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Medical illustrations and diagrams

High-quality medical illustrations and diagrams form an important part of Radiopaedia.org. Attribution All illustrations should have appropriate attribution in the case findings. We strongly favor original illustrations. This makes Radiopaedia unique and contributes to what is available for...

Milwaukee shoulder

Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive shoulder arthropathy due to the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals, and identification of these crystals in synovial fluid is the cornerstone of diagnosis. Epidemiology Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women, often with a history of trau...

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations)

The skeleton is the most commonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is by far the most common location for single-lesion LCH, often referred to as eosinophilic granuloma (EG) (the terms are used interchangeably in this article). For a general discussion of this dis...

Spinal epidural venous plexus congestion

Spinal epidural venous plexus congestion or dilatation is typically a complication of other pathologies. Clinical presentation Radiculopathy caused by the dilated epidural veins is not uncommon 1. Pathology Several spinal and pelvic diseases can result in secondary epidural venous engorgem...

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II, also known as Langer-Giedion syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Pathology The effects are seen mainly on the skeletal system and primarily involves hair: "tricho-" nose: "rhino-" digits of the hands and feet: "-phalang...

Causes of cone-shaped epiphysis (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic for remembering the causes of cone-shaped epiphysis is: ABCDE MOST Mnemonic A: achondroplasia, acrodysostosis B: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome C: chondroplasia punctata, Cockayne syndrome, conorenal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, cartilage-hair hypoplasia D: dactylitis,...

Trauma

The term trauma (plural: traumas) or traumatic injury refers to damage or harm of sudden onset caused by external factors or forces requiring medical attention. Polytrauma or multiple trauma has been defined as a pattern of potentially life-threatening injuries involving at least two body regio...

Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma

Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma usually occurs in the setting of gunshot and stab injuries and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. CT is the modality of choice in imaging if the patient is stable enough before surgery. The most common injuries include small bowel, large bowel, liv...

Interarterial course of the right coronary artery

Interarterial course of the right coronary artery may occur if the right coronary artery (RCA) has an aberrant origin from the left coronary sinus. The interarterial course occurs because the artery passes between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. It is an uncommon anatomic variant w...

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...

C1-C2 false localizing sign (spine)

C1-C2 false localizing sign, sometimes referred to merely as C1-C2 sign, is seen on spinal imaging and can lead to the mislocalization of a CSF leak in individuals with intracranial hypotension. There are numerous reports of fluid at this location that have been interpreted as the actual site ...

Neuroblastoma (staging)

There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging, one that is based on post-operative patients (INSS) and one developed for pre-treatment patients (INRGSS). Staging International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) This staging system is for post-operative patients and mainly for prognosis 1: ...

Neonatal neuroblastoma

Neonatal neuroblastoma is a type of congenital neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system. In the majority of cases (45%), the tumor is localized in the adrenal gland. Epidemiology Neonatal neuroblastoma accounts for less than 5% of all cases and carries a f...

Tibial plateau fracture

Tibial plateau fractures were originally termed a bumper fracture or fender fracture but only 25% of tibial plateau fractures result from impact with automobile bumpers. Pathology The most common mechanism of injury involves axial loading, e.g. fall from a significant height. In younger patien...

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is ubiquitous throughout the skeleton, primarily composed of hematopoietic cells and fat cells between bony trabeculae and fibrous retinacula. It performs numerous physiological functions and dynamically changes during normal aging and in response to stressors and pathology. Although...

Dose length product

Dose length product (DLP) is a measure of CT tube radiation output/exposure (measured in mGy.cm). It is related to volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), but CTDIvol represents the dose through a slice of an appropriate phantom. The dose length product accounts for the length of radiation output along ...

Sarcoidosis (cardiac manifestations)

Cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis is a manifestation of sarcoidosis which is often asymptomatic, although can be associated with high mortality 8. Autopsy studies show prevalence of ~25% cardiac involvement, yet only 5-10% are found symptomatic 1,2. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder chara...

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), also known as the persistent fetal vasculature, refers to a rare congenital developmental malformation of the eye. Clinical presentation Clinically, this condition usually manifests as unilateral or bilateral leucocoria. Patients may also have p...

Conditions with upper lobe predominance (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics to remember conditions with upper lobe predominance in chest radiology are: STEP BREASTS Mnemonics STEP S: sarcoidosis, silicosis T: tuberculosis E: eosinophilic pneumonia P: pneumoconiosis BREASTS B: berylliosis R: radiation fibrosis E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis...

Pulmonary aspergillosis

Pulmonary aspergillosis is a collective term used to refer to a number of conditions caused by infection with a fungus of the Aspergillus species (usually Aspergillus fumigatus). There are a number of recognized pulmonary forms, the number depending on the author 1,3,4 . Each form has specific ...

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