Thoracic spine kyphosis >40° (normal 25-40°).
Thoracolumbar spine kyphosis >30° (normal ~zero degrees).
Some disorders affecting the spine and resulting in kyphosis :
- Postural disorders.
-
Scheuermann kyphosis.
- Congenital disorders.
- Paralytic disorders (e.g., Poliomyelitis).
-
Myelomeningocele.
- Post-traumatic (fractures with/without cord damage).
- Inflammatory (e.g., Tuberculosis)
- Post surgical (e.g., Postlaminectomy)
- Post irradiation.
- Metabolic (e.g.,Osteoporosis).