Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,293 results found
Article
Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula
Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula is a congenital pathological communication between the trachea and esophagus.
Epidemiology
Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births 1-3,5. There is only a minimal hereditary/geneti...
Article
Conjoint tendon
The conjoint tendon, also known as Henle's ligament, forms when the medial fibers of the internal oblique aponeurosis unite with the deeper fibers of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis. The conjoint tendon then turns inferiorly and attaches onto the pubic crest and pecten pubis 1.
Relations...
Article
Corkscrew sign (disambiguation)
Corkscrew sign can refer to:
corkscrew sign (midgut volvulus)
corkscrew sign (tertiary esophageal contractions)
corkscrew sign (corkscrew cochlea)
Article
Corkscrew sign (midgut volvulus)
The corkscrew sign describes the spiral appearance of the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum seen in midgut volvulus 1.
In patients with malrotation and volvulus, the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum do not cross the midline and instead pass in an inferior direction. These loops twist on ...
Article
Cornual ectopic pregnancy
Cornual ectopic pregnancies are rare and represent a gestational sac within the cornua of a bicornuate or septate uterus.
Terminology
Although sometimes interchangeably used with interstitial pregnancy, cornual pregnancy specifically refers to the presence of a gestational sac within a rudime...
Article
Coronary ligament (liver)
The coronary ligament is a peritoneal ligament complex of the liver which encloses the bare area of the liver.
Gross anatomy
The coronary ligament is formed by the reflection of the peritoneum from the undersurface of the diaphragm onto the superior and posterior surfaces to the right lobe of ...
Article
Corrosive esophagitis
Corrosive esophagitis usually occurs from accidental or suicidal ingestion of caustic substances (e.g. lye, household cleaners, bleaches, washing soda), and is harmful to the esophagus due to their alkali medium. The stomach is not affected as the gastric acid can neutralize these substances, ho...
Article
Cowden syndrome
Cowden syndrome, also known as multiple hamartoma syndrome, is characterized by multiple hamartomas throughout the body and increased risk of several cancers.
Terminology
Type 2 segmental Cowden syndrome is the association of Cowden syndrome with a Cowden nevus when it is considered a type of ...
Article
Crescent in a doughnut sign (intestinal intussusception)
The crescent in a doughnut sign refers to the transverse ultrasound appearance of intestinal intussusception, and is a variation of the target sign (which is also known as the doughnut sign)
The doughnut is formed by concentric alternating echogenic and hypoechogenic bands. The echogenic bands ...
Article
Cricopharyngeal bar
Cricopharyngeal bar refers to the radiographic appearance of a prominent cricopharyngeus muscle contour on barium swallow.
Terminology
The terms cricopharyngeal bar and cricopharyngeal muscle spasm/achalasia are often used synonymously but this is incorrect because studies have demonstrated th...
Article
Cricopharyngeal muscle spasm
Cricopharyngeal muscle spasm is also known as cricopharyngeal achalasia, although some authors distinguish between these entities, and may present as a cause of dysphagia.
Terminology
There is confusing use of the terms cricopharyngeal muscle spasm, cricopharyngeal achalasia and cricopharyngea...
Article
Crohn disease
Crohn disease, also known as regional enteritis, is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by widespread discontinuous gastrointestinal tract inflammation. The terminal ileum and proximal colon are most often affected. Extraintestinal disease is common.
Epidemiology
The diagnos...
Article
Crohn disease (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the radiological features of Crohn disease is:
CROHNS
Mnemonic
C: cobblestone appearance of mucosa
R: rose-thorn ulcers
O: obstruction of bowel
H: hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes
N: narrowing of intestinal lumen
S: skip lesions
Article
Crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis
Due to the overlap in the clinical presentation of Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), imaging often has a role to play in distinguishing the two. Distinguishing features include:
bowel involved
CD: small bowel 70-80%, only 15-20% have only colonic involvement
UC: rectal involveme...
Article
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is a type of non-neoplastic, non-hereditary hamartomatous polyposis syndrome characterized by rash, alopecia, and watery diarrhea.
Epidemiology
There is a recognized male predilection with 3:2 male:female. Patients typically are middle age (50-60 years of age) 1. 75% ...
Article
Crus (disambiguation)
A crus (plural: crura) is an anatomical term used for a structure which resembles a leg.
crus (auricle)
crus (cerebrum)
crus (clitoris)
crus (diaphragm)
crus (fornix)
crus (heart)
crus (incus)
crus (internal capsule)
crus (nose)
crus (penis)
crus (semicircular duct)
crus (stapes)
cr...
Article
Cryptococcoma
Cryptococcomas are a rare complication of infection by the Cryptococcus genus of invasive fungi, where a discrete, encapsulated lesion of immune infiltrates and pathogen forms. Cryptococcus gattii is most often isolated but Cryptococcus neoformans may also form cryptococcomas.
Epidemiology
In ...
Article
CT abdomen (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
CT abdomen is an increasingly common investigation that is used to help make diagnoses of a broad range of pathologies. A CT abdomen in its simplest form is a CT from diaphragm to symphysis pubis performed 60 seconds after ...
Article
CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels
Multi-slice CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels is a powerful minimally invasive technique for evaluation of the splanchnic vascular system.
Technique
The actual procedure will vary depending on institutional protocol/guidelines but below is a typical description 2, 4:
patient receives...
Article
CT colonography - pitfalls
The interpretation of CT colonography can sometimes be difficult because of pitfalls, which may be a source of false negative and false positive findings. When suboptimal CT colonography techniques are applied, the number and severity of interpretive pitfalls can rapidly multiply. However, when ...
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method devised to standardize CT colonography reporting.
Classification
It primarily classifies abnormalities into colonic (C) and extra-colonic (E).
Colonic classification
C0: inadequate study
C1: normal colon/benign lesion: routine s...
Article
CT enteric contrast medium
Enteric contrast media can be given to patients before their CT to improve its diagnostic accuracy. Historically, a combination of oral and intravenous contrast media were always given prior to a CT abdomen. Contemporaneously, improved CT scanners mean that oral contrast agents are no longer rou...
Article
CT enteroclysis
Computed tomographic (CT) enteroclysis refers to a hybrid technique that combines the methods of fluoroscopic intubation-infusion small bowel examinations with that of abdominal CT.
Indications
CT enteroclysis is complementary to capsule endoscopy in the elective investigation of small-bowel d...
Article
CT enterography
Computed tomographic (CT) enterography is a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of small bowel disorders.
Indications
CT enterography, similarly to MRI enterography, is most commonly used to evaluate patients with Crohn disease where it is used for assessment of the primary disease and an...
Article
CT esophagography
CT esophagography is a CT study designed to primarily evaluate the esophagus, particularly in the situation of esophageal trauma and potential perforation. It has been developed partly as an alternative to fluoroscopic barium swallow evaluation in this situation.
Indications
potential esophage...
Article
CT hypoperfusion complex
CT hypoperfusion complex refers to the predominantly abdominal imaging features that occur in the context of profound hypotension. Multiple abdominal organs can display atypical appearances not related to the initial trauma but reflect alterations in perfusion secondary to hypovolemia which affe...
Article
CT peritoneography
CT peritoneography is an examination used to assess difficulties with peritoneal dialysis.
Indications
Recurrent peritonitis with difficulty with fluid exchange, abdominal wall or genital soft tissue edema, localized bulging of the abdomen, and poor ultrafiltration.
Technique
Before perform...
Article
CT polytrauma (technique)
CT polytrauma/multitrauma, also called trauma CT, whole body CT (WBCT) or panscan, is an increasingly used investigation in patients with multiple injuries sustained after significant trauma.
Clinical assessment and mechanism of injury may underestimate injury severity by 30% 8. There is some e...
Article
CT severity index in acute pancreatitis
The CT severity index (CTSI) is based on findings from an enhanced CT scan to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis. The severity of acute pancreatitis CT findings has been found to correlate well with clinical indices of severity.
The CT severity index sums two scores:
Balthazar score: g...
Article
Cupola sign (pneumoperitoneum)
The cupola sign is seen on a supine chest/abdominal radiograph in the presence of pneumoperitoneum.
It refers to non-dependent gas that rises within the abdominal cavity of the supine patient to accumulate underneath the central tendon of the diaphragm in the midline. It is seen as lucency ove...
Article
Cystic duct
The cystic duct connects the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct (CHD), draining bile to and from the biliary tree.
Gross anatomy
The confluence of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct forms the common bile duct (CBD). The cystic duct is approximately 2-3 cm long and 2-3 ...
Article
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF), also called mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that affects the exocrine function of the lungs, liver, pancreas, small bowel, sweat glands, and the male genital system 11. resulting in progressive disability and multisystem failure. This article is a ...
Article
Cystic fibrosis (abdominal manifestations)
Abdominal manifestations in cystic fibrosis (CF) are common, varied and nearly all organ systems can be affected, and it should be remembered that only 39% of patients with cystic fibrosis have pulmonary symptoms as their sole complaint 1. Not only that, but 7% of cystic fibrosis patients do not...
Article
Cystic lesions of the pancreas (differential)
The differential for cystic lesions of the pancreas includes:
unilocular
pancreatic pseudocyst
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
serous cystadenoma uncommonly uni/macrolocular
simple pancreatic cyst
pancreatic cysts occur in association with
von Hippel Lindau syndrome
autos...
Article
Cystic lesions of the spleen (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of cystic lesions in the spleen is:
TEAM
Mnemonic
T: trauma
E: echinococcal
A: abscess
M: metastasis
Article
Cystic (necrotic) lymph nodes
Cystic or necrotic appearing lymph nodes can be caused by a number of infectious, inflammatory or malignant conditions:
Systemic
squamous cell carcinoma metastases
treated lymphoma
leukemia
plasmacytoid T-cell leukemia
acute myeloid leukemia
viral lymphadenitis
herpes simplex lymphadenit...
Article
Cystic retroperitoneal lesions
Cystic retroperitoneal lesions can carry a relatively broad differential, which includes:
retroperitoneal lymphatic malformation
retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma
retroperitoneal cystic teratoma
retroperitoenal cystic mesothelioma
pseudomyxoma retroperitonei with cystic change
perianal ...
Article
De Garengeot hernia
De Garengeot hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are femoral hernias that contain the appendix.
It is not to be confused with Amyand hernia, which is an appendix-containing inguinal hernia.
Epidemiology
It is a rare phenomenon, with only 1% of all femoral hernias containing the appendix (an...
Article
Degloving bowel injury
Degloving bowel injuries are a rare type of bowel and mesenteric injury only being described a handful of times in the literature 1-5. In these injuries the bowel is stripped of its mesentery and muscle, leaving a "mucosal tube" 2,3. Perforation may or may not be present.
See also
degloving i...
Article
Degloving injury
Degloving injuries can refer to a number of conditions:
degloving soft tissue injury
Morel-Lavallée lesion (closed degloving soft tissue injury)
intramuscular degloving injury
degloving bowel injury
Article
Dehiscence
Dehiscence is a general term referring to 'splitting open' and is used in a variety of contexts in medicine generally and radiology more specifically.
The two most common usages are:
splitting open of a wound (e.g. sternal dehiscence)
loss of bone separating one structure from another (e.g. ...
Article
Dental caries
Dental caries are cavities in teeth ('caries' is both the singular and plural form). They are very common and can lead to serious morbidity.
Clinical presentation
Tooth decay is asymptomatic in its early stages. Once the enamel has been breached and the dentin is exposed then people may exper...
Article
Dependent viscera sign
The dependent viscera sign is one of the signs of diaphragmatic rupture on axial CT or MR images, where herniated viscera lie against the posterior thoracic wall in a dependent position, as they are no longer supported by the diaphragm.
See also
collar sign (or hourglass sign)
Article
Descending colon
The descending colon is the continuation of the transverse colon after the left colic flexure, where the colon loses its mesentery.
Gross anatomy
The descending colon measures up to 25 cm in length and is secondarily retroperitoneal. It descends down attached to the left posterior abdominal w...
Article
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (peritoneal)
Desmoplastic small round cell tumors of the peritoneum are a rare and highly aggressive primary peritoneal malignancy.
Epidemiology
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor is usually seen in young adolescents and have a male predominance with a mean survival of 2-3 years.
Clinical presentation
A...
Article
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) often referred to simply as diabetes, is a group of metabolic conditions characterized by hyperglycemia.
These conditions should not be confused with diabetes insipidus which is clinically distinct and not related to hyperglycemia.
Terminology
If a patient with diabete...
Article
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, enclosing the inferior thoracic aperture.
Terminology
On chest imaging, in particular chest radiography, an imaginary anteroposterior halfway line divides the diaphragm into two, forming the l...
Article
Diaphragmatic rupture
Diaphragmatic rupture often results from blunt abdominal trauma. The mechanism of injury is typically a motor-vehicle collision.
Epidemiology
Given that the most common mechanism is motor vehicle collisions, it is perhaps unsurprising that young men are most frequently affected. The estimated ...
Article
Dieulafoy lesion
Dieulafoy lesions (also known as exulceratio simplex) are uncommon but important causes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A Dieulafoy lesion is characterized by a dilated tortuous submucosal artery that erodes overlying gastrointestinal mucosa most commonly found in the stomach.
Epide...
Article
Differential diagnosis of hepatic nodule in cirrhotic liver
Differential diagnosis of hepatic nodule in cirrhotic liver include regenerative liver nodules, dysplastic liver nodules, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), all represent a spectrum of disease ranging from non-neoplastic reparative process (regenerative) to nuclear atypia (dysplastic) to typica...
Article
Diffuse colonic nodularity (differential)
Diffuse colonic nodularity on barium enema or CT colonography has a range of possible etiologies:
lymphoid hyperplasia (tend to be small and discrete)
lymphoma (tend to be larger nodules and confluent)
urticaria (closely spaced polygonal lesions, history is often helpful)
pseudomembranous co...
Article
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Diffuse/distal esophageal spasm (DOS) is a motility disorder of the esophagus. On barium swallow, diffuse esophageal spasm may appear as a corkscrew or rosary bead esophagus, but this is uncommon. Manometry is the gold-standard diagnostic test.
Diffuse esophageal spasm differs from hypercontrac...
Article
Diffuse peritoneal leiomyomatosis
Diffuse or disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis, also known as leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata, is an exceedingly rare benign disorder characterized by multiple vascular leiomyomas growing along the submesothelial tissues of the abdominopelvic peritoneum.
Epidemiology
It is usually d...
Article
Diffuse small bowel disease
Diffuse small bowel disease may be caused by a number of conditions may be generalized multisystem disorders or conditions that effect the bowel in a global fashion:
sprue
scleroderma
Whipple's disease
amyloidosis
hypoproteinemia
giardiasis
intramural hemorrhage
radiation enteritis
smal...
Article
Direct inguinal hernia
A direct inguinal hernia (alternative plural: herniae) is a type of groin herniation, that arises from protrusion of abdominal viscera through a weakness of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, specifically through Hesselbach's triangle.
This type ...
Article
Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome
Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome, also referred only as disconnected pancreatic duct, refers to the symptoms and complications due to the complete discontinuity of the main pancreatic duct between segments of viable secreting pancreatic tissue and the duodenum, usually seen as a sequela of ...
Article
Discrete colonic ulceration
Discrete colonic ulcerations are nonspecific findings, and can be due to:
Crohn disease
infective colitis
Yersinia entercolitis
shigellosis
tuberculosis
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
amoebic colitis
vasculitic colitis
Behcet disease
Article
Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) is one the of many abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis. In older children or young adults with cystic fibrosis, the distal small bowel may become obstructed with a mucofaeculent material in the distal ileum and right colon.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Diversion colitis
Diversion colitis, also known as diversional colitis, describes non-specific inflammation of segments of colon and/or rectum which have been surgically diverted from the fecal stream after colostomy or ileostomy.
A similar condition, diversion pouchitis, manifesting after formation of continent...
Article
Diverticular disease
Diverticular disease generally refers to phenomenon involving acquired diverticula along the lower gastrointestinal tract. It covers a range of pathologies and may account for a variety of presentations. Diverticulosis is largely asymptomatic however 4% of individuals with diverticula develop di...
Article
Diverticulitis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Diverticulitis is one of the presentations of diverticular disease and is most often a complication of colonic diverticulosis. Differentiating one from the other is critical since uncomplicated diverticulosis is mostly asym...
Article
Diverticulum
Diverticula are outpouchings of a hollow viscus and can be either true or false.
Occasionally a diverticulum is used in a more general sense to mean the outpouching of other anatomical structures, e.g. frontal intersinus septal cells are hypothesized to form as diverticula from the frontal sinu...
Article
Dog ear sign (abdomen)
The dog ear sign represents the presence of fluid or blood in the pelvic peritoneal recess on a supine abdominal radiograph. The appearance of the sign comes from a convex soft-tissue density representing fluid or blood in the lateral pelvic peritoneal recess separated from the bladder by a thin...
Article
Doge cap sign (pneumoperitoneum)
The doge cap sign, also referred to as Morison pouch sign, is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It presents as a triangular-shaped gas lucency or can be crescent shaped, or semicircular is usually bound by the 11th rib in the right upper quadrant on abdominal radiographs due to air in the...
Article
Dorsal pancreatic agenesis
Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is an extremely rare congenital pancreatic anomaly.
While complete agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is extremely rare, partial agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is thought to be more common than ventral pancreatic agenesis 4.
Clinical presentation
While many pati...
Article
Double barrel sign (disambiguation)
Double barrel sign is an imaging appearance of two lumens adjacent to each other.
It can be seen in:
dilated bile duct adjacent to portal vein
double barrel aorta: aortic dissection
double barrel esophagus: esophageal dissection
Article
Double bubble sign (duodenum)
The double bubble sign is seen in infants and represents dilatation of the proximal duodenum and stomach. It is seen in both radiographs and ultrasound, and can be identified antenatally 2.
Pathology
Causes include 1,2:
congenital obstruction
duodenal web
duodenal atresia
duodenal stenosis...
Article
Double contrast barium enema (overview)
The double contrast barium enema is rapidly being replaced by CT colonography, but remains in some centers for:
the detection of polyps and colorectal cancer
follow up screening for postoperative colorectal cancer
evaluation of diverticular disease
failed colonoscopy
investigation of non-sp...
Article
Double contrast barium enema technique
Double contrast barium enema (DCBE) technique is a method of imaging the colon with fluoroscopy. "Double contrast" refers to imaging with the positive contrast of barium sulfate contrast medium (rarely water-soluble iodinated contrast) as well as with the negative contrast of gas (CO2 preferable...
Article
Double duct sign
The double duct sign refers to the presence of simultaneous dilatation of the common bile and pancreatic ducts. Being an anatomical sign it can be seen on all modalities that can visualize the region, including: MRI, CT, ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
The...
Article
Double track sign (pyloric stenosis)
The double track sign is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis on various imaging modalities.
Barium study
Double streaks of barium passing through the narrow pylorus 1.
Ultrasound
On fluid aided real-time examination, the pyloric fluid is compressed into smaller tracks as it is...
Article
Doughnut sign (disambiguation)
The doughnut sign can refer to a variety of different signs:
doughnut sign (bone scan)
doughnut sign (bowel)
crescent in a doughnut sign (bowel)
doughnut sign (chest)
doughnut sign (orbit)
Article
Downhill esophageal varix
Downhill esophageal varices are an uncommon type of esophageal varices associated with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction.
Epidemiology
Downhill oesophagal varices are less frequently seen. It is seen in less than 0.5% of routine upper endoscopies. Most common etiology is superior vena obstr...
Article
Down syndrome
Down syndrome (or trisomy 21) is the most common trisomy and also the commonest chromosomal disorder. It is a major cause of intellectual disability, and also has numerous multisystem manifestations.
Epidemiology
The approximate worldwide incidence is approximately 1 in 800 live births 15. The...
Article
Dropped appendicolith
Retained appendicoliths, also called dropped or slipped appendicoliths, are appendicoliths that have been inadvertently left inside the peritoneal cavity following appendectomy.
Clinical presentation
Patients may be asymptomatic in some cases. Other cases may present with infective symptoms du...
Article
Duct penetrating sign (pancreas)
Duct penetrating sign is a radiographic sign that can be useful in differentiating between focal pancreatitis (inflammatory pancreatic mass) from pancreatic carcinoma.
A positive sign is when a mass is penetrated by an unobstructed pancreatic duct; this makes focal pancreatitis the most likely ...
Article
Dukes staging system for colorectal cancer
The Dukes staging system is a classification system for colorectal cancer. This system is now mainly of historical interest as it has largely been replaced by the TNM staging system. It is not recommended for clinical practice.
Dukes A: invasion into but not through the bowel wall (90% 5 year s...
Article
Duodenal adenocarcinoma
Duodenal adenocarcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the duodenum.
Epidemiology
Adenocarcinoma is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the duodenum. It represents 0.3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies and accounts for 50-70% of small bowel adenocarcinomas occurring ei...
Article
Duodenal atresia
Duodenal atresia results from a congenital malformation of the duodenum and requires prompt correction in the neonatal period. It is considered to be one of the commonest causes of a fetal bowel obstruction.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of duodenal atresia is ~1 in 5,000-10,000 newborns, and th...
Article
Duodenal bulb
The duodenal bulb refers to a proximal-most portion of the duodenum closest to the stomach and for most of the D1 segment of the duodenum. It usually has a length of about 5 cm. It commences at the gastric pylorus and ends at the neck of the gallbladder. It is located posterior to the liver and...
Article
Duodenal diverticulitis
Duodenal diverticulitis (plural diverticulitides) is a rare, inflammatory complication of duodenal diverticula.
Clinical presentation
While the vast majority of patients are asymptomatic, patients with diverticulitis usually present with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting.
Radiographic fe...
Article
Duodenal diverticulum
Duodenal diverticula are outpouchings from the duodenal wall (intraluminal diverticulum discussed separately). They may result from mucosal prolapse or the prolapse of the entire duodenal wall and can be found at any point in the duodenum although are by far most commonly located along the media...
Article
Duodenal filling defects
Duodenal filling defects may be caused by a wide variety of duodenal pathology which may be divided by their location and pathological process.
Extrinsic
gallbladder impression
common bile duct impression
gas-filled diverticulum
Intrinsic
Note: please refer to duodenal mucosal nodular fill...
Article
Duodenal hematoma
Duodenal hematoma results in hematoma formation in the duodenal wall. It may occur as a result of blunt abdominal trauma, non-accidental injury to children and spontaneously in anti-coagulated patients.
Distinction must be made from duodenal perforation since the latter will require immediate s...
Article
Duodenal–jejunal bypass liner
A duodenal–jejunal bypass liner (DJBL), also known as a duodenal–jejunal bypass sleeve device or EndoBarrier™ is being trialled as a new technique, as an alternative to more 'traditional' gastric bypass surgeries 1,2. The basic principle is that the sleeve is endoscopically-inserted into the duo...
Article
Duodenal stricture
A duodenal stricture refers to a segment of narrowing involving the duodenum. They can occur from a range of benign infective - inflammatory to malignant etiology. They can contribute to gastric outlet obstruction.
Pathology
Etiology
infective/inflammatory
duodenitis
regional inflammation:...
Article
Duodenal switch procedure
The duodenal switch procedure is a form of biliopancreatic diversion which is often done as a obesity reduction surgery.
It has a restrictive portion and malabsorptive portion
restrictive portion: involves removal of approximately 70% of the stomach (along the greater curvature) and most of th...
Article
Duodenal varices
Duodenal varices is the dilatation of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein secondary to portal hypertension. They are much less common than esophageal, rectal or fundal varices, but may be associated with them.
Radiographic features
Fluoroscopy
Lobulated filling defects are best de...
Article
Duodenal web
A duodenal web, diaphragm or intraluminal diverticulum refers to a complete or incomplete obstruction at the duodenum due to a membranous web or intraluminal diverticulum. There is usually a small aperture at the center differentiating this from duodenal atresia.
Epidemiology
Although they ar...
Article
Duodenitis
Duodenitis is a term given to inflammation of the duodenum.
Pathology
Etiology
A duodenitis can result from both intrinsic processes within the duodenum as well as from processes occuring outside the duodendum. It can occur from infective as well as non-infective inflammatory processes.
Non-...
Article
Duodenojejunal flexure
The duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure or junction is the anatomical border between the duodenum and the jejunum.
Gross anatomy
The DJ flexure is located anterolateral to the aorta at the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra. It makes a sharp turn anteroinferiorly to become the jej...
Article
Duodenum
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and is the continuation of the stomach.
Gross anatomy
The duodenum is a 20-30 cm C-shaped hollow viscus predominantly on the right side of the vertebral column. It lies at the level of L1-3 and the convexity of the duodenum (called the duod...
Article
Duplex appendix
Duplex appendix is a rare anomaly of the appendix and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis.
Epidemiology
Duplication of the vermiform appendix is extremely rare. It is found in only 1 in 25,000 patients (incidence ~0.004%) operated on for acute appendicitis. Altho...