Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
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1,561 results found
Article
Bronchitis
Bronchitis refers to inflammation of large airways (i.e. bronchi). This may be acute or chronic and can be precipitated by a variety of conditions.
acute bronchitis
chronic bronchitis
See also
bronchiolitis - inflammation of small airways
airways disease
small airways disease
large airway...
Article
Broncho-arterial ratio
The broncho-arterial (BA) ratio is a descriptive parameter used in thoracic CT imaging. It is defined as the diameter of the bronchial lumen divided by the diameter of its accompanying artery 1. It is usually measured in the segmental to subsegmental artery level.
In healthy humans, the broncho...
Article
Bronchocentric granulomatosis
Bronchocentric granulomatosis (BG) is a rare chronic condition involving the lung and is sometimes included in the spectrum of eosinophilic lung disease 7.
Epidemiology
It can affect a wide age spectrum of patients but is thought to peak between the 4th to 7th decades 6.
Pathology
Its underl...
Article
Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree (a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation). They can present as a mediastinal mass that may enlarge and cause local compression. It is also considered the commonest of foregut duplication cysts.
Epidemiology
Bronchoge...
Article
Bronchogenic cyst vs esophageal duplication cyst
Bronchogenic cysts and esophageal duplication cysts are embryological foregut duplication cysts and are also differential diagnoses for a cystic mediastinal mass.
Differences
Symptoms
asymptomatic bronchogenic cyst
symptomatic esophageal cyst in the case of peptic ulceration
Plain radiograp...
Article
Broncholithiasis
Broncholithiasis is a term given for the presence of calcified or ossified material within the lumen of the bronchus.
Pathology
A broncholith is usually formed by erosion by and extrusion of a calcified adjacent lymph node into the bronchial lumen and is usually associated with long-standing f...
Article
Broncho-esophageal fistula
Broncho-esophageal fistula (BOF) refers to an abnormal communication between a bronchus and the esophagus.
Clinical presentation
A small proportion of patient with congenital forms may present in adulthood. A common presenting feature is with recurrent pulmonary infections with other uncommon ...
Article
Bronchopleural fistula
Bronchopleural fistulas are communications between the bronchial tree and the pleural space.
Pathology
They are usually divided as:
central: when the fistula involves the trachea or a lobar bronchus
peripheral: when a distal airway, either segmental bronchi or the lung parenchyma, communica...
Article
Bronchopleural fistula vs lung abscess
Following are the main differentiating features of bronchopleural fistula and lung abscess on plain radiographs and CT 1:
Bronchopleural fistula
bronchopleural fistulas have mostly lenticular shape of space
length of air fluid level in bronchopleural fistula in different projections is unequ...
Article
Bronchopneumonia
Bronchopneumonia, also sometimes known as lobular pneumonia, is a radiological pattern associated with suppurative peribronchiolar inflammation and subsequent patchy consolidation of one or more secondary lobules of a lung in response to bacterial pneumonia.
Epidemiology
Pneumonia is the most...
Article
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) refers to late pathological lung changes that develop in infants after several weeks on prolonged ventilation.
Terminology
BPD and chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP) have often been used interchangeably to describe the condition post-treatment of premat...
Article
Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation
Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation (BPFM) is a term that encompases:
congenital pulmonary airways malformation (CPAM)
pulmonary sequestration
hybrid lesion
foregut duplication cysts
bronchogenic cyst
neurenteric cyst
enteric cyst
Embryology
They result from anomalous budding of the ...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.
Gross anatomy
The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. This initial division ...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segments (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the bronchopulmonary segments are:
A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm (right lung)
ASIA ALPS (left lung)
Mnemonics
'A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm'
right upper lobe
A: apical segment
P: posterior segment
A: anterior segment
middle lobe
L: lateral segment...
Article
Bronchorrhoea
Bronchorrhoea is the expectoration of copious amounts of mucus from the lungs. It has been defined as production of more than 100 mL of mucus in 24 hours, which is more than is usually seen in chronic lung disease (e.g. chronic bronchitis typically produces 25 mL/24 hrs) 2. It may be a feature o...
Article
Bronchospasm
Bronchospasm refers to a sudden constriction of the bronchial wall muscles.
Pathology
It is caused by the release (degranulation) of substances from mast cells or basophils under the influence of anaphylatoxins.
It can be precipitated in many situations
certain formed of pulmonary edema
he...
Article
Bronchovascular spread (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember diseases that undergo bronchovascular spread is:
SKILL
Mnemonic
S: sarcoidosis
K: Kaposi sarcoma
I: infection: pneumocystis pneumonia/tuberculosis
L: lymphoma
L: lymphangitis carcinomatosis
Article
Bronchus intermedius
The bronchus intermedius is one of the two bronchi which the right main bronchus bifurcates into, the other being the right upper lobe bronchus.
Gross anatomy
The bronchus intermedius runs distal to the right upper lobe bifurcation and follows the trajectory of the right main bronchus 1. Its m...
Article
Bubbly consolidation
Bubbly consolidation describes internal or central lucencies which represent normal aerated lung lobule within infarcted, consolidated, lung parenchyma. It is one of the highly specific imaging appearances of focal pulmonary hemorrhage or possibly pulmonary infarct secondary to pulmonary embolis...
Article
Buffalo pneumothorax
A buffalo pneumothorax (or buffalo chest) refers to the rare occurrence of bilateral pneumothoraces caused by an abnormal physical communication between the two pleural spaces. The pleuropleural communication is postulated to be in the anterior median chest where there is a loss of the normal an...
Article
Bulging fissure sign
The bulging fissure sign refers to lobar consolidation where the affected portion of the lung is expanded causing displacement of the adjacent fissure. Any type of pneumonia or space-occupying process can lead to bulging (sagging) fissure sign. Classically, it has been described in right upper l...
Article
Bunch of grapes sign (disambiguation)
Bunch of grapes sign refers to the ultrasound appearance of multiple cystic spaces or lesions and it has been described in a number of settings:
within the uterus as a result of hydropic swelling of trophoblastic villi within a hydatidiform mole
in bronchiectasis, where on a chest radiograph, ...
Article
Byssinosis
Byssinosis is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis which can result from exposure to cotton fibers 1. Other similiar textiles fibers such as jute, hemp and flax are also thought to cause similar lung pathology 2.
Article
Cabrol shunt
The Cabrol shunt or Cabrol fistula, also known as a perigraft-to-right atrial shunt, is a technique used for uncontrolled bleeding following aortic root operations.
Rationale
The Cabrol shunt is applied when bleeding from an aortic root reconstruction cannot be controlled by traditional means ...
Article
Calcified mediastinal lymph nodes (differential)
There are numerous causes of calcified mediastinal lymph nodes.
Common causes include:
infectious granulomatous diseases
tuberculosis
histoplasmosis
sarcoidosis
silicosis
treated lymphoma
Uncommon causes include:
Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) pneumonia
metastases
thyroid carcinoma: papi...
Article
Calcified pulmonary densities (differential)
Calcified pulmonary (lung parenchymal) densities can occur in a number of conditions.
Micronodules
healed varicella pneumonia 1
pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
occupational lung diseases
silicosis
coal workers pneumoconiosis
stannosis
baritosis
Large nodules or masses
metastatic pulm...
Article
Calcified pulmonary embolus
Calcification associated with pulmonary emboli is usually associated with chronic pulmonary embolism. Calcification is occasionally related to prior congenital cardiac repairs 1.
Differential diagnosis
If it is purely high attenuating, consider
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) embolism into the ...
Article
Calcified pulmonary nodules
Calcified pulmonary nodules are a subset of hyperdense pulmonary nodules and a group of nodules with a relatively narrow differential.
Pathology
Etiology
The most common cause of nodule calcification is granuloma formation, usually in the response to healed infection.
healed infection
cal...
Article
Calcifying fibrous pseudotumour of the lung
Calcifying fibrous pseudotumours (CFPT) of the lung are very rare, benign lesions of the lung.
Pathology
They are composed of hyalinised collagen with psammomatous-dystrophic calcification and a typical pattern of lymphocytic inflammation.
CFPTs usually occur within soft tissues but have be...
Article
Calcifying pulmonary metastases
Calcifying pulmonary metastases are rare. These should not be confused with metastatic pulmonary calcification.
Pathology
Calcification in metastases can arise through a variety of mechanisms: bone formation in tumors osteoid origin, calcification and ossification of tumor cartilage, dystrophi...
Article
Calcifying pulmonary metastases (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the causes of calcifying pulmonary metastases is:
BOBCAT
Mnemonic
B: bone (chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma)
O: ovary
B: breast
C: colon
A: any primary post-chemotherapy
T: thyroid
Article
Canals of Lambert
The canals of Lambert are microscopic collateral airways between the distal bronchiolar tree and adjacent alveoli. They are poorly formed in children, and along with poorly formed pores of Kohn, are thought to be responsible for the high frequency of round pneumonia in that age group.
Article
Candida pneumonia
Candida pneumonia is form of pulmonary candidiasis where there is air space opacification due opportunistic infection by the fungus Candida albicans. It typically occurs in immunocompromised patients. Due to the organism normally being present as part of oro-pharyngeal flora the diagnosis is oft...
Article
Cannonball metastases (lungs)
Cannonball metastases refer to large, well circumscribed, round pulmonary metastases that appear, well, like cannonballs. The French term "envolée de ballons" which translates to "balloons release" is also used to describe this same appearance.
Metastases with such an appearance are classically...
Article
Caplan syndrome
Caplan syndrome, also known as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, is the combination of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and a characteristic pattern of fibrosis.
Although first described in coal miners (coal workers' pneumoconiosis), it has subsequently been found in patients with a variety of pneumo...
Article
Capnothorax
A capnothorax, sometimes referred to as a carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumothorax, has been reported as a potential complication with laparoscopic surgeries.
Epidemiology
It has been reported with almost all laparoscopic surgeries and is more likely to occur with high CO2 pressures and prolonged sur...
Article
Carcinoid tumor
Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that can occur in a number of locations. Carcinoid tumors arise from endocrine amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells that can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract as well as other organs (e.g. lung). In general, they...
Article
Carcinoid tumors of the lung
Carcinoid tumors of the lung are a subgroup of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, of lower grade than small cell carcinoma of the lung and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on carcinoid tumors.
Pathology
Classification
Car...
Article
Carcinosarcoma
Carcinosarcomas are highly malignant biphasic tumors with both carcinomatous (epithelial) and sarcomatous (bone, cartilage, or skeletal muscle) components.
Pathology
It can arise in many organs:
lung 5: pulmonary carcinosarcoma
esophagus 1: esophageal carcinosarcoma
genitourinary tract 2
...
Article
Cardiac bronchus
A cardiac bronchus is a rare anatomic variant of the tracheobronchial tree, arising from the medial aspect of the bronchus intermedius.
Epidemiology
This anomaly is rare and is reported in ~0.3% (range 0.09-0.5%) of individuals 3-5. There may be a predilection for males.
Clinical presentatio...
Article
Cardiac conduction devices
Implantable cardiac conduction devices (also known as cardiac implantable electronic devices or CIEDs) are a very common medical device of the thorax, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone.
There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and a...
Article
Cardiac MRI
Cardiac MRI consists of using MRI to study heart anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
Advantages
In comparison to other techniques, cardiac MRI offers:
improved soft tissue definition
protocol can be tailored to likely differential diagnoses
a large number of sequences are available
dynamic...
Article
Cardiac plexus
The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart. It is formed by cardiac branches derived from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Gross anatomy
Sympathetic cardiac nerves are derived from T1 to T4 segments and partly from the T5 segment of the ...
Article
Cardiac silhouette
Cardiac silhouette refers to the outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs and forms part of the cardiomediastinal contour. The size and shape of the cardiac silhouette provide useful clues for underlying disease.
Radiographic features
From the frontal projection, t...
Article
Cardiophrenic angle lesions
The cardiophrenic space is usually filled with fat. However, lesions originating above or lower to the diaphragm can present as cardiophrenic angle lesions.
The more common lesions encountered include:
pericardial fat pad
pericardial cyst
pericardial fat necrosis
Morgagni's hernia
lymphade...
Article
Cardiophrenic angle mass (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses of a cardiophrenic angle mass is:
Fat PAD
Mnemonic
F: fat
P: pericardial cyst
A: aneurysm, adenopathy
D: diaphragmatic hernia
Article
Cardiothoracic ratio
The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) aids in the detection of enlargement of the cardiac silhouette, which is most commonly from cardiomegaly but can be due to other processes such as a pericardial effusion.
Terminology
Some report CTR as a percentage, however this is incorrect, as it is a ratio.
...
Article
Carina
The carina is the sagittally-oriented cartilaginous ridge at the bifurcation of the trachea and is an important reference point in chest imaging.
Gross anatomy
The carina represents the inferior termination of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi.
The carina usually sits at the le...
Article
Carney complex
Carney complex (not to be confused with the Carney triad) is a rare multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, which is autosomal dominant and characterized by 1-4:
cardiac myxoma
often multiple
seen in two-thirds of patients with Carney complex
skin pigmentation (blue naevi): especially of the ...
Article
Carney triad
The Carney triad is a rare syndrome defined by the coexistence of three tumors:
extra-adrenal paraganglioma (e.g. spinal paraganglioma)
initially, only functioning extra-adrenal paragangliomas were included, but subsequent work includes non-functioning extra-adrenal paragangliomas 1
gastric g...
Article
Castleman disease
Castleman disease, also known as angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia or giant lymph node hyperplasia, is an uncommon benign B-cell lymphoproliferative condition. It can affect several regions of the body although commonly described as a solitary mediastinal mass.
There are two distinct subty...
Article
Catamenial hemothorax
A catamenial hemothorax is one of the potential manifestations of thoracic endometriosis. It is essentially a terms of cyclical hemorrhage into the lungs. It is considered less common than a catamenial pneumothorax and a proportion of patients may present with hemoptysis 3.
See also
hemothorax
Article
Catamenial pneumothorax
Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare type of pneumothorax and is characterized by the recurrent accumulation of air in the thoracic space related to menstruation.
Epidemiology
It may represent up to one-third of women with spontaneous pneumothoraces 1. Patient history may or may not be positive f...
Article
Causes of air trapping on high-resolution CT chest (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the causes of air trapping on HRCT chest are:
HSBC
Once with HSBC, you are "trapped" with HSBC
Mnemonic
H: hypersensitivity pneumonitis
S: sarcoidosis
B: bronchiolitis obliterans
C: cystic fibrosis/bronchiectasis
Article
Causes of ascending aorta calcification
There are relatively few causes of calcification of the ascending aorta 1-3:
atherosclerosis (this usually spares the ascending aorta)
aortitis
syphilis
Takayasu arteritis
idiopathic
Article
Causes of perfusion defects on a VQ scan
There are several causes leading to a perfusion defect on a VQ scan with an acute pulmonary embolus being only one of them:
Vascular causes
acute pulmonary embolus
previous pulmonary embolus (including fat embolism, thromboembolism, air embolism, tumor)
vasculitides affecting the pulmonary v...
Article
Cavitary pulmonary infarction
Cavitation associated with pulmonary infarction is a rare event. According to autopsy series, the reported cavitation rates are around 4-5% pulmonary infarcts 2-3. They can represent either aseptic pulmonary cavitation or superimposed infection following cavitation. There may be an upper lobe pr...
Article
Cavitating pneumonia
Cavitating pneumonia is a complication that can occur with a severe necrotizing pneumonia and in some publications it is used synonymously with the latter term 2. It is a rare complication in both children and adults.
Cavitation associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is separately discusse...
Article
Cavitating pulmonary metastases
Cavitating pulmonary metastases refer to pulmonary metastases which then tend to cavitate. The term is similar but may not be identical to cystic pulmonary metastases in which the wall of the former may be thicker.
Epidemiology
Cavitation is thought to occur in around 4% of lung metastases 2.
...
Article
Cavitatory pulmonary sarcoidosis
Cavitatory pulmonary sarcoidosis is a very uncommon pulmonary manifestation of sarcoidosis. It is usually reported in those with severe and active disease and its reported prevalence is around 2% of all pulmonary sarcoidosis 2.
Differential diagnosis
Imaging differential considerations includ...
Article
Cavo-atrial junction
The superior cavo-atrial junction, generally referred to as simply the cavo-atrial junction (CAJ), is the junction of the right lateral border of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the superior border of the right atrium.
It is an important landmark to recognize because it marks an optimum site f...
Article
Cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
Cellular non-specific interstitial pneumonia is one of the two histological subtypes of non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). It is less common compared with fibrotic NSIP but carries a much better prognosis.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are non-specific and include insidious onset of...
Article
Central bronchiectasis
Distribution of bronchiectasis can help in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Central bronchiectasis is typically seen in:
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
congenital tracheobronchomegaly (a.k.a. Mounier Kuhn syndrome)
cystic fibrosis
Williams Campbell syndrome (rare)
See a...
Article
Central control of respiration
A number of cell groups in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla are responsible for the central control of the respiratory cycle:
inspiratory center (a.k.a. dorsal respiratory group) - bilateral groups of cells in the region of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the dorsum of t...
Article
Central tendon of diaphragm
The muscle fibers of the diaphragm converge and attach to the central tendon of the diaphragm. It is a thin but strong layer of aponeurosis which forms an intergral part of respiration.
Gross Anatomy
The central tendon of the diaphragm is located near the center of the diaphragmatic muscle bu...
Article
Centrilobular lung nodules
Centrilobular lung nodules refer to an HRCT chest imaging descriptor for small 5-10 mm lung nodules which are anatomically located centrally within secondary pulmonary lobules. The term is applied on the basis of location of the nodule and not its morphology that is they may be well defined or p...
Article
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema is the most common morphological subtype of pulmonary emphysema.
Epidemiology
It may be found in up to one-half of adult smokers at autopsy 1.
Pathology
The pathological process of centrilobular emphysema typically begins near the center of the secondary pul...
Article
Centrilobular region
The centrilobular region, in context of the lungs and HRCT, refers to the central portion of the secondary pulmonary lobule, around the central pulmonary artery and bronchiole.
See also
HRCT terminology
Article
Cervical aortic arch
Cervical aortic arches are a rare aortic arch anomaly characterized by an elongated, high-lying aortic arch extending at or above the level of the medial ends of the clavicles.
Clinical presentation
Patients with cervical aortic arch are usually asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients may present w...
Article
Cervical rib
Cervical ribs are supernumerary or accessory ribs arising from the seventh cervical vertebra. They occur in ~0.5% of the population, are usually bilateral, but often asymmetric 2, and are more common in females.
Although cervical ribs are usually asymptomatic, they are the most important anato...
Article
Cervicothoracic sign
The cervicothoracic sign, a variation of the silhouette sign, refers to visualization of a lesion above the level of the clavicle, indicating the abnormality is located posteriorly.
The anterior mediastinum ends at the level of the clavicles. Thus, the upper border of an anterior mediastinal le...
Article
Chang sign (pulmonary embolism)
The Chang sign refers to the dilatation and abrupt change in caliber of the main pulmonary artery due to pulmonary embolism 1. It is one of several described signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiographs.
History and etymology
It is named after C. H. Joseph Chang, (July 7 1929 - November 15 ...
Article
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Charcot-Leyden crystals consist of collections of bipyramidal crystalloid made up of eosinophilic membrane proteins, which occur in:
asthma
other eosinophilic lung disease 2
certain cases of sinusitis (e.g. allergic fungal sinusitis)
They may be detected in the sputum or sinus secretions wi...
Article
Cheerio sign (pulmonary nodule)
Cheerio sign in thoracic imaging relates to pulmonary nodules with a central lucent cavity as seen on CT. It is due to proliferation of (malignant or non-malignant) cells around an airway. They are so named because of their resemblance to the breakfast cereal, Cheerios 1-2.
The Cheerio sign (p...
Article
Chemical shift ratio
Calculating the chemical shift ratio (CSR) is one way of differentiating benign thymic tissue from thymic neoplasms 1:
CSR = (tSIopp / mSIopp) / (tSIin / mSIin)
in = in phase, m = muscle, opp = opposed phase, SI = signal intensity, and t = thymus
Using a cut-off if 0.849, CSR is 100% specific...
Article
Chest (AP erect view)
The erect anteroposterior chest view is performed with the x-ray tube anteriorly, firing photons through the patient to form the image on a detector positioned behind the patient. A detector can be positioned behind a relatively immobile patient. It is therefore an alternative to the PA view whe...
Article
Chest (AP lordotic view)
The AP lordotic chest radiograph (or AP axial chest radiograph) demonstrates areas of the lung apices that appear obscured on the PA/AP chest radiographic views. It is often used to evaluate suspicious areas within the lung apices that appeared obscured by overlying soft tissue, upper ribs or th...
Article
Chest curriculum
The chest curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core chest knowledge.
Definition
Topics pertaining to the lungs, mediastinum, pleura, but excluding the skeletal structures (see musculoskeletal curriculum), heart (see cardiac cur...
Article
Chest (expiratory view)
An expiratory chest radiograph can be taken in either a PA or AP projection, and can also be taken with a mobile/portable unit. They are used to help detect small pneumothoraces (although sensitivity is not increased over inspiratory chest radiographs 1), and to assess for inhaled foreign bodies...
Article
Chest (lateral decubitus view)
The lateral decubitus view of the chest is a specialized projection utilized to demonstrate small pleural effusions, or for the investigation of pneumothorax and air trapping due to inhaled foreign bodies.
Patient position
the patient is laying either left lateral or right lateral on a trolley...
Article
Chest (lateral view)
The lateral chest view may be performed as an adjunct to a frontal chest radiograph in cases where there is diagnostic uncertainty. The lateral chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum, and great vessels. Lateral radiographs can be particularly useful in assessing the ret...
Article
Chest (PA view)
Posteroanterior (PA) chest view is the most common radiological investigation in the emergency department 1. The PA view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum and great vessels. The chest X-ray is frequently used to aid diagnosis of acute and chronic conditions.
Patient positi...
Article
Chest radiograph
The chest radiograph (also known as the chest x-ray or CXR) is the most ubiquitous radiological investigation.
For pediatric chest radiograph see: Chest radiograph (pediatric)
Indications
The chest radiograph is performed for a broad content of indications, including but not limited to 1-4:
...
Article
Chest radiograph assessment using ABCDEFGHI
ABCDEFGHI can be used to guide a systematic interpretation of chest x-rays.
Assessment of quality / Airway
The quality of the image can be assessed using the mnemonic PIER:
position: is this a supine AP file? PA? Lateral?
inspiration: count the posterior ribs. You should see 10 to 11 ribs wi...
Article
Chest radiograph in the exam setting
A chest radiograph in the exam setting is something that is almost certainly going to play a large part in a radiology registrars training.
It is worth thinking of chest radiographs broken down by patient age:
adult chest radiograph in the exam setting
pediatric chest radiograph in the exam s...
Article
Chest radiograph preinterpretation (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for chest radiograph preinterpretation is:
POPIRAM
Mnemonic
P: projection, PA (Posterior-Anterior) or AP (Anterior-Posterior)? left lateral or right lateral?
O: orientation, determine left and right of the chest x-ray
P: penetration (of the x-ray), under- or over-penetrat...
Article
Chest radiograph zones
The chest radiograph zones are useful when describing the location of pathology on a frontal chest radiograph.
The chest radiograph is a 2D representation of a 3D structure. Since the interfaces between the lobes are oriented obliquely, it is often not possible to determine which lobe pathology...
Article
Chest radiology for students (curriculum)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest radiology for students curriculum represents a core set of common pathology seen on the wards, usually during medical, or elderly care blocks.
In chest radiology, the most important imaging tests to know about are:
...
Article
Chest (supine view)
The supine anteroposterior chest view is the alternative to the PA view and the AP erect view when the patient is generally too unwell to tolerate standing leaving the bed, or sitting 1. The supine view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity mediastinum and great vessels.
This particular ches...
Article
Chest wall lipoma
Chest wall lipomas are benign fat containing thoracic lesion.
Epidemiology
While they can occur at any age, they typically occur in older patients who are 50-70 years of age, and they are most frequent in those with increased an increased body mass index.
Pathology
They are well-circumscrib...
Article
Chest x-ray: ABCDE (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review:
A: airways
B: breathing (th...
Article
Chest x-ray airway (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where A refers to the assessme...
Article
Chest x-ray - an approach (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Chest radiographs are frequently performed and a fantastic tool for making diagnoses of acute and chronic co...