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Hepatic hydrothorax

Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) is an uncommon manifestation of cirrhosis with ascites. It is one of the pulmonary complications of cirrhosis with portal hypertension. It is characterized by formation of pleural effusions usually greater than 500 mL, in patients with portal hypertension without any o...

Hepatisation of the lung

Pulmonary hepatisation refers to the alteration of lung tissue such that it resembles liver tissue. It is a stage of lobar pneumonic consolidation. Pathology In the early stage, hemorrhagic fluid accumulates within the alveoli and gets organized resulting in a pathological appearance called "r...

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) refers to the combination of hepatic dysfunction (cirrhosis) hypoxemia (alveolar-arterial O2 gradient of >15 mmHg; >20 mmHg in >64 years old patients) peripheral pulmonary arterial dilatation (due to right to left micro-shunts) Epidemiology It is estimated to ...

Hereditary connective tissue disease

Hereditary connective tissue diseases are a group of connective tissue disease that have a degree of inheritance risk. They include: Marfan syndrome: genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: progressive deterioration of collagen and affects joints, heart valves, orga...

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and organs including the lungs, liver, and central nervous system. Epidemiology Worldwide prevalen...

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare syndrome which consists of: oculocutaneous hypopigmentation (albinism) platelet dysfunction abnormal storage of autofluorescent pigment (ceroid or lipofuscin) typically occurs within lysosomal organelles of the cells of multiple organs and the reti...

Heroin induced pulmonary edema

Heroin-induced pulmonary edema is an aetiological subtype of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. It may be prevalent in up to 40% of patients admitted with a heroin overdose 2. It is defined by some authors as a syndrome in which a patient develops significant hypoxia (room air saturation< 90% wit...

Hiatus hernia

Hiatus hernias occur when there is herniation of abdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. Epidemiology The prevalence of hiatus hernia increases with age, with a slight female predilection. Clinical presentation Many patients with hiatus her...

High altitude pulmonary edema

High altitude pulmonary edema is a subtype of pulmonary edema and is caused by prolonged exposure to an environment with a lower partial oxygen atmospheric pressure. Epidemiology It occurs most frequently in young males and ~24-48 hours after they have made a rapid ascent to heights greater th...

High attenuation lymphadenopathy

High attenuation lymphadenopathy has been described with: Kaposi sarcoma 1,6 Castleman disease carcinoid angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) Kimura disease (due to nodal hemorrhage) 6 metastatic hypernephroma (presumed due to nodal hemorrhage) 6 If there is calcification associated...

Hilar point

The hilar point on chest radiographs is formed by the outer margins of the superior pulmonary vein and the descending pulmonary artery as they cross past each other.

Hilum convergence sign

The hilum convergence sign is a useful chest radiograph sign to help distinguish a bulky hilum due to pulmonary artery dilatation from a juxtahilar mass/nodal enlargement. If pulmonary artery branches are visible through the opacity and converge towards the waist of the heart (positive hilum c...

Hilum overlay sign

The hilum overlay sign is useful in differentiating cardiac enlargement from a mediastinal mass. It refers to an abnormally dense hilum on frontal chest radiograph with preserved visualization of the hilar vessels. If a mass arises from the hilum, the normal pulmonary vessels (interlobar arte...

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Pulmonary histoplasmosis is the most common manifestation of this infectious disease. Disseminated or extra-pulmonary (pericardial, articular) histoplasmosis is often seen in immunosuppressed patients. As such, these are in...

HIV/AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an immunosuppressed state, caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by opportunistic infections, neoplasms and neurological manifestations. Epidemiology According to the United Nations programme on HIV/AID...

HIV/AIDS (pulmonary and thoracic manifestations)

Pulmonary manifestations of HIV/AIDS are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality related to the disease. The differential in an HIV patient with a chest complaint is broad. Infectious causes are the most common, however, neoplasms, lymphoma and interstitial pneumonias also play a signific...

HIV associated follicular bronchiolitis

HIV associated follicular bronchiolitis is a form of bronchiolitis that occurs in those with HIV. Epidemiology It has been described in both HIV-positive children and adults. Pathology It is manifested by bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia thought to be due to repetitive antige...

HIV associated neoplasms

HIV-associated neoplasms are numerous and can be broadly divided into two groups: AIDS-defining malignancies associated but not AIDS defining malignancies AIDS-defining malignancies The development of these malignancies in HIV affected individuals generally implies progression to AIDS 4: Ka...

Hodgkin lymphoma (pulmonary manifestations)

Pulmonary manifestations of Hodgkin lymphoma are relatively rare, present in 5-12% of patients at the time of diagnosis. It is relatively more common with the nodular sclerosing subtype. Pulmonary involvement usually indicates stage IV disease. Radiographic features Bilateral involvement is ...

Hoffman-Rigler sign (heart)

The Hoffman-Rigler sign is a sign of left ventricular enlargement inferred from the distance between the inferior vena cava (IVC) and left ventricle (LV). Radiographic features On a lateral chest radiograph, if the distance between the left ventricular border and the posterior border of IVC e...

Holly leaf sign

The holly leaf sign refers to the appearance of pleural plaques on chest x-rays. Their irregular thickened nodular edges are likened to the appearance of a holly leaf.

Holt-Oram syndrome

Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant syndrome that results in congenital heart defects and upper limb anomalies: congenital heart defects atrial septal defect (ASD) (commonest cardiac defect 4) ventricular septal defect (VSD) aortic coarctation upper limb abnormalities radia...

Honeycombing (lungs)

Honeycombing is a CT imaging descriptor referring to clustered cystic air spaces (between 3-10 mm in diameter but occasionally as large as 2.5 cm) which are usually subpleural and basal in distribution. They can be subdivided into: microcystic honeycombing macrocystic honeycombing The walls o...

Horizontal fissure

The horizontal fissure (also called the minor fissure) is a unilateral structure in the right lung that separates the right middle lobe from the right upper lobe. Gross anatomy The horizontal fissure arises from the right oblique fissure and follows the 4th intercostal space from the sternum u...

Horseshoe lung

Horseshoe lung is one of the rare congenital anomalies of the lung. A band of pulmonary parenchyma is formed extending between the right and left lungs. The pulmonary tissue can be seen either anterior to the aorta or posterior to the pericardium at the caudal end. Pathology Associations card...

Hospital acquired pneumonia

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (often abbreviated as HAP) or nosocomial pneumonia is defined by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines as pneumonias that occur more than 48 hours after hospital administration but were not present at the time of admission. Epidemiology It can be a common c...

Hot tub lung

Hot tub lung refers to pulmonary disease in otherwise healthy patients that can occur by secondary exposure to aerosolized non-tuberculous mycobacteria in contaminated hot water-steam (classically described in hot tubs, hence the name). Clinical presentation It can present as an acute pulmona...

Hybrid lesion (pediatric chest)

A hybrid lesion in pediatric chest radiology refers to a combination of a congenital pulmonary airways malformation (CPAM) and a pulmonary sequestration (most commonly extralobar). It falls under a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. Due to more sophisticated imaging, they are increas...

Hydatid cyst signs

There are several signs of hydatid cysts seen associated with hydatid disease: cumbo sign: air is seen between the pericyst and the laminated membrane of the cyst serpent sign: internal rupture of the cyst with collapse of membranes of the parasite into the cyst water lily sign: endocyst flo...

Hydatid disease

Hydatid cysts result from infection by the Echinococcus, and can result in cyst formation anywhere in the body. Pathology There are two main species of the Echinococcus tapeworm 1,2: Echinococcus granulosus commoner pastoral: dog is a main host; most common form sylvatic: wolf is a main h...

Hydropneumothorax

Hydropneumothorax is a term given to the concurrent presence of a pneumothorax as well as a hydrothorax (i.e. air and fluid) in the pleural space. Pathology It may arise in various situations which include thoracentesis 1-2 thoracic trauma bronchopleural fistula oesophagopleural fistula R...

Hyparterial bronchus

A hyparterial bronchus is any bronchus originating inferior to the level of the pulmonary artery. Conversely, the right superior lobar bronchus can be referred to by its anatomical relationship to the pulmonary arteries as being eparterial. The term may be encountered in the classification of ...

Hyperattenuating pulmonary abnormalities

Hyperattenuating pulmonary abnormalities can result from a variety of processes and have varied radiographic appearances. It is easiest, for the purposes of radiology, to divide them into: hyperdense linear or reticular opacities hyperdense pulmonary nodules hyperdense pulmonary mass hyperd...

Hypercontracting (nutcracker) esophagus

Hypercontracting (nutcracker) esophagus is a motility disorder of the esophagus. This condition is primarily diagnosed with manometry with high intra-esophageal pressure and normal peristalsis. Most patients will have a normal barium swallow. Hypercontracting esophagus ("nutcracker esophagus")...

Hyperdense pulmonary mass

There are only a few causes of a pulmonary mass with internal calcification. They include: granuloma: most common pulmonary hamartoma bronchogenic carcinoma carcinoid tumors pulmonary metastases mucoid calcification of mucinous adenocarcinoma: breast carcinoma gastrointestinal tract ade...

Hyperdense pulmonary nodules

Hyperdense pulmonary nodules are a subset of pulmonary nodules that have relatively increased attenuation, usually caused by calcification within the nodule. Here, we broadly refer to a nodule as a pulmonary opacity <30 mm. Differential diagnosis calcified pulmonary nodules are a specific grou...

Hyper IgE syndrome

Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper IgE) syndrome (HIES), also known as Job syndrome, consists of a heterogeneous group of complex hereditary combined B- and T-cell immune deficiency diseases characterized by recurrent Staph aureus chest infections, characteristic coarse facial appearance and dental pr...

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, represents a group of pulmonary disorders mediated by an inflammatory reaction to inhalation of an allergen. These may be organic or inorganic particles (microbes, animal or plant proteins, and certain chemicals) tha...

Hypogammaglobulinaemia

Hypogammaglobulinaemia is an immune disorder characterized by a reduction in all types of gammaglobulins. Terminology While hypogammaglobulinaemia means some of loss of gammaglobulins, a total loss is termed agammaglobulinaemia which can occur in as an x linked form - X-linked agammaglobuline...

Ichikado CT scoring of acute respiratory distress syndrome

CT scoring systems have been proposed in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to predict clinical outcomes. This scoring system was established by Ichikado et al. in 2006 2 and at the time of writing (July 2016), this is the most widely used CT scoring system. Classification...

Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary trunk

Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital anomaly comprising of pulmonary trunk enlargement with or without dilatation of the right and left pulmonary arteries. For this diagnosis, exclusion of pulmonary and cardiac diseases (mainly pulmonary valve stenosis) and confirma...

Idiopathic giant bullous emphysema

Idiopathic giant bullous emphysema, also known as vanishing lung syndrome (VLS), is characterized by giant emphysematous bullae, which commonly develop in the upper lobes and occupy at least one-third of a hemithorax. It is a progressive condition that is also associated with several forms of em...

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (mnemonic)

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are diffuse interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. A useful mnemonic for the American Thoracic Society-European Respiratory Society (ATS-ERS) classification of IIPs is: All Idiopathic Chronic Lung Disease aRe Nonspecifically Patterned The mnemoni...

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are diffuse interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. They are characterized by cellular infiltration of the interstitial compartment of the lung with varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Classification For many years many attempts have bee...

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: HRCT chest approach

The approach to HRCT chest in patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is with the aim to: make sure an appropriate study requested i.e. HRCT chest with optimal individually adjusted protocol and ensure adequacy of the HRCT chest quality (see imaging protocol below) meti...

Idiopathic pauci immune pulmonary capillaritis

Idiopathic pauci immune pulmonary capillaritis (IPIPC) is considered a rare type of pulmonary vasculitis. Some authors consider this due be an organ specific subset of microscopic polyangiitis 3. It can result in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Pathology It is an isolated small vessel vasculitis ...

Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome

Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) refers to diffuse lung injury which can occur following haematopeotic stem cell transplantation where neither an infectious nor non-infectious etiology can be found. Epidemiology The incidence of IPS is thought to be around 12% following haematopoetic stem c...

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a clinical syndrome and considered the most common and the most lethal form of pulmonary fibrosis corresponding to the histologic and imaging pattern of UIP. It is more common in middle age or elderly men and diagnosed by: histological or imaging pattern ...

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an uncommon form of pulmonary hemosiderosis. It is characterized by the triad of hemoptysis iron deficiency anemia diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, usually represented by diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage The diagnosis is usually made by exclusion 1. Epi...

Idiopathic pulmonary ossification

Idiopathic pulmonary ossification (also known as bony metaplasia of lung) is a rare disorder with unknown cause characterized by bony tissue within the lung. Clinical presenation The condition is asymptomatic but mild symptoms, restrictive pulmonary physiology, and impaired transfer factor hav...

IgG4-related disease

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease that is characterized by extensive IgG4-positive plasma cells and T-lymphocyte infiltration of various organs. Terminology This condition has been known by many other names in the past, such as IgG4-related sclerosing disease, IgG4-related s...

IgG4-related lung disease

IgG4-related lung disease is a recently described condition. It may occur with or without systemic involvement. It is considered part of the spectrum of IgG4-related disease. Radiographic features CT On HRCT of the chest, it may be categorized into four major subtypes 5: solid nodular subtyp...

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is paradoxical deterioration of a pre-existing illness following abrupt improvement in an individual's immune function. It is classically seen in HIV/AIDS patients following initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Increasing...

Implantable loop recorder

Implantable loop recorders, also known as insertable cardiac monitors, are small insertable devices that continuously monitor and record cardiac rhythms. They are placed subcutaneously and used for the evaluation of patients with recurrent unexplained episodes of palpitations or syncope. They sh...

Incidental lung nodules

Incidental lung nodules are encountered commonly in normal clinical practice on CT. The risk of developing cancer in very small nodules (<5 mm) is very low. However, clear-cut recommendations are still not in place with high variation in practice amongst reporting radiologists 1. As a result, it...

Incomplete border sign

The incomplete border sign is useful to depict an extrapulmonary mass on chest radiograph. An extrapulmonary mass will often have a inner well-defined border and an ill-defined outer margin 1-3. This can be attributed to the inner margin being tangential to the x-ray beam and has good inherent ...

Incomplete double aortic arch

Incomplete double aortic arch is a rare vascular ring anomaly wherein a segment of the minor aortic arch, usually the left, is atretic. Clinical presentation As in the case of other vascular rings, this anomaly can cause 1: stridor wheezing dysphagia Some patients may reach adulthood with...

Increased cardiothoracic ratio (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Increased cardiothoracic ratio describes widening of the cardiac silhouette on a chest radiograph. This is only of use when making an assessment of a PA chest x-ray since the AP chest x-ray causes the artefactual magnificat...

Increased retrosternal airspace

Increased retrosternal airspace is an indicator of hyperinflation of the lungs and is usually due to emphysema. The thickness of the space between the ascending aorta and the posterior margin of the sternum (3 cm inferior to the sternomanubrial joint) and is normally no more than 2.5 cm 1 altho...

Infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung

Infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung, also known as primary bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma, is a very rare spindle-cell tumor. Epidemiology More than 80% of cases are reported to occur within the 1st year of life. There is a slight predominance in male infants 1,2. Clinical presentation Patient...

Infectious bronchiolitis

Infectious bronchiolitis refers to subtype of bronchiolitis where there is an definite infective precipitant. It falls under the subgroup in inflammatory bronchiolitides and by some authors is considered a type of cellular bronchiolitis 3. It tends to be more clinically severe in children than a...

Inferior accessory fissure of the lung

The inferior accessory fissure of the lung, also known as Twining's line, divides the medial basal bronchopulmonary segment from the rest of the lower lobe. This accessory fissure is present in around 12% of people when examined with CT and is visible on 5-8% of frontal chest x-rays. It is appr...

Inferior mediastinum

The inferior mediastinum is the box-shaped space in the mediastinum below the transthoracic plane of Ludwig between the wedge-shaped superior mediastinum above and the diaphragm and inferior thoracic aperture below. There are no physical structures that divide the superior and inferior mediastin...

Inferior pulmonary ligament

The inferior pulmonary ligament (or just the pulmonary ligament) is a normal anatomical structure that is often seen on chest x-ray and CT chest. Gross anatomy The inferior pulmonary ligament is a fused triangular-shaped sheet of parietal and visceral pleura that extends from the hilum to the...

Inferior thoracic aperture

The inferior thoracic aperture connects the thorax with the abdomen. Gross anatomy The inferior thoracic aperture is irregular in shape and is more oblique and much larger than the superior thoracic aperture. The diaphragm occupies and closes the inferior thoracic aperture, thereby separating ...

Inflammatory bowel disease (thoracic manifestations)

Thoracic manifestations of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease can be variable and cannot be used to differentiate between these entities. They can develop at any time with respect to the clinical onset of the underlying disease. Actually, they can also predate the colonic disease or deve...

Inflammatory bronchiolitis

While the term bronchiolitis in itself implies "inflammation" of the bronchioles by definition, some authors group the term inflammatory bronchiolitis as a specific group in terms of imaging as distinct from the more fibrotic - constrictive type 1. Conditions that are described under this inclu...

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT), also known as plasma cell granulomas, are rare neoplasms that have a diverse spectrum of biological behavior. Terminology These tumors were previously referred as inflammatory pseudotumour. Epidemiology They can occur at any age and there is curr...

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the lung

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the lungs are a location-specific type of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Epidemiology They are very rare with their incidence reported at approximately 0.04-1% of all the pulmonary neoplasms 1. While it can affect any age group, around 25% of cases ...

Infusothorax

Infusothorax is a complication of central venous catheter malposition where the catheter tip is located in the pleural space and the infusion of the fluid collects inadvertantly in the pleural space in the form of a pleural effusion. Longer term complications depend on the fluid being infused.

Innermost intercostal muscles

The innermost intercostal muscles are muscles of respiration. They are the deepest intercostal muscles located in the intercostal spaces, and contract along with the internal intercostal muscles to reduce the transverse dimension of the thoracic cavity during expiration. Gross anatomy The inne...

Innominate artery compression syndrome

Innominate artery compression syndrome, also known as brachiocephalic artery compression syndrome, is a rare cause of tracheal stenosis that occurs in the pediatric population. Pathology It can only occur in the presence of an aberrantly positioned thymus that forces the aortic arch or innomin...

Inorganic dust

Inorganic dust types are derived from mineral rather than biological elements (organic compounds). Inhalation of these dusts may result in lung disease (pneumoconiosis), often after years of cumulative exposure. The commonest inhaled dusts that cause disease are asbestos, silica and coal dust. ...

Intercostal catheter

The intercostal catheter (ICC or chest tube) is a tube inserted into the pleural space to drain gas or fluid. It is mainly inserted to treat pneumothorax. Indication The indications are wide and can include 1: pneumothorax chest trauma pleural effusion hemothorax chylothorax bronchopleur...

Intercostal lung hernia

Intercostal lung hernias are defined as a protrusion of the lung beyond the confines of the thoracic cage. They are uncommon, mostly seen post trauma or thoracotomies. Clinical presentation Hernias which are symptomatic may cause dyspnea, chest wall pain or a visible or palpable chest bulge (...

Intercostal muscles

The intercostal muscles are an important group of muscles in the intercostal spaces (between the ribs) that contract during respiration. Three muscles are classically described, from superficial to deep: external intercostal muscles internal intercostal muscles innermost intercostal muscles ...

Intercostal nerve

The intercostal nerves are the somatic nerves that arise from the anterior divisions of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. These nerves in addition to supplying the thoracic wall also supply the pleura and peritoneum. Gross anatomy Intercostal nerves can be divided into atypical and ty...

Intercostal nerve neurilemmoma

Intercostal nerve neurilemmomas, also known as intercostal nerve schwannoma or neurinoma, are nerve sheath encapsulated tumors affecting intercostal nerves. Please refer to the article on schwannomas for a broad discussion about these tumors. Epidemiology They account for <10% of primary n...

Intercostal spaces

The intercostal spaces are the space between the ribs. There are 11 spaces on each side and they are numbered according to the rib which is the superior border of the space. Gross anatomy The intercostal spaces contain three layers of muscle: the external, internal and innermost layers with t...

Interface sign (HRCT chest)

The interface sign is a feature seen on HRCT chest imaging and refers to the presence of irregular interfaces at the margins of pulmonary parenchymal structures or the pleural surface of the lung. It suggests interstitial thickening.

Interlobular septa

The interlobular septa (sing: septum) are located between the secondary pulmonary lobules and are continuous with both the subpleural interstitium (peripheral connective tissue) and the peribronchovascular interstitium (axial connective tissue) as well as the more delicate intralobular septa. T...

Interlobular septal thickening

There are many causes of interlobular septal thickening, and this should be distinguished from intralobular septal thickening. Thickening of the interlobular septa can be smooth, nodular or irregular, with many entities able to cause more than one pattern. Pathology Causes of septal thickening...

Internal intercostal muscle

The internal intercostal muscles are important muscles of respiration. They number eleven on each side and are located in the intercostal spaces, reducing the transverse dimension of the thoracic cavity during expiration. Gross anatomy The internal intercostal muscles are the middle muscle of ...

Internal thoracic artery

The internal thoracic artery (previously called the internal mammary artery) supplies the anterior body wall and its associated structures from the clavicles to the umbilicus. Gross anatomy Origin The internal thoracic artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery in the base of...

Interstitial lung disease

Diffuse interstitial lung disease encompasses a large number of disorders that are characterized by cellular infiltrates in a periacinar location. While some disease processes may cause significant injury to the underlying lung parenchyma (e.g. usual interstitial pneumonia), some do not (e.g. pu...

Interstitial lung pattern

An interstitial lung pattern is a regular descriptive term used when reporting a plain chest radiograph. It is the result of the age-old attempt to make the distinction between an interstitial and airspace (alveolar) process to narrow the differential diagnosis. A re-read of the timeless work o...

Interstitial thickening (lung)

Interstitial thickening is pathological thickening of the pulmonary interstitium and can be divided into: interlobular septal thickening intralobular septal thickening See also interlobular septa secondary pulmonary lobules HRCT terminology

Intralobular septa

The intralobular septa (sing: septum) are delicate strands of connective tissue separating adjacent pulmonary acini and primary pulmonary lobules. They are continuous with the interlobular septa which surround and define the secondary pulmonary lobules. See also HRCT terminology

Intralobular septal thickening

Intralobular septal thickening is a form of interstitial thickening and should be distinguished from interlobular septal thickening. It is often seen as fine linear or reticular thickening. It has been described with any conditions of variable etiology which include sarcoidosis 2 asbestosis ...

Intrapleural space

The intrapleural or pleural space is the fluid-filled space in between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura. In normal conditions it contains only a small amount of serous pleural fluid. Related pathology A pleural effusion is the pathological accumulation of pleural fluid, and when ...

Intrapulmonary lipoma

Intrapulmonary lipomas are rare fat containing benign lung lesions. Epidemiology They mostly occur in the adult population, with occurence in the pediatric population extremely rare. Pathology As with all lipomas they are composed of adipose tissue. The origin of the peripheral intrapulmonar...

Intrapulmonary lymph nodes

Intrapulmonary lymph nodes, or pulmonary lymph nodes, are benign nodularity commonly found in the assessment of CT scans of the chest and are, sometimes, difficult to distinguish from pulmonary nodules. The pulmonary lymph nodes are divided into subtypes accordingly to their location: perifiss...

Intra-thoracic sarcoma

Sarcomatoid neoplasms involving the chest comprise of a broad group of tumors that occur in the lung, mediastinum, pleura, and chest wall. These tumors have mesenchymal component. They include primary sarcomatoid tumors of the chest usually arising from the chest wall Ewing sarcoma of the ch...

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