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The nephrostogram is not very clear - why and what can I do?
If the collecting system is very dilated, the typical 150 strength iodinated contrast becomes very diluted with the urine. In this case 'double up' on strength to aid visualisation.
What are the potential options for treatment of urolithiasis?
Multiple factors come into play: stone size, stone position, patient and operator preference, clinical status. However options include: ESWL, ureteroscopy, PCNL and rarely open surgery.
Proximal left ureteric stone with gross hydronephrosis.
Cortical thinning of the left kidney.