","region_id":1},{"id":86,"name":"Greenland","region_id":1},{"id":80,"name":"Grenada","region_id":1},{"id":89,"name":"Guadeloupe","region_id":1},{"id":94,"name":"Guam","region_id":1},{"id":93,"name":"Guatemala","region_id":1},{"id":83,"name":"Guernsey","region_id":1},{"id":88,"name":"Guinea","region_id":1},{"id":95,"name":"Guinea-Bissau","region_id":1},{"id":96,"name":"Guyana","region_id":1},{"id":101,"name":"Haiti","region_id":1},{"id":98,"name":"Heard and McDonald Islands","region_id":1},{"id":238,"name":"Holy See (Vatican City State)","region_id":1},{"id":99,"name":"Honduras","region_id":1},{"id":97,"name":"Hong Kong","region_id":1},{"id":102,"name":"Hungary","region_id":1},{"id":111,"name":"Iceland","region_id":1},{"id":107,"name":"India","region_id":1},{"id":103,"name":"Indonesia","region_id":1},{"id":110,"name":"Iran, Islamic Republic Of","region_id":1},{"id":109,"name":"Iraq","region_id":1},{"id":104,"name":"Ireland","region_id":1},{"id":106,"name":"Isle of Man","region_id":1},{"id":105,"name":"Israel","region_id":1},{"id":112,"name":"Italy","region_id":1},{"id":114,"name":"Jamaica","region_id":1},{"id":116,"name":"Japan","region_id":1},{"id":113,"name":"Jersey","region_id":1},{"id":115,"name":"Jordan","region_id":1},{"id":127,"name":"Kazakhstan","region_id":1},{"id":117,"name":"Kenya","region_id":1},{"id":120,"name":"Kiribati","region_id":1},{"id":123,"name":"Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of","region_id":1},{"id":124,"name":"Korea, Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":252,"name":"Kosovo","region_id":1},{"id":125,"name":"Kuwait","region_id":1},{"id":118,"name":"Kyrgyzstan","region_id":1},{"id":128,"name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","region_id":1},{"id":137,"name":"Latvia","region_id":1},{"id":129,"name":"Lebanon","region_id":1},{"id":134,"name":"Lesotho","region_id":1},{"id":133,"name":"Liberia","region_id":1},{"id":138,"name":"Libya","region_id":1},{"id":131,"name":"Liechtenstein","region_id":1},{"id":135,"name":"Lithuania","region_id":1},{"id":136,"name":"Luxembourg","region_id":1},{"id":150,"name":"Macao","region_id":1},{"id":146,"name":"Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic Of","region_id":1},{"id":144,"name":"Madagascar","region_id":1},{"id":158,"name":"Malawi","region_id":1},{"id":160,"name":"Malaysia","region_id":1},{"id":157,"name":"Maldives","region_id":1},{"id":147,"name":"Mali","region_id":1},{"id":155,"name":"Malta","region_id":1},{"id":145,"name":"Marshall Islands","region_id":1},{"id":152,"name":"Martinique","region_id":1},{"id":153,"name":"Mauritania","region_id":1},{"id":156,"name":"Mauritius","region_id":1},{"id":248,"name":"Mayotte","region_id":1},{"id":159,"name":"Mexico","region_id":1},{"id":75,"name":"Micronesia, Federated States Of","region_id":1},{"id":141,"name":"Moldova, Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":140,"name":"Monaco","region_id":1},{"id":149,"name":"Mongolia","region_id":1},{"id":142,"name":"Montenegro","region_id":1},{"id":154,"name":"Montserrat","region_id":1},{"id":139,"name":"Morocco","region_id":1},{"id":161,"name":"Mozambique","region_id":1},{"id":148,"name":"Myanmar","region_id":1},{"id":162,"name":"Namibia","region_id":1},{"id":171,"name":"Nauru","region_id":1},{"id":170,"name":"Nepal","region_id":1},{"id":168,"name":"Netherlands","region_id":1},{"id":9,"name":"Netherlands Antilles","region_id":1},{"id":163,"name":"New Caledonia","region_id":1},{"id":173,"name":"New Zealand","region_id":2},{"id":167,"name":"Nicaragua","region_id":1},{"id":164,"name":"Niger","region_id":1},{"id":166,"name":"Nigeria","region_id":1},{"id":172,"name":"Niue","region_id":1},{"id":165,"name":"Norfolk Island","region_id":1},{"id":151,"name":"Northern Mariana Islands","region_id":1},{"id":169,"name":"Norway","region_id":1},{"id":174,"name":"Oman","region_id":1},{"id":180,"name":"Pakistan","region_id":1},{"id":187,"name":"Palau","region_id":1},{"id":185,"name":"Palestine, State of","region_id":1},{"id":175,"name":"Panama","region_id":1},{"id":178,"name":"Papua New Guinea","region_id":1},{"id":188,"name":"Paraguay","region_id":1},{"id":176,"name":"Peru","region_id":1},{"id":179,"name":"Philippines","region_id":1},{"id":183,"name":"Pitcairn","region_id":1},{"id":181,"name":"Poland","region_id":1},{"id":186,"name":"Portugal","region_id":1},{"id":184,"name":"Puerto Rico","region_id":1},{"id":189,"name":"Qatar","region_id":1},{"id":190,"name":"Réunion","region_id":1},{"id":191,"name":"Romania","region_id":1},{"id":193,"name":"Russian Federation","region_id":1},{"id":194,"name":"Rwanda","region_id":1},{"id":28,"name":"Saint Barthélemy","region_id":1},{"id":201,"name":"Saint Helena","region_id":1},{"id":122,"name":"Saint Kitts And Nevis","region_id":1},{"id":130,"name":"Saint Lucia","region_id":1},{"id":143,"name":"Saint Martin","region_id":1},{"id":182,"name":"Saint Pierre And Miquelon","region_id":1},{"id":239,"name":"Saint Vincent And The Grenadines","region_id":1},{"id":246,"name":"Samoa","region_id":1},{"id":206,"name":"San Marino","region_id":1},{"id":211,"name":"Sao Tome and Principe","region_id":1},{"id":195,"name":"Saudi Arabia","region_id":1},{"id":207,"name":"Senegal","region_id":1},{"id":192,"name":"Serbia","region_id":1},{"id":197,"name":"Seychelles","region_id":1},{"id":205,"name":"Sierra Leone","region_id":1},{"id":200,"name":"Singapore","region_id":1},{"id":213,"name":"Sint Maarten","region_id":1},{"id":204,"name":"Slovakia","region_id":1},{"id":202,"name":"Slovenia","region_id":1},{"id":196,"name":"Solomon Islands","region_id":1},{"id":208,"name":"Somalia","region_id":1},{"id":249,"name":"South Africa","region_id":1},{"id":92,"name":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","region_id":1},{"id":210,"name":"South Sudan","region_id":1},{"id":70,"name":"Spain","region_id":1},{"id":132,"name":"Sri Lanka","region_id":1},{"id":198,"name":"Sudan","region_id":1},{"id":209,"name":"Suriname","region_id":1},{"id":203,"name":"Svalbard And Jan Mayen","region_id":1},{"id":215,"name":"Swaziland","region_id":1},{"id":199,"name":"Sweden","region_id":1},{"id":45,"name":"Switzerland","region_id":1},{"id":214,"name":"Syrian Arab Republic","region_id":1},{"id":230,"name":"Taiwan, Republic Of China","region_id":1},{"id":221,"name":"Tajikistan","region_id":1},{"id":231,"name":"Tanzania, United Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":220,"name":"Thailand","region_id":1},{"id":223,"name":"Timor-Leste","region_id":1},{"id":219,"name":"Togo","region_id":1},{"id":222,"name":"Tokelau","region_id":1},{"id":226,"name":"Tonga","region_id":1},{"id":228,"name":"Trinidad and Tobago","region_id":1},{"id":225,"name":"Tunisia","region_id":1},{"id":227,"name":"Turkey","region_id":1},{"id":224,"name":"Turkmenistan","region_id":1},{"id":216,"name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","region_id":1},{"id":229,"name":"Tuvalu","region_id":1},{"id":233,"name":"Uganda","region_id":1},{"id":232,"name":"Ukraine","region_id":1},{"id":3,"name":"United Arab Emirates","region_id":1},{"id":79,"name":"United Kingdom","region_id":4},{"id":235,"name":"United States","region_id":3},{"id":234,"name":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","region_id":3},{"id":236,"name":"Uruguay","region_id":1},{"id":237,"name":"Uzbekistan","region_id":1},{"id":244,"name":"Vanuatu","region_id":1},{"id":240,"name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","region_id":1},{"id":243,"name":"Vietnam","region_id":1},{"id":241,"name":"Virgin Islands, British","region_id":1},{"id":242,"name":"Virgin Islands, U.S.","region_id":1},{"id":245,"name":"Wallis and Futuna","region_id":1},{"id":68,"name":"Western Sahara","region_id":1},{"id":247,"name":"Yemen","region_id":1},{"id":250,"name":"Zambia","region_id":1},{"id":251,"name":"Zimbabwe","region_id":1}],"sub_specialties":{"en":[{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"General radiology","value":1},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Abdominal radiology","value":2},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Breast radiology","value":3},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Cardiac radiology","value":97},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Chest radiology","value":4},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Emergency radiology","value":98},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Head and neck radiology","value":99},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Interventional radiology","value":5},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Musculoskeletal radiology","value":6},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neurointerventional radiology","value":7},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neuroradiology","value":8},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":9},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Paediatric radiology","value":10},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Vascular radiology","value":100},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Women's imaging","value":11},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Other radiology","value":12},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"General pathology","value":13},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Anatomical pathology","value":14},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Chemical pathology","value":15},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Forensic pathology","value":16},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Haematology","value":17},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Other pathology","value":18},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"General medicine","value":19},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Cardiology","value":20},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Dermatology","value":21},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Emergency medicine","value":22},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Endocrinology","value":23},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Gastroenterology","value":24},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Geriatrician","value":25},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Haematology","value":26},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Immunology","value":27},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Infectious diseases","value":28},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Intensive care","value":29},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Internal medicine","value":30},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Palliative care","value":31},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neonatalology","value":32},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Nephrology","value":33},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neurology","value":34},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Obstetrics and/or gynaecology","value":35},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Oncology","value":36},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Ophthalmology","value":37},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pain management","value":38},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Paediatrics","value":39},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Psychiatry","value":40},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Radiation oncology","value":41},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rehabilitation medicine","value":42},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Respiratory medicine","value":43},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rheumatology","value":44},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Other specialised medicine","value":45},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"General surgeon","value":46},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Cardiothoracic surgeon","value":47},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Colorectal surgeon","value":48},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Ear nose and throat surgeon","value":49},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Head and neck surgeon","value":50},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Hepatobiliary surgeon","value":51},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Maxillofacial surgeon","value":52},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Neurosurgeon","value":53},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Oncological surgeon","value":54},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Orthopaedic surgeon","value":55},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Plastic surgeon","value":56},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Trauma surgeon","value":57},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Urology","value":58},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Vascular surgeon","value":59},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Other surgeon","value":60},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Anaesthetics","label":"Anaesthetics","value":61},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Other medical doctor","label":"Other medical doctor","value":62},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"General radiography","value":63},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Angiography","value":64},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"CT radiography","value":65},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"MR imaging","value":66},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":67},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiation therapy","value":68},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiology technician","value":69},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Ultrasonography","value":70},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Other imaging technologist","value":71},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Advanced practitioner (radiographer)","value":102},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"General dentistry","value":72},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Endodontistry","value":73},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Paediatric dentistry","value":74},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Pedodontistry","value":75},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Periodontistry","value":76},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Prosthodontistry","value":77},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery","value":78},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral pathology","value":79},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Orthodontistry","value":80},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Other dentistry","value":81},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"General nursing","value":82},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Anaesthetic nursing","value":83},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Dental nursing","value":84},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Emergency nursing","value":85},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Intensive care nursing","value":86},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Medical nursing","value":87},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Paediatric nursing","value":88},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Rehabilitation nursing","value":89},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Surgical nursing","value":90},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Other nursing","value":91},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Advanced practitioner (nurse)","value":101},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Dietician","value":92},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Occupational therapy","value":93},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Physiotherapy","value":94},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Speech pathology","value":95},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Other allied health","value":96},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Advanced practitioner (physiotherapist)","value":103},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Veterinarian","value":104},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Physician assistant","value":105},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Not Specified","value":106}],"en-US":[{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"General radiology","value":1},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Abdominal radiology","value":2},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Breast radiology","value":3},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Cardiac radiology","value":97},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Chest radiology","value":4},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Emergency radiology","value":98},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Head and neck radiology","value":99},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Interventional radiology","value":5},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Musculoskeletal radiology","value":6},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neurointerventional radiology","value":7},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Neuroradiology","value":8},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":9},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Pediatric radiology","value":10},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Vascular radiology","value":100},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Women's imaging","value":11},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Radiology","label":"Other radiology","value":12},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"General pathology","value":13},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Anatomical pathology","value":14},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Chemical pathology","value":15},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Forensic pathology","value":16},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Hematology","value":17},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Pathology","label":"Other pathology","value":18},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"General medicine","value":19},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Cardiology","value":20},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Dermatology","value":21},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Emergency medicine","value":22},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Endocrinology","value":23},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Gastroenterology","value":24},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Geriatrician","value":25},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Hematology","value":26},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Immunology","value":27},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Infectious diseases","value":28},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Intensive care","value":29},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Internal medicine","value":30},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Palliative care","value":31},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neonatalology","value":32},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Nephrology","value":33},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Neurology","value":34},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Obstetrics and/or gynaecology","value":35},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Oncology","value":36},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Ophthalmology","value":37},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pain management","value":38},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pediatrics","value":39},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Psychiatry","value":40},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Radiation oncology","value":41},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rehabilitation medicine","value":42},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Pulmonology","value":43},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Rheumatology","value":44},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Physician","label":"Other specialised medicine","value":45},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"General surgeon","value":46},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Cardiothoracic surgeon","value":47},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Colorectal surgeon","value":48},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Otolaryngology","value":49},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Head and neck surgeon","value":50},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Hepatobiliary surgeon","value":51},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Maxillofacial surgeon","value":52},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Neurosurgeon","value":53},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Oncological surgeon","value":54},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Orthopedic surgeon","value":55},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Plastic surgeon","value":56},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Trauma surgeon","value":57},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Urology","value":58},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Vascular surgeon","value":59},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Surgery","label":"Other surgeon","value":60},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Anaesthetics","label":"Anesthesiology","value":61},{"broad_division_id":1,"groupId":"Other medical doctor","label":"Other medical doctor","value":62},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"General radiography","value":63},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Angiography","value":64},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"CT radiography","value":65},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"MR imaging","value":66},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Nuclear medicine","value":67},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiation therapy","value":68},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Radiology technician","value":69},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Ultrasonography","value":70},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Other imaging technologist","value":71},{"broad_division_id":2,"groupId":"Imaging technologist","label":"Advanced practitioner (radiographer)","value":102},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"General dentistry","value":72},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Endodontistry","value":73},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Paediatric dentistry","value":74},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Pedodontistry","value":75},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Periodontistry","value":76},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Prosthodontistry","value":77},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery","value":78},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Oral pathology","value":79},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Orthodontistry","value":80},{"broad_division_id":3,"groupId":"Dentistry/dental science","label":"Other dentistry","value":81},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"General nursing","value":82},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Anesthetic nursing","value":83},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Dental nursing","value":84},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Emergency nursing","value":85},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Intensive care nursing","value":86},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Medical nursing","value":87},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Pediatric nursing","value":88},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Rehabilitation nursing","value":89},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Surgical nursing","value":90},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Other nursing","value":91},{"broad_division_id":4,"groupId":"Nursing","label":"Advanced practitioner (nurse)","value":101},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Dietician","value":92},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Occupational therapy","value":93},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Physiotherapy","value":94},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Speech pathology","value":95},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Other allied health","value":96},{"broad_division_id":5,"groupId":"Allied health","label":"Advanced practitioner (physiotherapist)","value":103},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Veterinarian","value":104},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Physician assistant","value":105},{"broad_division_id":6,"groupId":"Other","label":"Not Specified","value":106}]},"training_levels":[{"broad_division_id":1,"value":1,"region_labels":{"4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":2,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":3,"region_labels":{"2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":4,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":5,"region_labels":{"4":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)","3":"Undergraduate Non-Medicine (year 5+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":6,"region_labels":{"3":"Medical Student (year 1)","1":"Medical Student (year 1)","2":"Medical Student (year 1)","4":"Medical Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":7,"region_labels":{"2":"Medical Student (year 2)","3":"Medical Student (year 2)","4":"Medical Student (year 2)","1":"Medical Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":8,"region_labels":{"2":"Medical Student (year 3)","3":"Medical Student (year 3)","4":"Medical Student (year 3)","1":"Medical Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":9,"region_labels":{"2":"Medical Student (year 4)","3":"Medical Student (year 4)","4":"Medical Student (year 4)","1":"Medical Student (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":10,"region_labels":{"1":"Medical Student (year 5)","3":"Medical Student (year 5)","2":"Medical Student (year 5)","4":"Medical Student (year 5)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":11,"region_labels":{"3":"Medical Student (year 6+)","4":"Medical Student (year 6+)","1":"Medical Student (year 6+)","2":"Medical Student (year 6+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":12,"region_labels":{"4":"Foundation Doctor (FY1)","2":"Intern","3":"Postgraduate year 1 (PGY 1)","1":"Intern"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":13,"region_labels":{"4":"Foundation Doctor (FY2)","2":"Resident (HMO year 1)","1":"Junior Doctor (HMO year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":14,"region_labels":{"1":"Junior Doctor (HMO year 2+)","2":"Resident (HMO year 2+)","4":"Foundation Doctor (FY3+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":15,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 2 (PGY 2)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 1)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 1)","2":"Registrar (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":16,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 3 (PGY 3)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 2)","2":"Registrar (year 2)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":17,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 4 (PGY 4)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 3)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 3)","2":"Registrar (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":18,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate year 5 (PGY 6)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 4)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 4)","2":"Registrar (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":19,"region_labels":{"4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 5)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 5)","2":"Registrar (year 5)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":20,"region_labels":{"4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 6)","2":"Registrar (year 6)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 6)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":21,"region_labels":{"2":"Registrar (year 7+)","1":"Specialty trainee (year 7+)","4":"Specialty trainee year (ST 7+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":22,"region_labels":{"3":"Fellow (PGY 6)","2":"Fellow (year 1)","4":"Fellow (year 1)","1":"Fellow (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":23,"region_labels":{"3":"Fellow (PGY 7+)","2":"Fellow (year 2+)","4":"Fellow (year 2+)","1":"Fellow (year 2+)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":24,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 1-5)","2":"Consultant (year 1-5)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 1-5)","4":"Consultant (year 1-5)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":25,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 6-10)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 6-10)","2":"Consultant (year 6-10)","4":"Consultant (year 6-10)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":26,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 11-15)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 11-15)","4":"Consultant (year 11-15)","2":"Consultant (year 11-15)"}},{"broad_division_id":1,"value":27,"region_labels":{"3":"Attending (year 15+)","2":"Consultant (year 15+)","4":"Consultant (year 15+)","1":"Consultant/Attending (year 15+)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":28,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 1)","4":"Student (year 1)","2":"Student (year 1)","1":"Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":29,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 2)","2":"Student (year 2)","1":"Student (year 2)","4":"Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":30,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 3)","1":"Student (year 3)","2":"Student (year 3)","4":"Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":31,"region_labels":{"3":"Student (year 4+)","1":"Student (year 4+)","4":"Student (year 4+)","2":"Student (year 4+)"}},{"broad_division_id":2,"value":32,"region_labels":{"3":"Radiographer/Technician","1":"Radiographer/Technician","2":"Radiographer/Technician","4":"Radiographer/Technician"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":39,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":40,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":41,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":42,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":43,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)","4":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)","2":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)","1":"Undergraduate Non-Dental (year 5+)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":44,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 1)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 1)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 1)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":45,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 2)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 2)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 2)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":46,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 3)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 3)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 3)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":47,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 4)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 4)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 4)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":48,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 5)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 5)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 5)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 5)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":49,"region_labels":{"3":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)","4":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)","1":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)","2":"Dentistry Student (year 6+)"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":50,"region_labels":{"3":"General Dentist","2":"General Dentist","4":"General Dentist","1":"General Dentist"}},{"broad_division_id":3,"value":51,"region_labels":{"3":"Specialty Dentist","2":"Specialty Dentist","1":"Specialty Dentist","4":"Specialty Dentist"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":33,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 1)","4":"Nursing Student (year 1)","2":"Nursing Student (year 1)","1":"Nursing Student (year 1)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":34,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 2)","1":"Nursing Student (year 2)","2":"Nursing Student (year 2)","4":"Nursing Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":35,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 3)","4":"Nursing Student (year 3)","1":"Nursing Student (year 3)","2":"Nursing Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":36,"region_labels":{"3":"Nursing Student (year 4+)","1":"Nursing Student (year 4+)","4":"Nursing Student (year 4+)","2":"Nursing Student (year 4+)"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":37,"region_labels":{"3":"Registered Nurse","1":"Registered Nurse","4":"Registered Nurse","2":"Registered Nurse"}},{"broad_division_id":4,"value":38,"region_labels":{"3":"Specialty Nurse","2":"Specialty Nurse","1":"Specialty Nurse","4":"Specialty Nurse"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":52,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 2)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 2)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 2)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 2)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":53,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 3)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 3)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 3)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 3)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":54,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 4)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 4)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 4)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 4)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":55,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)","2":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)","1":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)","4":"Allied Health Student (year 5+)"}},{"broad_division_id":5,"value":56,"region_labels":{"3":"Allied Health Professional","4":"Allied Health Professional","1":"Allied Health Professional","2":"Allied Health Professional"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":57,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 1","1":"Undergraduate 1","4":"Undergraduate 1","2":"Undergraduate 1"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":58,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 2","1":"Undergraduate 2","4":"Undergraduate 2","2":"Undergraduate 2"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":59,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 3","1":"Undergraduate 3","2":"Undergraduate 3","4":"Undergraduate 3"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":60,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 4","2":"Undergraduate 4","1":"Undergraduate 4","4":"Undergraduate 4"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":61,"region_labels":{"3":"Undergraduate 5","4":"Undergraduate 5","2":"Undergraduate 5","1":"Undergraduate 5"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":62,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 1","2":"Postgraduate 1","4":"Postgraduate 1","1":"Postgraduate 1"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":63,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 2","2":"Postgraduate 2","4":"Postgraduate 2","1":"Postgraduate 2"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":64,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 3","1":"Postgraduate 3","4":"Postgraduate 3","2":"Postgraduate 3"}},{"broad_division_id":6,"value":65,"region_labels":{"3":"Postgraduate 4","2":"Postgraduate 4","4":"Postgraduate 4","1":"Postgraduate 4"}}],"default_training_region_id":1,"en_us_country_ids":[5,12,20,31,33,48,51,52,53,62,63,65,93,96,99,101,114,122,130,159,167,175,176,188,209,212,228,234,235,236,239,240,242],"selected_country_id":235,"email":"","container_id":"signup-modal-container"}

Ultrasound-guided biopsy

Dr Bruno Di Muzio ◈ and Dr Ian Bickle ◉ et al.

Ultrasound-guided biopsy is one form of image-guided biopsy, typically performed by a radiologist. It is the most common form of image-guided biopsy, offering convenience and real-time dynamic observation with echogenic markers on cannulae allowing for precise placement.

It can potentially be used to perform a biopsy of any body part, being regularly used to biopsy the kidney, liver, breast and lymph nodes. There can be some minor procedural variation in the type of biopsy performed.

Biopsies may be focal or non-focal in nature. Lesions as small as 5 mm may be biopsied, with a range of biopsy needle gauges and sizes available (from 22G to 14G). Broadly speaking needles may be single or co-axial and have 10 mm or 20 mm cutting lengths.

Most common percutaneous biopsies

Laboratory parameters for a safe procedure

Biopsies in deep structures require special attention to coagulation indices. There are widely divergent opinions about the safe values of these indices for percutaneous biopsies. The values suggested below were considered based on the literature review, whose references are cited below.

Complete blood count: Platelet > 50000/mm³ (some institutions determine other values between 50000-100000/mm³) ^1,3.

Coagulation profile: Some studies showed that having a normal INR or prothrombin time is no reassurance that the patient will not bleed after the procedure².

international normalized ratio (INR) ≤1.5 ³
normal prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Contraindications

The contraindications must be considered individually in each case. Overall, the most important contraindications to percutaneous biopsies are:

uncooperative patient
lack of safe access
uncorrectable bleeding diathesis (abnormal coagulation indices)

References

Ultrasound - general index

ultrasound (introduction)
ultrasound physics
- basic physics
  - absorption
  - acoustic impedance
  - attenuation
  - decibel
  - propagation speed
  - reflection
  - refraction
  - scattering
- transducers
  - ultrasound frequencies
  - piezoelectric effect
  - linear array
  - convex array
  - phased array
  - beam focusing
  - beam steering
  - gain
  - time gain compensation
  - power output
  - focal zone
  - dynamic range
  - frame rate
  - line density
  - frame averaging (frame persistence)
  - ultrasound image resolution
    - axial resolution
    - lateral resolution
    - elevational (azimuthal) resolution
    - temporal resolution
- imaging modes and display
  - pulse-echo imaging
  - real-time imaging
  - Doppler imaging
    - Doppler effect
    - color Doppler
    - power Doppler
    - B flow
    - color box
    - Doppler angle
    - pulse repetition frequency and scale
    - wall filter
    - color write priority
    - packet size (dwell time)
    - resistive index
    - pulsatility index
  - panoramic imaging
  - compound imaging
  - harmonic imaging
  - elastography
  - scanning modes
    - 2D ultrasound
    - 3D ultrasound
    - 4D ultrasound
    - M-mode
- ultrasound artifacts
  - acoustic shadowing
  - acoustic enhancement
  - beam width artifact
  - reverberation artifact
    - comet tail artifact
      - color comet tail artifact
    - ring down artifact
  - mirror image artifact
  - side lobe artifact
  - speed displacement artifact
  - refraction artifact
  - multipath artifact
  - anisotropy
  - electrical interference artifact
  - Doppler artifacts
    - aliasing
    - tissue vibration
    - spectral broadening
    - blooming
    - motion (flash) artifact
    - twinkle artifact
    - acoustic streaming
- biological effects of ultrasound
  - mechanical index
  - thermal index
- history of ultrasound
obstetric ultrasound
- other
- placenta
- second trimester
  - fetal biometry
    - basic biometry
  - fetal morphology assessment
    - fetal echocardiography views
  - soft markers
    - nuchal fold thickness
    - ventriculomegaly
    - absent nasal bone
      - hypoplastic nasal bone
    - echogenic intracardiac focus
    - choroid plexus cysts
    - echogenic bowel
    - aberrant right subclavian artery
  - amnioreduction
  - echogenic fetal bowel
  - umbilical artery Doppler assessment
    - absent umbilical arterial end diastolic flow
    - reversal of umbilical arterial end diastolic flow
- chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis
- nuchal translucency
- failed early pregnancy
- subchorionic hematoma
- multiple gestations
- ectopic pregnancy
- first trimester and early pregnancy
gynecologic ultrasound
- acute pelvic pain
- chronic pelvic pain
- uterus
- ovaries
  - ovarian torsion
  - pelvic inflammatory disease
    - tubo-ovarian abscess complex
  - ovarian cysts and masses
  - paraovarian cyst
  - polycystic ovaries
  - ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
  - post-hysterectomy ovary
- cervix
- fallopian tube
- other
  - pelvic congestion syndrome
  - peritoneal inclusion cyst
vascular ultrasound
- carotids
  - internal carotid artery
  - cartoid stenosis
- extremities
  - ankle brachial index
- mesenteric vessels
  - chronic mesenteric ischemia
- other
  - fibrin sheath
  - tardus parvus
breast ultrasound
- benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
- hyperechoic breast lesions on ultrasound
- differential diagnosis of dilated ducts on breast imaging
musculoskeletal ultrasound
- technique/artifacts
  - anisotropy
- ultrasound of arthropathies
  - musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
- skin/soft tissue ultrasound
  - lipoma
  - parasitic infection
    - scrotal filariasis
    - filarial dance sign
- other
  - sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes
  - sonography of peripheral nerves
- pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound
  - ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip
    - alpha angle
    - beta angle
- ankle/foot ultrasound
  - Morton neuroma
- knee ultrasound
  - Baker cyst (popliteal cyst)
  - infrapatellar bursitis
- hip ultrasound
  - Morel-Lavallee lesion
- hand ultrasound
  - gamekeeper thumb
  - glomus tumor
- wrist ultrasound
- elbow ultrasound
- shoulder ultrasound
  - sonographic evaluation of rotator cuff tears
liver ultrasound
- liver
  - focal
  - diffuse
  - hepatic vasculature
  - other
    - hepatic trauma on ultrasound
- liver transplant
  - hepatic arterial resistive index
- biliary
gallbladder ultrasound
- diffuse gallbladder wall thickening (differential)
- focal gallbladder wall thickening (differential)
- gallstones
  - twinkling artifact
  - wall-echo-shadow sign
- gallbladder sludge
  - hepatisation of the gallbladder
- acute cholecystitis
- chronic cholecystitis
- gallbladder polyp
- gallbladder cholecystoses
  - adenomyomatosis
  - gallbladder wall cholesterolosis
    - strawberry gallbladder
- porcelain gallbladder
- gallbladder carcinoma
- gallbladder metastases
- gallbladder lymphoma
- gallbladder volvulus / torsion
- variants
- variants and anomalies
pancreatic ultrasound
- pancreatitis
  - acute
  - chronic
  - pseudocyst
- pancreatic necrosis
- pancreatic abscess
- pancreatic carcinoma
- pancreatic endocrine tumors / islet cell tumors
- cystic pancreatic neoplasms
- intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
- pancreatic metastases
- pancreatic lymphoma
- pancreatic trauma
- pancreas transplant
gastrointestinal ultrasound
- appendicitis
- hyperechoic bowel
- inguinal hernia
renal ultrasound
- hydronephrosis
- renal stone
- focal lesion
- diffuse
  - pyelonephritis
  - renal abscess
- renal vascular
  - renal artery stenosis
- renal transplant ultrasound
- other
  - renal trauma
bladder ultrasound
- bladder wall thickening
- bladder diverticulum
- bladder calculi
- ureterocele
- pseudoureterocele
- schistosomiasis
testicular and scrotal ultrasound
- other
- epididymis
- paratesticular lesions
- bilateral testicular lesion
- unilateral testicular lesion
  - testicular torsion
  - orchitis
  - testicular rupture
  - germ cell tumor of the testis
    - testicular seminoma
    - non seminomatous germ cell tumors
      - mixed germ cell tumor
      - yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)
      - embryonal cell carcinoma
      - choriocarcinoma
      - testicular teratoma
      - testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
    - burned out testis tumor
  - sex cord / stromal tumors of the testis
    - Leydig cell tumor
prostate ultrasound
- transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
- prostate carcinoma
- prostatitis
other lower genitourinary ultrasound
- urachal cyst
- urethra
- penis
  - Peyronie's disease
  - priapism
neck and thyroid ultrasound
- thyroid
- parathyroid
echocardiography
- echocardiographic modalities
  - transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
  - transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
  - three dimensional (3D) echocardiography
  - epicardial echocardiography
  - contrast enhanced echocardiography
  - fetal echocardiography
  - speckle tracking echocardiography
- physics and imaging modes
  - grey-scale (B-mode)
  - motion mode (M-mode)
  - color flow Doppler (CFD)
  - spectral Doppler
    - pulsed wave Doppler (PWD)
    - continuous wave Doppler (CWD)
  - tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)
- left ventricular systolic and diastolic function
  - structure and morphology
  - systolic function
  - diastolic function
- right ventricular assessment
  - structure and morphology
  - right ventricular (RV) dysfunction
- right and left atria
  - right atrial enlargement
  - left atrial enlargement
- valvular structure and function
  - mitral valve
    - mitral regurgitation
    - mitral stenosis
  - aortic valve
    - aortic stenosis
    - aortic regurgitation
  - pulmonic valve
    - pulmonic regurgitation
    - pulmonic stenosis
  - tricuspid valve
    - tricuspid regurgitation
    - tricuspid stenosis
- hemodynamics
- pericardium
  - pericardial effusion
  - constrictive pericarditis
- cardiomyopathies
- congenital heart disease
  - echocardiographic approach
  - deductive echocardiography
- great vessels
  - thoracic aorta
    - thoracic aortic aneurysm
    - thoracic aortic dissection
  - main pulmonary artery
    - pulmonary embolism
  - inferior vena cava
    - collapsability index
    - distensibility index
  - superior vena cava
pediatric ultrasound
- intussusception
- appendicitis
- vesicoureteric reflux grading
- transcranial ultrasound
ultrasound interventions
- ultrasound-guided biopsy
- ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage
  - thoracentesis
- ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal interventions
  - joint injection
  - nerve blocks
    - interscalene brachial plexus block
- ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation
contrast-enhanced ultrasound
- liver
- kidney

Interventional procedures

introduction
- procedure overview
breast
chest
- thoracic biopsy (CT-guided)
- preoperative pulmonary nodule localization
- thoracentesis (pleural tap)
gastrointestinal
- stomach
  - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
hepatobiliary
- liver
- biliary system
neck
- thyroid gland
  - thyroid gland FNA
musculoskeletal
- bone biopsy (CT-guided)
- shoulder (disambiguation)
  - acromioclavicular joint injection
  - glenohumeral joint injection
    - glenohumeral (shoulder) arthrography
    - glenohumeral (shoulder) hydrodilatation
  - long head of biceps tendon sheath injection
  - subacromial bursal injection
spine
- spinal interventional procedures (general)
urogenital
- bladder
  - cystolithotomy
- kidney
- prostate
  - prostate biopsy
  - transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
vascular
- venous
  - intravenous cannulation (ultrasound-guided)
  - inferior vena cava filter

Article information

rID: 21143

System: Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, Musculoskeletal, Interventional

Section: Interventional Radiology

Tag: refs

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

Ultrasound guided biopsies

Support Radiopaedia and see fewer ads

Cases and figures

Figure 1: photograph - typical co-axial needleFigure 1: photograph - typical co-axial needle

Drag here to reorder.

Images obtained d...

Case 1: breast massCase 1: breast mass

Drag here to reorder.

Figure 2: photograph - renal biopsy gunFigure 2: photograph - renal biopsy gun

Drag here to reorder.

Case 2: needle position beautifully illustratedCase 2: needle position beautifully illustrated

Drag here to reorder.

Case 3: liver biopsyCase 3: liver biopsy

Drag here to reorder.

Case 4: hemorrhage post liver biopsyCase 4: hemorrhage post liver biopsy

Drag here to reorder.

Case 5Case 5

Drag here to reorder.

Case 6: head and neck biopsyCase 6: head and neck biopsy

Drag here to reorder.

Case 7: neck nodeCase 7: neck node

Drag here to reorder.

Case 8: lungCase 8: lung

Drag here to reorder.

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.