Q: Which are the CT stages of COVID-19?
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A: The four CT stages of COVID 19 are: early/initial stage (0-4 days), which is characterized by CT without lung abnormalities or ground-glass opacities; progressive stage (5-8 days), which shows increased ground-glass opacities and crazy paving appearance; peak stage (9-13 days), which manifests with consolidations; and absorption stage (>14 days) with an improvement in the lung disease, fibrous stripes may appear, and the abnormalities resolve at one month and beyond.
Q: Which are the categories for standardized CT reporting language of COVID-19?
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A: The consensus statement classifies the CT appearance of COVID-19 into four categories: typical appearance, indeterminate appearance, atypical appearance, and negative for pneumonia.
Q: What characterizes the typical CT appearance of COVID-19?
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A: The typical CT appearance is the presence of peripheral, bilateral, ground-glass opacities with or without consolidations, and crazy paving pattern, associated or not with air space consolidation, reverse halo sign, or other findings of organizing pneumonia.
Q: What characterizes the indeterminate CT appearance of COVID-19?
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A: The indeterminate CT features are the absence of typical CT findings and the presence of multifocal, diffuse, perihilar, or unilateral ground-glass opacities with or without consolidations lacking a specific distribution and are non-rounded or non-peripheral. Also the presence of a few very small ground-glass opacities with a non-rounded and non-peripheral distribution.
Q: What characterizes the atypical CT appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia?
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A: The following CT findings characterize the atypical CT appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia: the absence of indeterminate or typical features; he presence of isolated lobar or segmental consolidation without ground-glass opacities; discrete small nodules (centrilobular, tree-in-bud); lung cavitation; smoother interlobular septal thickening, and pleural effusion.
Q: What characterizes the negative for pneumonia CT appearance of COVID-19?
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A: The negative for pneumonia CT appearance is characterized by no CT features to suggest pneumonia, in particular, absent ground-glass opacities and consolidations.
Q: Which is the treatment for COVID-19?
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A: No specific treatment or vaccine exists for COVID-19 currently. It is necessary to implement public health measures to reduce the transmission of these interhuman viruses. Specific antiviral therapies for COVID-19 do not currently exist. Treatment with chloroquine hydroxychloroquine and a combination with the antibiotic azithromycin has a beneficial effect on the clinical outcome. The antiparasitic ivermectin has attracted the attention of the scientific community for the treatment of COVID-19. Treatment with convalescent plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 has shown some success in some critically ill patients.
Q: What is the estimated mortality rate for COVID-19?
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A: The mortality rate is estimated to be 3,6%.
Q: What are some risk factors that contribute to poor prognosis?
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A: Some risk factors that contribute to poor prognosis are male gender, advanced age, presence of comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and immunosuppression), people in a long-term care facility/nursing home. There are some patient conditions and laboratory values at hospital admission that also influence in poor outcome as high sequential organ failure assessment score, D-dimer levels greater than one ug/ml, elevated levels of IL-6, troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphopenia.