Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
16,272 results found
Article
Titanium elastic nail system
Titanium elastic nail system (TENS) is a form of intramedullary nailing typically used in the pediatric population because of the presence of a thick periosteum and the increased potential for bone remodeling in children.
They are not routinely used in adults due to a lack of resistance to rota...
Article
Tertiary esophageal contractions
Tertiary esophageal contractions are a type of contractions of the esophagus often described as as the irregular contraction or indentations of the distal esophageal wall. Isolated tertiary esophageal waves of the non-repetitive type are thought to occur in normal subjects. Swallowing induced re...
Article
Stress shielding of the proximal humerus
Stress shielding after total shoulder arthroplasty is a bone resorption of the humerus around the proximal prosthesis stem.
According to Wolff's Law, bone remodels in response to stress. After a total shoulder arthroplasty or shoulder hemiarthroplasty, intact bone previously responsible for be...
Article
Rocking-horse phenomenon
Rocking-horse phenomenon occurs in total shoulder arthroplasty when there is an abnormal glenoid version angle positioning that causes glenoid component failure.
The glenoid component is stable when the load applied by the humeral head is centered, whereas anterior or posterior translation of ...
Article
iNPH Radscale
The iNPH Radscale is a reproducible semiquantified grading scale for the imaging findings of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
Scale
The iNPH Radscale uses the following imaging findings on both CT and MRI 1,4:
Evans index
≤0.25: 0 points
0.26-0.3: 1 point
>0.3: 2 points
narrow parieta...
Article
Ganglion
A ganglion (plural: ganglia) is a group of neuronal cell bodies and processes located in the peripheral nervous system 1.
Ganglia can be categorized into two groups - sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia. Sensory ganglia primarily contain the cell bodies of neurons as well as their central an...
Article
Parotid liposubstitution
Parotid liposubstitution is a fatty degeneration of the parotid gland, sometimes increasing in volume.
Associations
Parotid liposubstitution is physiological with age but which may be associated with local or systemic conditions that include:
hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with fat in...
Article
Pyrocarbon
Pyrocarbon or pyrolytic carbon is a synthetic material that, due to its tribological properties and biocompatibility, particularly with blood, was initially used in the medical field for mechanical heart valves.
To make pyrocarbon-coated orthopedic implants, a graphite substrate is coated with ...
Article
Persistent sciatic vein
Persistent sciatic vein is one of two known embryonic veins in the lower limb which may persist, the other being the lateral marginal vein. Although both are associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 1-3, only the lateral marginal vein is also referred to as the Klippel-Trenaunay vein.
The sci...
Article
Otalgia
Otalgia refers to the clinical symptoms of ear pain. It is broadly divided in two categories which are
primary otalgia (~ 50% 3) - ear pain originating from causes within or near to the ear itself.
secondary otalgia / referred otalgia (~50% 3)- ear pain due to causes remote from the ear.
Path...
Article
Disseminated histoplasmosis
Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...
Article
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (of Wrisberg)
The posterior meniscofemoral ligament or ligament of Wrisberg is one of the two variably present bands of the meniscofemoral ligament.
Gross anatomy
The posterior meniscofemoral ligament has insertions proximally at the lateral intercondylar aspect of the medial femoral condyle and distally a...
Article
Central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma
Central chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 (CS2/CS3) are malignant intermediate- and high-grade cartilagineous or chondroid matrix-generating neoplasms that arise intramedullary 1-3.
Epidemiology
The incidence of central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcomas has also risen compared to the 199...
Article
Glenoiditis
Glenoiditis or glenoid wear is the progressive erosion/wear of the native glenoid and is the most common complication of shoulder hemiarthroplasty. It may be caused by oversized humeral heads and insufficient joint release.
Epidemiology
Glenoiditis after shoulder hemiarthroplasty occurs in one...
Article
Root dilaceration
Root dilaceration is a dental deformity presenting as an acute angulation, deviation or curvature of the crown-root axis.
Etiology
Possible causes include:
trauma during root development
adjacent dentigerous cyst or tumor can lead to an abnormal angle in a developing tooth
hereditary factor...
Article
Lumbar nerve root anomaly classification
There are a number of systems for lumbar nerve root anomaly classification with the Neidre and MacNab classification the most commonly cited; other systems include the Postacchini classification, and the Kadish and Simmons classification 2.
Classification
Neidre and MacNab classification modif...
Article
Lippes loop contraceptive device
Lippes loops are a type of an intrauterine device (IUD). It is a flexible polyethylene plastic trapezoidal loop meant for long-term use.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Radiopaque serpiginous material visualized within the mid-pelvis in an anterior posterior pelvic x-ray is the hallmar...
Article
Cestan-Chenais syndrome
Cestan-Chenais syndrome is a rare brainstem stroke syndrome with features between that of the hemimedullary syndrome (Reinhold syndrome) and the lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome), but distinct to that of Babinski-Nageotte syndrome 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Cestan-Chenais syndr...
Article
Esophageal MRI
Esophageal MRI, or gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) MRI, is a targeted mediastinal imaging protocol performed to stage and aid treatment decisions in esophageal and GEJ carcinoma. It is not yet included in major treatment guidelines, but recent literature have pointed promising accuracy compared...
Article
Diaphragmatic slips
Diaphragmatic slips are the muscular bundles that attach the central tendon of the diaphragm to the inside of the bones and cartilage of the lower 6-7 ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebrae 1. They can mimic or help identify pathology when seen on imaging modalities.
Mimics
Diaphragmatic slip...
Article
Cathepsin A-related arteriopathy with strokes and leukoencephalopathy (CARASAL)
Cathepsin A-related arteriopathy with strokes and leukoencephalopathy (CARASAL) is a very rare monogenic autosomal dominant cerebral small-vessel disease.
Epidemiology
CARASAL is considered extremely rare, with less than thirty cases reported in the literature 1-5. The condition tends to clini...
Article
Median arcuate ligament
The median arcuate ligament is a fibrous arch connecting the left and right diaphragmatic crura at the aortic hiatus 1,2.
A low-lying median arcuate ligament can compress the celiac axis to cause celiac artery compression syndrome which is also known as median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) 2.
Article
Amniotic fluid sludge (ultrasound)
Amniotic fluid sludge is a finding in obstetric transvaginal ultrasound scanning. Defined as free-floating hyperechogenic material in close proximity to the cervical internal os within the amniotic cavity of women with intact fetal membranes 1. It images as a dense, homogenous mass 2.
Pathology...
Article
Central atypical cartilaginous tumor/low-grade chondrosarcoma
Central atypical cartilaginous tumors/chondrosarcomas grade 1 (ACT/CS1) or low-grade central chondrosarcomas are locally aggressive chondral neoplasms that arise centrally within bone from the medullar cavity.
Terminology
The terminology depends mainly on localization. Low-grade tumors arising...
Article
Stasis filling
Stasis filling describes persistent visualization of intravenous contrast within the proximal cerebral arteries but not within the cortical branches or venous outflow in suspected brain death patients, mimicking true cerebral blood flow (CBF).
Pathology
Etiology
During brain death, raised int...
Article
Pseudosacculation
Pseudosacculations (also known as pseudodiverticulae) are outpouchings of normal bowel wall along the antimesenteric border. Inflammation and fibrosis along the mesenteric border of the bowel loop causes asymmetric shortening of the mesenteric wall, and subsequent pseudosacculations of the norma...
Article
Cholecystocutaneous fistula
Cholecystocutaneous fistulas are abnormal fistulous connection between the gallbladder and the skin. It is a rare form of gastrointestinal fistulation and may result from a complication of cholecystitis, gallbladder carcinoma, or percutaneous procedures 1,2.
Epidemiology
The peak incidence is ...
Article
Subdural hematohygroma
Subdural hematohygromas are subdural hygromas into which bleeding has occurred. They are distinct from, and should not be confused with, acute on chronic subdural hematomas or with acute subdural hematomas with separation of blood into plasma and hematocrit.
Radiographic features
CT
Subdural ...
Article
Image compression
Image compression is a technique applied to digital images to decrease the amount of space required to store an image and increase the speed with which the image can be retrieved or transmitted.
Compression may be lossless or lossy:
lossless compression retains all original data, for example P...
Article
Eden-Hybinette procedure
The Eden-Hybinette procedure is the most common surgery for revision of a failed Latarjet procedure. When there are greater degrees of glenoid bone loss, the Latarjet procedure may not be sufficient to ensure adequate stability. This is an open or arthroscopic procedure that uses an iliac crest ...
Article
Point shear wave elastography
Point shear wave elastography (pSWE) is a type of shear wave elastography using ultrasound machine where an acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) is used to generate shear waves in targeted area of liver tissue.
Article
Non-expandable lung
Non-expandable lung results from failure of the lung to re-expand even despite a therapeutic measure such as insertion of a chest tube. This can include two semantically similar but slightly different terms:
trapped lung: non-expandable lung due to remote / prior pleural inflammation
lung entr...
Article
Pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy (PADMAL)
Pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy (PADMAL) is an autosomal dominant monogenic COL4A1-related disorder that primarily causes cerebral small vessel disease. It is a distinct entity to COL4A1 brain small-vessel disease, but very likely on the same spectrum of disea...
Article
Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease or non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities are a heterogeneous group of abnormalities that can cause myocardial ischemia or sudden cardiac death with the exclusion of coronary artery disease 1-3.
Epidemiology
Due to the diversity non-athero...
Article
Epiphyseal cortical irregularity
An epiphyseal cortical irregularity is an anatomical variant featuring fragmented appearance of the distal femoral epiphysis in children.
Epidemiology
Epiphyseal cortical irregularity is a rare finding, accounting for 6.7% of all incidental findings on a knee radiograph series 1.
It has a hig...
Article
Black toenail sign
The black toenail sign is a radiological sign described in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) on MRI.
The sign describes the subacute appearance of radiological correlates of stroke-like episodes, whereby there are small regions of deep cortica...
Article
Pediatric ankle (AP view)
The anteroposterior ankle view for pediatrics is one of three views in order to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal.
Indications
This projection demonstrates the ankle joint in its natural anatomical position. It is useful in diagnosing fractur...
Article
Pathria grading system of lumbar facet joint degeneration
The Pathria grading system is used to classify osteoarthritis in lumbar facet joint degeneration.
Usage
This grading system is based on CT findings 1,2.
Classification
grade 1: normal CT scan with no degenerative findings
grade 2: mild joint space narrowing noted, small osteophytes
grade 3...
Article
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is considered rarest from of
thoracic outlet syndrome and can result in compression of arterial structures (especially the subclavian artery) at thoracic outlet, or superior thoracic aperture.
Many of these patients may also have concurrent venous thora...
Article
Retropharyngeal pseudothickening
Retropharyngeal pseudothickening is a mimic of retropharyngeal soft tissue thickening caused by neck flexion (which may also exacerbate airway obstruction), swallowing, or expiration.
It is important to consider when evaluating lateral cervical radiographs and sagittal cross-sectional imaging ...
Article
Fat containing adrenal lesions
There are numerous fat-containing adrenal lesions, often benign and non-functional 1.
Benign lesions containing fat
adrenal myelolipoma
fat-rich adrenal adenoma
adrenal lipoma
adrenal teratoma
adrenal angiomyolipoma
adrenal hibernoma
Malignant lesions may also occasionally contain fat:
...
Article
Signet ring (disambiguation)
The term signet ring refers to the characteristic shape of the jewelry item and in radiology and medicine may refer to the following:
signet ring sign (bronchiectasis)
signet ring sign (scaphoid)
signet ring cells in adenocarcinoma histology such as in the rectum, appendix and ovary (Krukenbe...
Article
Signet ring sign (scaphoid)
The signet ring sign or cortical ring sign refers to the rounded cortex of the scaphoid tubercle on a AP or PA wrist radiograph due to rotatory subluxation from flexion of the scaphoid. It is seen in injuries of the scapholunate ligament (scapholunate dissociation) and the related perilunate and...
Article
Accessory transverse foramen
An accessory transverse foramen, also known as a double transverse foramen, are a second, smaller foramen in the transverse process of typical cervical vertebrae 1. They are smaller than the transverse foramen, and may be unilateral or bilateral. Small studies have suggested a prevalence of 8-...
Article
Cysts of Hattori
Cysts of Hattori, also known as posterior mediastinal paravertebral Müllerian cysts, are mediastinal cysts of Mullerian origin, lined by ciliated non-stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelium, that occur in the posterior mediastinum.
Epidemiology
Of all mediastinal masses, ~20% (range 10–30...
Article
Extradural spinal cavernous malformation
Extradural spinal cavernous malformations, also known as extradural spinal cavernomas, are rare vascular malformations that occur in the spine.
This article specifically relates to extradural spinal cavernomas. For a general discussion of spinal cord cavernomas please refer to the article spin...
Article
Arthritis
Arthritis (plural: arthritides) refers to inflammation of the joints, caused by a broad range of etiologies.
Terminology
Arthropathy is a broader term referring to any disease of the joint, whereas arthritis is a type of arthropathy specifically referring to inflammation of the joint.
Patholo...
Article
Subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane
The subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM) is a recently discovered fourth meningeal layer which compartmentalizes the subarachnoid space into two functional compartments.
Gross anatomy
The subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane is only a few cells thin layer, which renders it invisible usi...
Article
Propensity score matching
Propensity score matching is a statistical technique used with observational data to elucidate the effects of a treatment or intervention by accounting for the covariates which accompany receiving the particular treatments or interventions studied. By accounting for covariates the technique ofte...
Article
Body habitus
Body habitus refers to the common variations in the shape of the human body, which in turn determines the position of internal viscera.
Body habitus indicates the body wall thickness and the placement of organs and hence determines technical and exposure factors for radiographic density, contra...
Article
Omphalomesenteric duct
The omphalomesenteric duct, also called the vitelline or vitellointestinal duct, is a communicating tract between the embryonic yolk sac and the primitive midgut.
This duct is obliterated at around the 5th to 8th week of gestation. Approximately 2% of people have a failure of involution.
Relat...
Article
Metastatic glioblastoma
Metastatic glioblastoma is a rare progression of glioblastoma, with an incidence of 0.4-0.5% of all glioblastoma cases. The locations can be extraneural, such as leptomeninges and dural venous sinuses, or both extraneural and extracranial, such as solid organs and lymph nodes.
Epidemiology
In ...
Article
Neurocysticercosis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the stages of neurocysticercosis is:
Vegans Can't Get Neurocysticercosis
Mnemonic
V: vesicular
C: colloidal vesicular
G: granular nodular
N: nodular calcified
Article
Cornuate navicular
A cornuate navicular (also termed a Geist type 3 accessory navicular) is considered a from a fused variant of accessory navicular bones.
Radiographic features
It may be seen as a prominent bony projection to the medial aspect of the navicular bone.
Plain radiographs
Seen as a prominent media...
Article
Component separation index
The component separation index is a value used to quantify the degree of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles in the context of anterior abdominal wall hernias.
Usage
The mode of repair of midline abdominal wall hernias (often incisional hernias through laparotomy wounds) depends on the d...
Article
Inhomogeneity artifact
The inhomogeneity artifact is a type of magnetic resonance imaging artifact that occurs due to multiple factors, such as irregular anatomical area (for example, shoulder, hips, ankles), presence of metallic objects or inhomogeneity of the main field.
The inhomogeneity artifact appears as hyperi...
Article
Coated aorta sign
The coated aorta sign is a radiological sign in Erdheim–Chester disease for circumferential infiltration of the aorta, which is the most characteristic cardiovascular finding of Erdheim-Chester disease and can be detectable in a CT scan.
Article
Paris Classification of inflammatory bowel disease
The Paris Classification of inflammatory bowel disease is used to classify the severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease in the pediatric population. Primary differences between the adult and pediatric phenotype include the location, behavior, propensity for disease extension as well as i...
Article
Pericardial abscess
Pericardial abscesses are a rare and severe condition in which a collection of pus forms within the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart 1.
Epidemiology
Pericardial abscesses are rare, with incidence rapidly decreasing after the development of broad-spectrum antibiotics. They can occu...
Article
Magnetic resonance urography
Magnetic resonance urography (MR urography) is a MRI study that predominantly used to image congenital abnormalities of the urinary system. There are two types of MR urography: static fluid-sensitive urography that is heavily T2-weighted to image the fluid-filled urinary system and excretory MR ...
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ...
Article
White line of Toldt
The white line of Toldt is a line formed at the junction of the lateral reflection of the posterior parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum of the colon in the paracolic gutter.
This represents an avascular plane used to mobilize the right and left hemicolon during hemicolectomy and is ...
Article
Bone surface lesions
Bone surface lesions refer to all neoplastic or neoplastic-like lesions arising from the bone surface (cortex, periosteum, and parosteal fibrous tissues) and developing outside of the bone medullary canal.
Neoplastic
fat-containing matrix
parosteal lipoma
parosteal osteoliposarcoma 2
bone m...
Article
Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease
The Montreal Classification of inflammatory bowel disease is used primarily to classify the severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease based on specific categories.
This can then be used to guide treatment, discern risk of complications as well as facilitate epidemiological studies 1. The...
Article
Centrifugal (inside-out) enhancement of liver hemangioma
Centrifugal (inside-out) enhancement of liver hemangioma are a type of atypical hepatic hemangioma, which due to its imaging features, often raises the concern of a malignant process rather than a benign one.
Epidemiology
Centrifugal (inside-out) enhancement of liver hemangiomas are a relativ...
Article
Scapular notching
Scapular notching is a radiologic finding post reverse total shoulder arthroplasty that correlates to erosion of the scapular neck.
The erosion occurs due to the repetitive contact between the polyethylene of the humeral component and the inferior scapular neck during adduction and progressive ...
Article
Traumatic pneumatocoele
A traumatic pneumatocoele refers to a type of pneumatocoele which occurs secondary to a traumatic event (often blunt trauma).
There can be some overlap with the term "air containing pulmonary laceration". It characterized by single or multiple pulmonary cystic lesions usually accompanied by oth...
Article
Superior cluneal nerve entrapment
Superior cluneal nerve entrapment is a potential cause of low back pain. The nerves travel underneath the thoracolumbar fascia and within the osteofibrous tunnel of the iliac crest and this is a potential space for nerve entrapment 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Low back pain and radiating leg pai...
Article
Calcaneal apophysis
The calcaneal apophysis is the posterior secondary ossification center of the calcaneus that forms during increased weight bearing in early childhood and contributes to the formation of the calcaneal tuberosity 1.
Terminology
As a non-articular secondary center it is referred to as an apophysi...
Article
Trepanation
Trepanation or trephination, commonly known as burr holes, is the act of intentionally perforating the skull for the purpose of healing or diagnosis.
Indications
Emergency indications
evacuation of extradural or subdural hematoma
insertion of intracranial pressure monitor
insertion of exter...
Article
Colonic atresia
Colonic atresia is a rare congenital malformation in which parts of colon are absent. Contrary to anal atresia, the anal opening is present. Multiple atretic colonic segments may occur simultaneously.
Radiographic features
Fluoroscopy
Contrast enema typically shows no passage of contrast prox...
Article
Common extensor tendon injury
Common extensor tendon injuries of the elbow include partial and complete tears or detachment of the common extensor tendon origin of the elbow and are commonly associated with lateral epicondylitis 1-4.
Epidemiology
Common extensor tendon injuries are the most common acute tendon injuries of ...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint cyst
Acromioclavicular joint cysts are benign lesions, either ganglionic or synovial in etiology.
Clinical presentation
Soft, slightly painful mass above the acromioclavicular joint, sometimes slightly limiting shoulder range of motion.
Pathology
Classified into two types according to their etiol...
Article
Stern-Garcin variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
The Stern-Garcin variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a phenotypical variant characterized by prominent early extrapyramidal symptoms, such as parkinsonism 1.
Radiographic features
MRI
MRI shows early involvement of the basal ganglia (striatum) and thalamus, in addition to o...
Article
Cerebral arteries
Cerebral arteries refers to the three paired main arteries that supply the brain.
anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs)
middle cerebral arteries (MCAs)
posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs)
The anterior and middle cerebral arteries arise as terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries. The p...
Article
Anterior circulation infarction
Anterior circulation infarction describes any infarct in an area of the brain that is within the vascular territory of the anterior circulation, which includes most of the supratentorial structures excluding the occipital lobes. These structures derive their arterial supply from the internal car...
Article
Advanced destructive emphysema
Advanced destructive emphysema (ADE) is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the most severe from and is panlobular radiolucencies characterized by hyperexpansion of secondary pulmonary lobules and distortion of pulmonary arc...
Article
Superior clunal nerve
The superior clunal nerve is a sensory nerve that originates from the dorsal rami of T11 – L4. The nerve travels obliquely across the buttock. It penetrates thoracolumbar fascia at the iliac crest 1-3. Approximately, half of the nerve fibers travel within an osteofibrous tunnel of the iliac cre...
Article
Long head of biceps tenodesis
Long head of biceps tenodesis is a surgical procedure usually performed to address long head of biceps pain and other pathology relating to the long head of biceps tendon as well as other regional pathology such as SLAP tears.
Several surgical techniques exist and almost all of them involve bi...
Article
Diatrizoate
Diatrizoate, also known as amidotrizoate, is an iodinated contrast medium. It is used as either its sodium or meglumine (N-methylglucamine) salt, or more commonly, a mixture of the two salts. Diatrizoate is one of the high-osmolar contrast media (HOCM).
Terminology
Diatrizoate is better known ...
Article
Pyloric atresia
Pyloric atresia is a rare congenital malformation of the stomach with complete obstruction of the pyloric lumen. In pyloric stenosis there is an incomplete obstruction of the pyloric lumen.
Clinical presentation
Patients present in early life with vomiting and unable to tolerate feeding.
Radi...
Article
Scapulothoracic dissociation
Scapulothoracic dissociation is a rare potentially life and limb-threatening condition with high mortality characterized by disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation 1-3.
Epidemiology
Associations
Scapulothoracic dissociation is associated with the following 2:
polytrauma
brachial plex...
Article
Quincke's triad
Quincke's triad is the finding of jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This sign is seen in patients with hemobilia.
History and etymology
Heinrich Quincke (1842 –1922) was a German surgeon and internal medicine specialist. His principal contribution to in...
Article
Ankle series (pediatric)
The ankle series for pediatrics consists of an anteroposterior, mortise and a lateral projection. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, the mortise view may or may not be performed.
Indications
trauma with suspected fracture
suspected dislocation
inability to w...
Article
Augmented glenoid implants in shoulder artroplasthy
Augmented glenoid implants in shoulder arthroplasty are used for glenohumeral osteoarthritis with Walch type B2 and B3 glenoid morphology, which are characterized by humeral head posterior subluxation 1-3.
Shoulder replacement with augmentation of the glenoid implant allows for:
correct glenoi...
Article
Von Laer classification of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures
The Von Laer classification, also known as the Laer classification, is used to grade the severity and the need for further diagnostic evaluation and surgical correction of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures, based on their clinical and radiological presentation.
Classification
Von Laer'...
Article
Weishaupt grading system of lumbar facet joint degeneration
The Weishaupt grading system is a radiological classification system used for lumbar facet joint degeneration.
Usage
The Weishaupt grading system for lumbar facet joint degeneration can be used in CT and/or MRI 1,2.
Classification
grade 0: normal facet joint width (~2-4 mm)
grade 1: facet j...
Article
Amyloid myopathy
Amyloid myopathy results from the extracellular deposition of the fibrous protein amyloid within the musculoskeletal system and is a musculoskeletal manifestation of amyloidosis, particularly in patients on long-term haemodialysis. It could coexist with amyloid arthropathy.
See also
amyloidosi...
Article
Endosalpingiosis
Endosalpingiosis refers to the presence of ciliated, glandular epithelium resembling the inner lining of the fallopian tube located in an ectopic location. The condition may present as cystic structures usually implanted on the peritoneal serosa 1.
Epidemiology
Endosalpingiosis is considered a...
Article
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system.
stage 0: epithelial
stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria
stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion
B1: superf...
Article
Systolic and diastolic murmurs (mnemonic)
A mnemonic helpful for remembering whether a valve disorder manifests as a systolic or diastolic murmur is the following:
AP-ic DSI's SD Makes Tablets Download Swiftly
Mnemonic
During systole, blood flow past the heart's semilunar valves as the ventricles contract.1,2 During diastole, the op...
Article
Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy
Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy represents pathological involvement of any of the lymph nodes in the right upper (2R) and/or lower (4R) paratracheal nodal groups 1. These nodes are often also enlarged but this is not always the case.
The commonest causes are sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and lun...
Article
Custom-made reverse shoulder arthroplasty
The customized glenoid prosthesis is a shoulder joint replacement that addresses glenoid osteoarthritis with severe glenoid bone loss.
Indications
Indications for custom-reverse implants are related to patient functional demand and remaining bone stock, not recommended in patients with reduced...