Q: 1. Investigators plan a clinical trial to assess the ability of a new drug to lower blood pressure compared to an old drug. What is the null hypothesis?
A. new drug efficacy>old drug efficacy
B. new drug efficacy<old drug efficacy
C. new drug efficacy=old drug efficacy
D. new drug efficacy≠old drug efficacy
show answer
A: C. New drug efficacy=Old drug efficacy
Q: 2. A p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true because…
A. ...the p-value is calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
B. ...the p-value is calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is false.
show answer
A: A. ...the p-value is calculated assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
Q: 3. A p-value is the probability that the observed results were produced by random chance alone.
A. True
B. False
show answer
A: B. False
Q: 4. The lower the p-value, the larger the effect size.
A. True
B. False
show answer
A: B. False
Q: 5. The lower the p-value, the more incompatible trial results are with the null hypothesis.
A. True
B. False
show answer
A: A. True
Q: 6. A statistically significant result (p<.05) may not be clinically significant.
A. True.
B. False
show answer
A: A. True
Q: 7. A trial comparing a new to an old antihypertensive report that the new drug results in a 20 mmHg more blood pressure decrease than the old drug with a p-value of .02. Assuming that the null hypothesis is true and in the absence of bias, what is the best interpretation of this result?
A. There is a 2% chance of observing a blood pressure 20 mmHg lower in the new drug group than the old drug group.
B. There is a 2% chance of observing a blood pressure at least 20 mmHg lower in the new drug group than the old drug group.
C. There is a 2% chance of observing a blood pressure 20 mmHg lower or higher in the new drug group than the old drug group.
D. There is a 2% chance of observing a blood pressure at least 20 mmHg or more, lower or higher in the new drug group than the old drug group.
show answer
A: D. There is a 2% chance of observing a blood pressure at least 20 mmHg or more, lower or higher in the new drug group than the old drug group.
Q: 8. A trial comparing a new to an old weight loss program reports that the new program results in 1 ounce more weight loss than the old program with a p-value of .01. What is the best interpretation of this result?
A. Because the weight loss difference was 1 ounce, the result is likely due to chance.
B. Because the p-value is .01, the result is likely due to chance.
C. Because the weight loss difference was 1 ounce, the result is not likely to be clinically significant.
D. Because the p-value is .01, the result is not likely to be clinically significant.
show answer
A: C. Because the weight loss difference was 1 ounce, the result is not likely to be clinically significant.