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1,093 results found

Diffuse peritoneal leiomyomatosis

Diffuse or disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis, also known as leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata, is an exceedingly rare benign disorder characterized by multiple vascular leiomyomas growing along the submesothelial tissues of the abdominopelvic peritoneum. Epidemiology It is usually d...

Diffuse small bowel disease

Diffuse small bowel disease may be caused by a number of conditions may be generalised multisystem disorders or conditions that effect the bowel in a global fashion: sprue scleroderma Whipple's disease amyloidosis hypoproteinemia giardiasis intramural hemorrhage radiation enteritis smal...

Discrete colonic ulceration

Discrete colonic ulcerations are nonspecific findings, and can be due to: Crohn disease infective colitis Yersinia entercolitis shigellosis tuberculosis cytomegalovirus (CMV) amoebic colitis vasculitic colitis Behcet disease

Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome

Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) is one the of many abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis. In older children or young adults with cystic fibrosis, the distal small bowel may become obstructed with a mucofaeculent material in the distal ileum and right colon. Epidemiology ...

Diverticular disease

Diverticular disease generally refers to phenomenon involving acquired diverticula along the lower gastrointestinal tract. It covers a range of pathologies and may account for a variety of presentations. Pathology Outpouchings of bowel result in blind-ended diverticula in communication with th...

Diverticulitis

Diverticulitis is one of the presentations of diverticular disease and is most often a complication of colonic diverticulosis. Differentiating one from the other is critical since uncomplicated diverticulosis is mostly asymptomatic and acute diverticulitis is a potentially life-threatening illne...

Diverticulitis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Diverticulitis is one of the presentations of diverticular disease and is most often a complication of colonic diverticulosis. Differentiating one from the other is critical since uncomplicated diverticulosis is mostly asym...

Diverticulum

Diverticula are outpouchings of a hollow viscus and can be either true or false. Occasionally a diverticulum is used in a more general sense to mean the outpouching of other anatomical structures, e.g. frontal intersinus septal cells are hypothesised to form as diverticula from the frontal sinu...

Dog ear sign (abdomen)

The dog ear sign represents the presence of fluid or blood in the pelvic peritoneal recess in a supine abdominal radiograph. The appearance of the sign comes from a convex soft-tissue density representing fluid or blood in the lateral pelvic peritoneal recess separated from the bladder by a thin...

Doge cap sign

The doge cap sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It presents as a triangular-shaped gas lucency in the right upper quadrant on abdominal radiographs due to air in the Morison pouch, which resembles the medieval caps worn by Italian doges.

Dorsal pancreatic agenesis

Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is an extremely rare congenital pancreatic anomaly. While complete agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is extremely rare, partial agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is thought to be more common than ventral pancreatic agenesis 4. Clinical presentation While many pati...

Double barrel sign (disambiguation)

Double barrel sign is an imaging appearance of two lumens adjacent to each other. It can be seen in: dilated bile duct adjacent to portal vein double barrel aorta: aortic dissection double barrel esophagus: esophageal dissection

Double bubble sign (duodenum)

The double bubble sign is seen in infants and represents dilatation of the proximal duodenum and stomach. It is seen in both radiographs and ultrasound, and can be identified antenatally 2. Pathology Causes include 1,2: congenital obstruction duodenal web duodenal atresia duodenal stenosis...

Double contrast barium enema (overview)

The double contrast barium enema is rapidly being replaced by CT colonography, but remains in some centers for: the detection of polyps and colorectal cancer follow up screening for postoperative colorectal cancer evaluation of diverticular disease failed colonoscopy investigation of non-sp...

Double contrast barium enema technique

Double contrast barium enema technique is a method of imaging the colon with fluoroscopy. "Double contrast" refers to imaging with the positive contrast of barium sulfate contrast (rarely water-soluble iodinated contrast) as well as with the negative contrast of gas (CO2 preferable). An exam wit...

Double duct sign

The double duct sign refers to the presence of simultaneous dilatation of the common bile and pancreatic ducts. Being an anatomical sign it can be seen on all modalities that can visualize the region, including: MRI, CT, ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The...

Double track sign (pyloric stenosis)

The double track sign is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis on various imaging modalities. Barium study Double streaks of barium passing through the narrow pylorus 1. Ultrasound On fluid aided real-time examination, the pyloric fluid is compressed into smaller tracks as it is...

Double wall sign

The double wall sign is another name for the Rigler sign. It is a sign of pneumoperitoneum with gas outlining both sides of the bowel wall. It is seen when large amounts of free gas, >1000 mL, are present. It should be distinguished from the false double wall sign which refers to two dilated lo...

Down syndrome

Down syndrome (or trisomy 21) is the most common trisomy and also the commonest chromosomal disorder. It is a major cause of intellectual disability, and also has numerous multi-system manifestations. Epidemiology According to the world health organization (WHO), the approximate worldwide inci...

Dropped appendicolith

Retained appendicoliths, also called dropped or slipped appendicoliths, are appendicoliths that have been inadvertently left inside the peritoneal cavity following appendectomy. Clinical presentation Patients may be asymptomatic in some cases. Other cases may present with infective symptoms du...

Duct penetrating sign

The duct penetrating sign is a radiographic sign which can be useful in differentiating between focal pancreatitis (inflammatory pancreatic mass) from pancreatic carcinoma. A positive sign is when a mass is penetrated by an unobstructed pancreatic duct; this makes focal pancreatitis the most li...

Dukes staging system for colorectal cancer

The Dukes staging system is a classification system for colorectal cancer. This system is now mainly of historical interest as it has largely been replaced by the TNM staging system. It is not recommended for clinical practice. Dukes A: invasion into but not through the bowel wall (90% 5 year s...

Duodenal atresia

Duodenal atresia results from a congenital malformation of the duodenum and requires prompt correction in the neonatal period. It is considered to be one of the commonest causes of a fetal bowel obstruction. Epidemiology The prevalence of duodenal atresia is ~1 in 5,000-10,000 newborns, and th...

Duodenal diverticula

Duodenal diverticula are outpouchings from the duodenal wall (intraluminal diverticulum discussed separately). They may result from mucosal prolapse or the prolapse of the entire duodenal wall and can be found at any point in the duodenum although are by far most commonly located along the media...

Duodenal diverticulitis

Duodenal diverticulitis is a rare, inflammatory complication of duodenal diverticula. Clinical presentation While the vast majority of patients are asymptomatic, patients with diverticulitis usually present with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Radiographic features CT duodenal diver...

Duodenal filling defects

Duodenal filling defects may be caused by a wide variety of duodenal pathology which may be divided by their location and pathological process. Extrinsic gallbladder impression common bile duct impression gas-filled diverticulum Intrinsic Note: please refer to duodenal mucosal nodular fill...

Duodenal hematoma

Duodenal hematoma results in hematoma formation in the duodenal wall. It may occur as a result of blunt abdominal trauma, non-accidental injury to children and spontaneously in anti-coagulated patients. Distinction must be made from duodenal perforation since the latter will require immediate s...

Duodenal varices

Duodenal varices is the dilatation of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein secondary to portal hypertension. They are much less common than esophageal, rectal or fundal varices, but may be associated with them. Radiographic features Fluoroscopy Lobulated filling defects are best de...

Duodenal web

A duodenal web, diaphragm or intraluminal diverticulum refers to a complete or incomplete obstruction at the duodenum due to a membranous web or intraluminal diverticulum. There is usually a small aperture at the center differentiating this from a duodenal atresia. Although they are frequently...

Duodenitis

Duodenitis is a term given to inflammation of the duodenum. Pathology Etiology A duodenitis can result from both intrinsic processes within the duodenum as well as from processes occuring outside the duodendum. It can occur from infective as well as non-infective inflammatory processes. Non-...

Duodenojejunal flexure

The duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure or junction is the anatomical border between the duodenum and the jejunum. Gross anatomy The DJ flexure is located anterolateral to the aorta at the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra. It makes a sharp turn anteroinferiorly to become the jej...

Duodenum

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and is the continuation of the stomach. Gross anatomy The duodenum is a 20-30 cm C-shaped hollow viscus predominantly on the right hand side of the vertebral column. It lies at the level of L1-3 and the convexity of the duodenum (called the...

Duplex appendix

Duplex appendix is a rare anomaly of the appendix and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis. Epidemiology Duplication of the vermiform appendix is extremely rare. It is found in only 1 in 25,000 patients (incidence ~0.004%) operated on for acute appendicitis. Altho...

Dysphagia

Dysphagia refers to subjective awareness of difficulty or obstruction during swallowing. It is a relatively common and increasingly prevalent clinical problem. Odynophagia is the medial term for painful swallowing. Fluoroscopy is the mainstay of imaging assessment but manometry can help evaluat...

Dysphagia megalatriensis

Dysphagia megalatriensis, also known as cardiovascular dysphagia or cardiac dysphagia, is an impairment of swallowing due to esophageal compression from a dilated left atrium. Clinical presentation Presentation is generally with mild dysphagia, although a minority of patients will have dyspha...

Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola) is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the Ebola Filovirus. Ebola is an extremely virulent virus with case fatality rates of approximately 70% 1. Epidemiology First recognized in 1967 after polio vaccine ...

EBV associated smooth muscle tumor

Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV-SMT) are rare and encountered in immunocompromised individuals. Epidemiology These tumors are generally exceedingly rare, and only seen with any frequency in the setting of immunosuppression, particularly in HIV/AIDS patients, but also po...

Ectopic pancreatic tissue

Ectopic pancreatic tissue, also known as heterotopic pancreatic tissue, refers to the presence of pancreatic tissue in the submucosal, muscularis or subserosal layers of the luminal gastrointestinal tract outside the normal confines of the pancreas and lacking any anatomic or vascular connection...

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of collagen disorders (hereditary connective tissue disease). Epidemiology There is a recognised male predominance. Clinical presentation Clinically manifests by skin hyperelasticity and fragility, joint hypermobility and blood vessel fr...

Elevated vitamin B12

Elevated vitamin B12 (also known as hypervitaminosis B12 or hypercobalaminaemia) is most important as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for malignant disease 1,3. Very high serum levels of vitamin B12 do not seem to have any observable deleterious effects 2.

Emphysematous gastritis

Emphysematous gastritis is a cause of gastric emphysema, and specifically refers to infectious gastritis. It is an uncommon entity with a high mortality rate. In this condition, microorganisms (e.g. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens) produce the gas, which is identified within the stomac...

Emphysematous pancreatitis

Emphysematous pancreatitis is an unusual complication of acute pancreatitis caused by necrotizing infection of the pancreas. It is associated with gas-forming bacteria and characterized by the presence of gas within or around the pancreas. Pathology Infection with gas-forming bacteria such as...

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis is a rare benign cause of acute or subacute small bowel obstruction. It is characterized by total or partial encasement of the small bowel within a thick fibrocollagenous membrane. Terminology The condition was originally termed abdominal cocoon. The conditio...

Endocrine tumors of the pancreas

Endocrine tumors of the pancreas arise from the pancreatic islet cells and include some distinct tumors that match the cell type of origin. Terminology Pancreatic endocrine tumors have commonly been referred to as "islet cell tumors", referring to the islets of Langerhans, from which they wer...

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic and interventional procedure technique using both endoscopy and fluoroscopy for examination and intervention of the biliary tree and pancreatic ducts. It is typically performed by doctors with endoscopic qualifications (e.g. g...

Endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a procedure combining the range of endoscopy with the diagnostic abilities of ultrasound. EUS is used in the imaging of the upper GI tract and surrounding structures as well as the respiratory tract (where it is referred to as endobronchial ultrasound, EBUS). A hi...

Enteritis

Enteritis refers to inflammation of the small bowel. When associated with inflammation of the stomach, the term gastroenteritis is used which is usually caused by infection. Pathology Etiology infection infective enteritis eosinophilic enteritis ischemia inflammatory bowel disease radiat...

Enteroclysis

Enteroclysis is a gastrointestinal technique designed to provide improved evaluation of the small bowel. The conventional fluoroscopic technique is not widely used since it is somewhat invasive, time and labor intensive, and not particularly pleasant for the patient. The exam also requires a deg...

Enterocutaneous fistula

An enterocutaenous fistula is abnormal connection between a loop of bowel and the skin. The content of the bowel being released into the skin surface, such as the anterior abdominal wall. They are most commonly occur secondary to abdominal surgery. Other less common etiologies are chronic inflam...

Entero-enteric fistula

An entero-enteric fistula is one formed between two parts of the small bowel. The can result for a number of reasons most commonly with inflammatory bowel disease, in particular Crohn.

Enterovirus 71

Enterovirus 71 is one of the viruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children. It is an enterovirus, one of the picornaviruses. Infection with enterovirus 71 predominantly results in a vesicular rash of the hands and feet that follows a prodrome of symptoms including fever, vomiting ...

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is an uncommon disease characterized by diffuse infiltration of any or all layers of gut wall by eosinophils. Epidemiology Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon but not rare disease with slight male predominance. It can affect any age group but usually...

Eosinophilic myenteric ganglionitis

Eosinophilic myenteric ganglionitis is an enteric neuropathy where there is infiltration of the Auerbach plexus by eosinophils. It can be associated with a bowel dysmotility and can result in gastrointestinal pseudo-obstruction.

Epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa refers to a rare group of genetically determined conditions characterized by blistering of the skin. This can be limited to the soles and palms or extensive whole body involvement. Radiographic features Gastrointestinal manifestations: limited to the mucosa of the gastr...

Epigastric hernia

An epigastric hernia occurs ventrally through a defect in linea alba superior the umbilicus. It is also known as a fatty hernia of linea alba. Risk factors obesity pregnancy Radiographic features Ultrasound Shows a midline defect which is usually small with or without herniation of omenta...

Epiphrenic diverticulum

Epiphrenic diverticula are pulsion diverticula of the distal esophagus arising just above the lower esophageal sphincter, more frequently on the right posterolateral wall. They are less frequent than traction mid esophageal diverticula but may have more clinical relevance. Clinical presentat...

Epiploic appendage

Epiploic appendages (or appendix epiploica, plural: appendices epiploicae) are peritoneum-lined protrusions of subserosal fat that arise from the surface of the large bowel. Gross anatomy Epiploic appendages typically measure 1.5 x 3.5 cm but have been reported to measure up to 15 cm in lengt...

Epiploic appendagitis

Epiploic appendagitis is a rare self limiting inflammatory/ischemic process involving an appendix epiploica of the colon and may either be primary or secondary to adjacent pathology. This article pertains to primary (spontaneous) epiploic appendagitis. The term along with omental infarction is g...

Epiploic foramen

The epiploic foramen (also called the foramen of Winslow) is a passage between the greater (general peritoneal space) and lesser sac (omental bursa), allowing communication between these two spaces. Gross anatomy Boundaries It has the following borders: anterior: the free edge of the lesser ...

Erect chest x-ray (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Erect chest x-rays are standard positioning but are also a specific examination performed for the assessment of subdiaphragmatic free gas (pneumoperitoneum). Reference article This is a summary article; we do not have a m...

Eructation

Eructation is the medical term for belching. Pathology Excessive/troublesome belching is most commonly found as a symptom of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Rarely patients can present with recurrent paroxysms of belching secondary to seizure activity in the brain, this is called ictal eruct...

Evacuation proctography

Evacuation proctography (defecography) is a fluoroscopic technique to evaluate pelvic floor disorders. The technique traditionally involves fluoroscopy and barium, but an analogous MRI technique has also been developed (see: MR defecating proctography). Indications incomplete or obstructed def...

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland is a rare physiologic compensatory event in many haematologic diseases. For a general discussion on this subject, please refer to the main article on extramedullary hematopoiesis. Epidemiology Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland ...

Extramural vascular invasion

Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is the direct invasion of a blood vessel (usually a vein) by a tumor. In rectal cancer, this can occur on a macroscopic level and be detected on staging MRI. It is a significant prognostic factor, being a predictor of haematogenous spread. Radiographic featu...

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) refers to the haematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pathology Extrapulmonary tubercuosis can occur as a primary form of the disease, i.e. direct infection of an extrapulmonary organ without the presence of primary pulmonary tuberculosis or it can ...

Fecal calprotectin

Fecal calprotectin (FCAL) is a protein which is a marker of inflammation of the gut used as a diagnostic tool and marker of disease activity for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Biochemistry Calprotectin is a protein complex from the S-100 family, which is formed of three polypeptide chai...

Faecaloma

A faecaloma is a mass of feces most frequently noted in the rectum and sigmoid colon, that is much harder than a fecal impaction due to coprostasis. Clinical Presentation Symptoms are nonspecific and include constipation, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea or vomiting, overflow diarrhea, fecal i...

Falciform ligament

The falciform ligament is a broad and thin peritoneal ligament. It is sickle-shaped (Latin: "falciform") and a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an anteroposterior plane but lies obliquely so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum beh...

Falciform ligament sign

The falciform ligament sign, also called the Silver sign, is characterized by the falciform ligament being outlined with free abdominal gas in cases of pneumoperitoneum of a large amount. It is almost never seen in isolation as, if there is enough free gas to outline the falciform ligament, th...

Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome

Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAPS) is characterized by the presence of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon. It is the most common of the polyposis syndromes. Terminology Familial polyposis coli, attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis and Gardner syndrome are all variants...

Fascial tail sign

The fascial tail sign is the linear extension along the fascia/muscular aponeurosis from a deeper tumor. Radiographic features It appears as a tail and is best appreciated on MRI, classically seen in desmoid tumors as T2 hypointense bands that progressively enhance particularly on delayed phas...

Fat halo sign (inflammatory bowel disease)

The fat halo sign refers to a feature seen on CT examination of the abdomen, and represents infiltration of the submucosa with fat, between the muscularis propria and the mucosa. It is characterized by an inner (mucosa) and outer (muscularis propria and serosa) ring of enhancing bowel wall along...

Fat ring sign (mesenteric panniculitis)

The fat ring sign (also known as a fat halo sign) describes preservation of fat around the mesenteric vessels and around soft tissue nodules on a background of diffuse fat stranding in patients with mesenteric panniculitis or mesenteric lipomas. This finding may help distinguish mesenteric pan...

Fat stranding on CT

Fat stranding is a common sign seen on CT wherever fat can be found. It is most commonly seen in abdomen/pelvis, but can also be seen in retroperitoneum, thorax and subcutaneous tissues. It can be helpful in localising both acute and chronic pathology. Radiographic features CT Fat stranding c...

Fat stranding (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Fat stranding is a sign that is seen on CT. It describes the change in attenuation of fat around an inflamed structure and is a very helpful signpost for intra-abdominal pathology. Reference article This is a summary arti...

Feline esophagus

Feline esophagus also known as esophageal shiver, refers to the transient transverse bands seen in the mid and lower esophagus on a double contrast barium swallow. Pathology The appearance is almost always associated with active gastro-esophageal reflux 2,3 and is thought to be due to contract...

Femoral canal

The femoral canal, or the medial compartment of the femoral sheath, is the inverted cone-shaped fascial space medial to the femoral vein within the upper femoral triangle. It is only 1-2 cm long and opens superiorly as the femoral ring. It serves two purposes: allows the femoral vein to expand ...

Femoral hernia

Femoral hernias are a type of groin herniation and comprise a protrusion of a peritoneal sac through the femoral ring into the femoral canal, posterior and inferior to the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures. Epidemiology There ma...

Femoral ring

The femoral ring is the superior opening of the femoral canal. Its boundaries are: medial: lacunar ligament anterior: medial part of the inguinal ligament lateral: femoral vein within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath posterior: pectineal ligament overlying the pectineus and...

Fetal enteric duplication cyst

Fetal enteric duplication cysts are enteric duplication cysts presenting in utero. Pathology They result from an abnormal recanalisation of the gastrointestinal tract. They comprise of a two-layer smooth muscle wall and an internal epithelium of a respiratory or intestinal type. These cysts ma...

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a heterogeneous group of vascular lesions characterized by an idiopathic, non-inflammatory, and non-atherosclerotic angiopathy of small and medium-sized arteries. Epidemiology The prevalence is unknown 7. It is most common in young women with a female to male r...

Fibrosing colonopathy

Fibrosing colonopathy a condition characterized by progressive submucosal fibrosis, particularly of the proximal colon. It is associated with high dose lipase supplementation used to treat exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas, such as in treatment for cystic fibrosis. Epidemiology It is more...

Fishtail pancreas

Fishtail pancreas (also known as pancreas bifidum or bifid tail of the pancreas) is a rare anatomical variant of the pancreas produced by a branching anomaly during its development. It is named as such due to the fishtail-like appearance of the pancreas. Epidemiology It is a rare anatomical an...

Fissure for ligamentum teres sign

The fissure for ligamentum teres sign or extrahepatic ligamentum teres sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It represents the outline of the ligamentum teres (remnant of an obliterated left umbilical vein) with free abdominal gas in a supine patient, as seen on a plain abdominal radi...

Flatulence

Flatulence is the expulsion of bowel gas (or flatus) from the anal canal. The average individual expels a wide range of volume of flatus per day, ~200-2500 mL 1. The bulk of the volume of the gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane. However these gases lack any as...

Fleischner sign (disambiguation)

Fleischner sign can refer to two distinctly separate signs: Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery) Fleischner sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

Fleischner sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

The Fleischner sign (also known as the inverted umbrella sign), refers to a widely gaping, thickened, patulous ileocecal valve and a narrowed, ulcerated terminal ileum associated with tuberculous involvement of the ileocaecum. See also gastrointestinal tuberculosis Stierlin sign not to be co...

Floating aorta sign

The floating aorta sign refers to displacement of the abdominal aorta away from the vertebral column. It is a radiographic/CT sign of retroperitoneal masses. Radiographic findings On lateral lumbar spine radiographs, the expected location of the posterior aortic wall is expected to be ≤10 mm ...

Flocculation

Flocculation refers to the breakdown of a barium suspension during a fluoroscopic study. The small bowel environment eventually separates out a barium suspension, and this can occur during the normal course of a barium study (15 minutes to three hours). When the suspension flocculates, it no lo...

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal tube insertion

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal (NJT) or nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a valuable procedure offered by radiologists in patient care. The majority of nasogastric tubes are inserted on the ward level and nasojejunal tubes may be placed in theater at the time of surgery. In difficult cases, inserti...

Foamy esophagus sign

Foamy esophagus is an appearance seen on a single contrast barium study in Candida esophagitis with associated scleroderma/achalasia (stasis). Pathology Pathophysiologic basis of the foamy esophagus is uncertain. Stasis is a predisposing factor. Foam is produced directly by the fungal organism...

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan is a point-of-care ultrasound examination performed at the time of presentation of a trauma patient. It is invariably performed by a clinician, who should be formally trained, and is considered as an 'extension' of the trauma clinical a...

Football sign (pneumoperitoneum)

The football sign is seen in cases of massive pneumoperitoneum, where the abdominal cavity is outlined by gas from a perforated viscus. The median umbilical ligament and falciform ligament are sometimes included in the description of this sign, as representing the sutures. Which football is use...

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