Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,794 results found
Article
Central tendon of diaphragm
The muscle fibers of the diaphragm converge and attach to the central tendon of the diaphragm. It is a thin but strong layer of aponeurosis which forms an intergral part of respiration.
Gross Anatomy
The central tendon of the diaphragm is located near the center of the diaphragmatic muscle bu...
Article
Centrilobular lung nodules
Centrilobular lung nodules refer to an HRCT chest imaging descriptor for small 5-10 mm lung nodules which are anatomically located centrally within secondary pulmonary lobules. The term is applied on the basis of location of the nodule and not its morphology that is they may be well defined or p...
Article
Centrilobular micronodules
Centrilobular micronodules are an image descripter which refer to centrilobular nodules when the nodules are very small and present in a centrilobular distribution in the lungs. They are usually seen with a bronchiolitis and can blend into tree-in-bud opacities.
Image interpretation
Postproce...
Article
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema is the most common morphological subtype of pulmonary emphysema.
Epidemiology
It may be found in up to one-half of adult smokers at autopsy 1.
Risk factors
cigarette smoking
Pathology
The pathological process of centrilobular emphysema typically begins nea...
Article
Centrilobular region
The centrilobular region, in context of the lungs and HRCT, refers to the central portion of the secondary pulmonary lobule, around the central pulmonary artery and bronchiole.
See also
HRCT terminology
Article
Cerebral hypoventilation syndrome
Cerebral hypoventilation syndrome refers to a congenital condition characterized by hypoventilation during sleep with no other abnormalities of the cardiorespiratory system. There is a decrease in the depth of breathing.
It is also known as central sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilatio...
Article
Cervical aortic arch
Cervical aortic arches are a rare aortic arch anomaly characterized by an elongated, high-lying aortic arch extending at or above the level of the medial ends of the clavicles.
Clinical presentation
Patients with cervical aortic arch are usually asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients may present w...
Article
Cervical rib
Cervical ribs are supernumerary or accessory ribs arising from the seventh cervical vertebra. They occur in ~0.5% of the population, are usually bilateral, but often asymmetric 2, and are more common in females.
Related pathology
Although cervical ribs are usually asymptomatic, they are the mo...
Article
Cervicothoracic sign
The cervicothoracic sign is a variation of the silhouette sign on frontal chest radiography used to determine whether a superior (para)mediastinal soft tissue mass is anterior or posterior to the trachea.
A positive cervicothoracic sign occurs when a thoracic lesion contacts the neck or extends...
Article
Chang sign (pulmonary embolism)
The Chang sign refers to the dilatation and abrupt change in caliber of the main pulmonary artery due to pulmonary embolism 1. It is one of several described signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiographs.
History and etymology
It is named after C H Joseph Chang, (July 7 1929 - November 15 20...
Article
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Charcot-Leyden crystals consist of collections of bipyramidal crystalloid made up of eosinophilic membrane proteins, which occur in:
asthma
other eosinophilic lung disease 2
certain cases of sinusitis (e.g. allergic fungal sinusitis)
They may be detected in the sputum or sinus secretions wi...
Article
Cheerio sign (disambiguation)
The Cheerio sign has been described in two different scenarios:
Cheerio sign (pulmonary nodule)
Cheerio sign (shoulder)
Article
Cheerio sign (pulmonary nodule)
Cheerio sign in thoracic imaging relates to pulmonary nodules with a central lucent cavity supplied by a patent bronchus as seen on CT 3. It is due to proliferation of (malignant or non-malignant) cells around an airway. They are so named because of their resemblance to the breakfast cereal, Che...
Article
Cheese workers' lung
Cheese workers' lung is a rare hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to the exposure of certain Penicillium species seen in people who work with mouldy cheese.
Clinical presentation
It can present as an acute pulmonary illness with fever and dyspnea. Clinical features are consistent with other form...
Article
Chemical shift ratio
Calculating the chemical shift ratio (CSR) is one way of differentiating benign thymic tissue from thymic neoplasms 1:
CSR = (tSIopp / mSIopp) / (tSIin / mSIin)
in = in phase, m = muscle, opp = opposed phase, SI = signal intensity, and t = thymus
Using a cut-off if 0.849, CSR is 100% specific...
Article
Chen sign
Chen sign on chest radiography is the prominence of the left basal pulmonary vasculature, compared to the right, seen in valvular pulmonary stenosis. It is due to the asymmetric increase in pulmonary blood flow to the left lung due to preferential blood flow into the left pulmonary artery after ...
Article
Chest (AP erect view)
The erect anteroposterior chest view is performed with the x-ray tube anteriorly, firing photons through the patient to form the image on a detector positioned behind the patient. A detector can be positioned behind a relatively immobile patient.
Indications
The erect anteroposterior chest vi...
Article
Chest (AP lordotic view)
The AP lordotic chest radiograph (or AP axial chest radiograph) demonstrates areas of the lung apices that appear obscured on the PA/AP chest radiographic views.
Indication
The AP lordotic projection is often used to evaluate suspicious areas within the lung apices that appeared obscured by ov...
Article
Chest curriculum
The chest curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core chest knowledge.
Definition
Topics pertaining to the lungs, mediastinum, pleura, but excluding the skeletal structures (see musculoskeletal curriculum), heart (see cardiac cur...
Article
Chest (expiratory view)
An expiratory chest radiograph can be taken in either a PA or AP projection, and can also be taken with a mobile/portable unit.
Chest radiographs may inadvertently be acquired in expiration (instead of inspiration), and this will affect interpretation with the cardiac silhouette appearing enla...
Article
Chest (lateral decubitus view)
The lateral decubitus view of the chest is a specialized projection rarely utilized with the commonality of CT. It is chiefly used in the pediatric population.
Indication
Undertaken to demonstrate small pleural effusions, or for the investigation of pneumothorax and air trapping due to inhale...
Article
Chest (lateral view)
The lateral chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum, and great vessels.
Indications
This orthogonal view to a frontal chest radiograph may be performed as an adjunct in cases where there is diagnostic uncertainty. The lateral chest view can be particularly useful in as...
Article
Chest (PA view)
The posteroanterior (PA) chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum and great vessels.
Indications
The chest x-ray is the most common radiological investigation in the emergency department 1. The PA view is frequently used to aid in diagnosing a range of acute and chronic...
Article
Chest photofluorography
Chest photofluorography, also known as mass miniature radiography, is a form of diagnostic imaging known as fluorography, applied to the thorax. Historically it was used for mass screening for pulmonary tuberculosis.
The imaging technique consists of recording a miniature photograph of the scre...
Article
Chest radiograph
The chest radiograph (also known as the chest x-ray or CXR) is anecdotally thought to be the most frequently-performed radiological investigation globally although no published data is known to corroborate this. UK government statistical data from the NHS in England and Wales shows that the ches...
Article
Chest radiograph assessment using ABCDEFGHI
ABCDEFGHI can be used to guide a systematic interpretation of chest x-rays.
Assessment of quality / Airway
The quality of the image can be assessed using the mnemonic PIER:
position: is this a supine AP file? PA? Lateral?
inspiration: count the posterior ribs. You should see 10 to 11 ribs wi...
Article
Chest radiograph in the exam setting
A chest radiograph in the exam setting is something that is almost certainly going to play a large part in a radiology registrars training.
It is worth thinking of chest radiographs broken down by patient age:
adult chest radiograph in the exam setting
pediatric chest radiograph in the exam s...
Article
Chest radiograph preinterpretation (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for chest radiograph preinterpretation is:
POPIRAM
Mnemonic
P: projection, PA (Posterior-Anterior) or AP (Anterior-Posterior)? left lateral or right lateral?
O: orientation, determine left and right of the chest x-ray
P: penetration (of the x-ray), under- or over-penetrat...
Article
Chest radiograph zones
The chest radiograph zones are useful when describing the location of pathology on a frontal chest radiograph.
The chest radiograph is a 2D representation of a 3D structure. Since the interfaces between the lobes are oriented obliquely, it is often not possible to determine which lobe pathology...
Article
Chest radiology for students (curriculum)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest radiology for students curriculum represents a core set of common pathology seen on the wards, usually during medical, or elderly care blocks.
In chest radiology, the most important imaging tests to know about are:
...
Article
Chest (supine view)
The supine anteroposterior chest view is the alternative to the PA view and the AP erect view when the patient is generally too unwell to tolerate standing, leaving the bed, or sitting 1. The supine view is of lesser quality than both the AP erect and the PA view for many reasons, yet sometimes ...
Article
Chest wall lipoma
Chest wall lipomas are benign fat containing thoracic lesion.
Epidemiology
While they can occur at any age, they typically occur in older patients who are 50-70 years of age, and they are most frequent in those with increased an increased body mass index.
Pathology
They are well-circumscrib...
Article
Chest x-ray: ABCDE (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review:
A: airways
B: breathing (th...
Article
Chest x-ray airway (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where A refers to the assessme...
Article
Chest x-ray - an approach (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Chest radiographs are frequently performed and a fantastic tool for making diagnoses of acute and chronic co...
Article
Chest x-ray: breathing (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where B refers to breathing an...
Article
Chest x-ray: circulation (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where C refers to circulation ...
Article
Chest x-ray: disability (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where D refers to disability a...
Article
Chest x-ray: ET tube position (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray ET (endotracheal) tube position should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs.
Reference article
This is a summary article; we have a more in-depth reference article, see ETT.
S...
Article
Chest x-ray: everything else (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where E refers to "everything ...
Article
Chest x-ray: initial review (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. The A, B, C, D, E method is helpful for approaching a chest x-ray in a systematic manner. However, before ju...
Article
Chest x-ray lines and stripes
Chest x-ray lines and stripes are important to recognize on chest radiographs.
Lines are usually less than 1 mm in width and are comprised of tissue outlined on either side by air and typically represent pleural-covered structures within the middle and superior mediastinum 1,2:
anterior junct...
Article
Chest x-ray: lines and tubes (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray lines and tubes can be easily assessed and should be the first thing that you look at when reviewing a chest x-ray. Assessment of their position is important, but they also give you an idea about how sick the pa...
Article
Chest x-ray: PICC position (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) position should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs.
Reference article
This is a summary article; we do have a more in-depth refe...
Article
Chest x-ray (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-rays are performed frequently in the assessment of a vast number of sick (and potentially very sick) patients.
A chest x-ray can be performed in the radiology department (usually with the patient standing up) or b...
Article
Chlamydia pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumonia is a form of atypical pneumonia.
Pathology
It is caused be the organism Chlamydophila pneumoniae (a species of Chlamydophila) which is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans.
Radiographic features
CT chest
Non specific with overlap of features with pne...
Article
Chrispin-Norman scoring system for cystic fibrosis
The Chrispin-Norman score is used to provide a summative assessment of structural lung changes in patients with cystic fibrosis on plain chest radiographs.
It is useful to monitor disease progression or treatment response and can be used to compare between different patients in research studies...
Article
Christmas inspired signs
There are many signs in radiology that are related to Christmas:
snowcap sign in avascular necrosis
snowman sign
in total anomalous pulmonary venous return
in pituitary macroadenomas
snowstorm appearance in complete hydatidiform and testicular microlithiasis
holly leaf sign in calcified pl...
Article
Chronic aspiration pneumonia
Chronic aspiration pneumonia occurs when recurrent episodes of aspirated particles lead to chronic granulomatous inflammation of the airways and lungs.
This article will focus on the chronic form of aspiration (c.f. acute aspiration pneumonia), for a broader discussion, please, refer to the pa...
Article
Chronic beryllium lung disease
Chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) or sometimes just simply known as berylliosis refers to lung changes that can be seen with prolonged exposure to beryllium which is an alkaline earth metal that is used in many different industrial applications.
Epidemiology
It is reported to occur in 2-5% ...
Article
Chronic bilateral airspace opacification (differential)
Chronic bilateral airspace opacification is a subset of the differential diagnosis for airspace opacification. An exhaustive list of all possible causes of chronic bilateral airspace opacities is long, but a useful framework is as follows:
inflammatory
sarcoidosis
granulomatosis with polyangi...
Article
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is most commonly defined as the presence of productive cough for three months in two successive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough, such as tuberculosis, lung cancer and heart failure, have been excluded. It can be an important pathological component of c...
Article
Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis
Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) is considered the most common form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. In untreated cases, this may progress to chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis.
Article
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) is an idiopathic condition characterized by the alveoli filling with an inflammatory, eosinophil-rich infiltrate. Classically on imaging, it appears as chronic consolidation with upper zone and peripheral predominance.
Epidemiology
Most patients are middle ...
Article
Chronic exogenous lipoid pneumonia
Chronic exogenous lipoid pneumonia is a sub type of exogenous lipoid pneumonia.
Epidemiology
Typically occurs in older patients but also has been reported in children as well as infants with usage of mineral oil as a lubricant to facilitate feeding. Can occur in patients without a predisposin...
Article
Chronic granulomatous disease
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited immune deficiency disorders characterized by the inability to destroy phagocytosed catalase-positive bacteria due to a lack of NADPH oxidase which results in formation of granulomas in different tissues.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Chronic granulomatous disease (pulmonary manifestations)
Pulmonary manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease can be seen in approximately 80% of cases of chronic granulomatous disease, which is a disease characterized by multiple bacterial and fungal infections occurring as a result of a defect in the gene that encodes NADPH oxidase.
The most c...
Article
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) refers to hypersensitivity pneumonitis where there is radiological evidence of fibrosis and represents the end-stage of repeated or persistent pneumonitis 7.
Pathology
It is considered an immunopathological disorder occurring in susceptible individual...
Article
Chronic interstitial pneumonitis
Chronic interstitial pneumonitis is a broad descriptive term where an interstitial pneumonia has a prolonged course. It can arise of a range of etiologies. The term does not usually imply a specific radiographic pattern and includes UIP, NSIP or other pattern. As a general rule there is little o...
Article
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is one of the late-stage post lung transplant complications. It is a clinical spirometric diagnosis characterized by an irreversible decline in the FEV1 of 20% or more relative to the highest post-transplant baseline representing one of the significant l...
Article
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a spectrum of obstructive airway diseases. It includes two key components which are chronic bronchitis-small airways disease and emphysema.
Epidemiology
The most common cause has historically been, and unfortunately continues to be, smok...
Article
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a group of chronic aspergillosis found in non-immunocompromised patients with prior or current lung disease (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mycobacteriosis or conditions such as diabetes).
It can manifest as several forms 1.
chronic cavitar...
Article
Chronic pulmonary embolism
Chronic pulmonary emboli are mainly a consequence of incomplete resolution of pulmonary thromboembolism.
Radiographic features
CTPA
vascular CT signs include
direct pulmonary artery signs
complete obstruction
partial obstruction
eccentric thrombus
calcified thrombus - calcific pulmonary ...
Article
Chronic suppurative lung disease
Chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) refers to a group of conditions which includes:
cystic fibrosis
bronchiectasis
primary ciliary dyskinesia
This term is usually used in the context of pediatric patients.
Article
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a distinct subgroup of pulmonary hypertension that most frequently develops following massive or repeated pulmonary embolism.
Terminology
The term CTEPH should be used for patients with chronic thromboembolic disease and pulmonary hypert...
Article
Chronic unilateral airspace opacification (differential)
Chronic unilateral airspace opacification is a subset of the differential diagnoses for airspace opacification. An exhaustive list of all possible causes of chronic unilateral airspace opacities is long, but a useful framework is as follows:
neoplastic
post obstructive
lymphoma
lymphocytic ...
Article
Chylothorax
A chylothorax (plural: chylothoraces) refers to the presence of chylous fluid in the pleural space often as a result of obstruction or disruption to the thoracic duct. It may be congenital or acquired.
Pathology
Chylothoraces may present with variable pleural fluid appearance and biochemical c...
Article
Cicatrisation atelectasis
Cicatrisation atelectasis is a form of lung atelectasis which occurs as a result of scarring or fibrosis that reduces lung expansion. Cicatrisation atelectasis is classic in tuberculosis. The term is closely related to cicatrisation collapse when an entire lobe is collapsed from the same process...
Article
Circumflex aorta
Circumflex aorta is a rare aortic arch anomaly caused by retroesophageal crossing of the aorta to the contralateral side. A vascular ring is formed when a ductus or ligamentum arteriosum contralateral to the aortic arch connects the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery.
Clinical presentatio...
Article
Cirrhosis (pulmonary manifestations)
There are several pulmonary complications that can arise in the setting of cirrhosis:
hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS): considered the commonest
portopulmonary hypertension (POPH)
hepatic hydrothorax (HH)
intrathoracic portosystemic collateral vessel formation
The development of portal hypert...
Article
Clagett thoracotomy
A Clagett thoracotomy is a three stage procedure performed for treatment severe empyema and involves the resection of a posterolateral lower rib and the formation of an open window in the lateral aspect of the chest to allow continuous drainage and irrigation of the cavity with antibiotic soluti...
Article
Clear cell tumor of the lung
Clear cell tumors of the lung are rare benign pulmonary neoplasms that contain an abundant amount of glycogen. It is often classified under the spectrum of perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas).
Radiographic features
Usually seen as a rounded, smooth-walled, and peripheral parenchymal...
Article
Clothing artifact
Clothing artifacts, like jewelry artifacts, are a regular feature on imaging examinations, especially plain radiographs, but in general are recognized for what they are, either at the time the image is taken by the radiographer, or later by the reporting radiologist. The radiographer will often ...
Article
Cluster of black pearls sign
The "cluster of black pearls" sign refers to a finding on contrast-enhanced CT useful in differentiating sarcoidosis from other causes of lymphadenopathy such as tuberculosis, lymphoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma.
The sign is depicted by the presence of multiple tiny round nodules (1-2 mm) di...
Article
Coal mine dust lung disease
Coal mine dust lung disease encompasses a number of occupational lung diseases 1,2:
coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP)
mixed dust pneumoconiosis
silicosis
dust-related diffuse fibrosis
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Article
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is an occupational disease (type of pneumoconiosis) caused by exposure to coal dust free of silica (washed coal). Histologically, CWP is classified according to disease severity into simple (presence of coal macules) and complicated (with progressive massive fi...
Article
Coarctation of the aorta
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) refers to a narrowing of the aortic lumen.
Epidemiology
Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. They are more frequent in males, M:F ratio of ~2-3:1.
Clinical presentation
Varies accordingly to the degree of stenosis and the assoc...
Article
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis refers to an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Coccidioides spp, usually localized to the lungs. This disease is not to be confused with the similarly named paracoccidioidomycosis.
Epidemiology
The most common forms of Coccidioides spp are Coccidioides immitis and Coc...
Article
Coin lesion (lung)
A coin lesion refers to a round or oval, well-circumscribed solitary pulmonary lesion. It is usually 1-5 cm in diameter and calcification may or may not be present 1,3. Typically but not always the patient is asymptomatic 1.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for such lesions i...
Article
Collar sign in diaphragmatic rupture
The collar sign, also called the hourglass sign, is a helpful sign for diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture on coronal or sagittal CT/ MR images and barium studies. It refers to a waist-like or collar-like appearance of herniated organs at the level of the diaphragm.
Small tear on the right side ...
Article
Colloid adenocarcinoma of the lung
Colloid adenocarcinoma of the lung is an extremely rare (i.e. only accounting for ~0.2% of all lung cancers) variant of invasive lung adenocarcinoma.
Pathology
It is histologically characterized by the presence of abundant mucus in the tumor with neoplastic cells seen floating in large pools o...
Article
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a possible new addition to a growing list of smoking-related lung disease characterized by the coexistence of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) with emphysema in smokers.
Epidemiology
It typically...
Article
Comet tail sign (chest)
The comet tail sign is a finding that can be seen on CT scans of the chest. It consists of a curvilinear opacity that extends from a subpleural "mass" toward the ipsilateral hilum. The comet tail sign is produced by the distortion of vessels and bronchi that lead to an adjacent area of round ate...
Article
Common causes of bronchiectasis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the common causes of bronchiectasis is:
CAPT Kangaroo has Mounier-Kuhn
Mnemonic
C: cystic fibrosis or congenital cystic bronchiectasis (Williams-Campbell syndrome)
A: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
P: post-infectious (most common)
T: tuberculosis (gra...
Article
Common variable immunodeficiency
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a condition that is associated with an impaired immune system. It is considered the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and is characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections.
Clinical presentation
The commonest presentation is th...
Article
Common variable immunodeficiency (pulmonary manifestations)
Pulmonary manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency can be variable. The respiratory system is one of the most commonly affected systems in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
Radiographic features
CT
The spectrum of findings seen in the chest include:
bronchiectasis with int...
Article
Community-acquired pneumonia
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia caused by an infectious agent that is contracted in the general population, and not whilst in a medical facility, or from contact with the healthcare system. A diagnosis of CAP may still be reached up to 48 hours post-admission to hospital 2...
Article
Complete tracheal rings
Complete tracheal rings are a rare, isolated tracheal or tracheobronchial anomaly resulting from abnormal cartilage growth, forming a complete ring and often causing airway stenosis.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, it manifests as respiratory distress in infants or mild symptomatic airway co...
Article
Complications of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the complications of pulmonary interstitial emphysema is that the most common ones begin with:
pneum-
Mnemonic
pneumatocele
pneumothorax
pneumomediastinum
pneumoperitoneum
Article
Compressive atelectasis
Compressive atelectasis refers to a form of lung atelectasis due to compression by a space-occupying process.
Some authors describe it as a subtype of passive (relaxation) atelectasis where the reduction in lung volume is greater than its normal relaxed state 1. Whereas others describe it as th...
Article
Computed tomography of the chest
Computed tomography (CT) of the chest is a cross-sectional evaluation of the heart, airways, lungs, mediastinum, and associated bones and soft tissues.
Two key methods of image acquisition include:
standard CT with 5 mm slice thickness for mediastinum and gross evaluation of lungs
high-resolu...
Article
Conditions with lower lobe predominance (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for conditions with a lower lobe predominance in chest radiology include:
CIA
BAD AS
RASCO
Mnemonics
CIA
C: collagen vascular diseases
I: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
A: asbestosis
BAD AS
B: bronchiectasis
A: aspiration pneumonia
D: drugs; desquamative interstitial pneumon...
Article
Conditions with upper lobe predominance (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember conditions with upper lobe predominance in chest radiology are:
STEP
BREASTS
Mnemonics
STEP
S: sarcoidosis, silicosis
T: tuberculosis
E: eosinophilic pneumonia
P: pneumoconiosis
BREASTS
B: berylliosis
R: radiation fibrosis
E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis...