Caroticocavernous fistula
Discussion:
Caroticocavernous fistulas (CCF) represent abnormal communication between the carotid circulation and the cavernous sinus. They can be classified as direct or indirect which are separate conditions with different etiologies. Clinical presentations:
- pulsatile exophthalmos/proptosis: ~75% 3
- chemosis and subconjunctival hemorrhage
- progressive visual loss: 25-32% 3
- pulsatile tinnitus (usually objective)
- raised intracranial pressure
- subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, otorrhagia, epistaxis: ~ 5.5% 3
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