Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,250 results found
Article
Bent bone dysplasias (differential)
Bent bone dysplasias are a class of dysplasia included in a 2010 classification of genetic skeletal disorders 1.
campomelic dysplasia
Stuve-Weidemann dysplasia
kyphomelic dysplasias, a diverse class, including
congenital bowing of the long bones
cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; metaphyseal d...
Article
Bernese periacetabular osteotomy
Bernese periacetabular osteotomy, also known as Ganz osteotomy, is an orthopedic procedure involving osteotomy surrounding the acetabulum and subsequent angulation to improve coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. It is performed in the context of hip dysplasia. There is an osteotomy th...
Article
Beta angle (developmental dysplasia of the hip)
The beta angle is a measurement used in the ultrasonographic assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).
It is defined as the angle formed between the vertical cortex of the ilium and the triangular labral fibrocartilage (echogenic triangle) and thus reflects the femoral head cartil...
Article
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP) is a rare genetic condition consisting of extensive bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria.
As is the case with many areas of medicine transitioning from phenotypical to molecular/genetic definitions, it has been postulated what bilateral frontopari...
Article
Bilateral thalamic glioma
Bilateral thalamic gliomas are rare but characteristic low-grade astrocytomas that occur in both children and young adults.
Clinical presentation
Presentation may vary with age. Young children with bilateral thalamic glioma often have signs of increased intracranial pressure and movement disor...
Article
Bile plug syndrome
Bile plug syndrome, also known as inspissated bile syndrome, is an uncommon cause of jaundice in neonates. Refers to a rare extrahepatic mechanical obstruction of the major bile duct in the perinatal period caused by viscous bile (sludge) within its lumen 3.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Risk fa...
Article
Biliary atresia
Biliary atresia (BA) is a congenital biliary disorder, which is characterized by an absence or severe deficiency of the extrahepatic biliary tree. It is one of the most common causes of neonatal cholestasis, often causing cirrhosis immediately and leading to death and accounts for over half of c...
Article
Biotin deficiency
Biotin deficiency is very rare. Biotin is a vitamin which acts as an enzymatic cofactor with a key role in energy production and the synthesis of fats. Biotin is present in a diverse range of cereals, nuts, seeds and eggs. Hence, true deficiency is unusual. It has been observed in the following ...
Article
Biotinidase deficiency
Biotinidase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive condition in which the body is unable to break down the conjugated form of biotin (vitamin B7), resulting in low levels of bioavailable biotin, and clinical biotin deficiency.
Epidemiology
Profound deficiency (<10% of normal level) is estima...
Article
Birth defects linked to antithyroid drug treatment in pregnancy
Birth defects linked to antithyroid drug treatment in pregnancy have for a long time been known to exist. A recent Danish register-based cohort study has assessed the degree of association of antithyroid drugs (ATD), such as methimazole (MMI) / carbimazole (CMZ) and propylthiouracil (PTU), and t...
Article
Birth fracture of the clavicle
Birth fractures of the clavicle occur in 0.5-1% of vaginal deliveries and are the most frequent birth-related fracture. They are most commonly seen following normal, uncomplicated births but there is recognized increased incidence with high birth weight babies, forceps delivery and shoulder dyst...
Article
Birth trauma
Birth trauma (a.k.a. birth injury) relates to those conditions caused by both physical/mechanical and hypoxic injuries.
Epidemiology
Birth trauma occurs in ~5 per 1000 births 2.
Risk factors
asphyxia
breech presentation
shoulder dystocia
instrument delivery
macrosomia
obstructed labor
...
Article
Blalock-Taussig shunt
Blalock-Taussig shunt, also known as Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt, is a palliative procedure designed to increase pulmonary arterial blood flow in patients with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (e.g. tetralogy of Fallot) or during initial staged repair of hypoplastic left heart syndro...
Article
Blepharophimosis
Blepharophimosis is dysplasia of the eyelids, where there is horizontal shortening of palpebral fissure. It is often associated with ptosis.
Blepharophimosis is a feature of Dubowitz syndrome and Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome.
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is c...
Article
Block vertebra
Block vertebra is a type of vertebral anomaly where there is a failure of separation of two or more adjacent vertebral bodies. It is an anatomic variant.
Pathology
In a block vertebra, there is partial or complete fusion of adjacent vertebral bodies.
Associations
hemivertebrae/absent vertebr...
Article
Blood pressure
The blood pressure (BP) is defined as the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Fundamentally the blood pressure depends upon the interaction of:
blood volume
cardiac contractility
compliance of the arterial walls
Blood pressure is traditionally measured i...
Article
Blount disease
Blount disease refers to a local disturbance of growth of the medial aspect of the proximal tibial metaphysis and/or epiphysis that results in tibia vara. The condition is commonly bilateral.
Epidemiology
There is no recognized inheritance pattern.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, the chi...
Article
Blueberry muffin syndrome
Blueberry muffin syndrome (a.k.a. blueberry muffin baby or rash) refers to a skin appearance seen in pediatric patients with multiple raised cutaneous, classically blue/purple lesions which is due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the dermis.
The syndrome was originally described in congenital...
Article
Bochdalek hernia
Bochdalek hernias , also known as pleuroperitoneal hernias, (alternative plural: herniae) are the commonest type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. They occur posteriorly and are due to a defect in the posterior attachment of the diaphragm when there is a failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane cl...
Article
Bochdalek hernia features (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for remembering the features of a Bochdalek hernia is:
5 Bs
Mnemonic
B: Bochdalek
B: big
B: back and lateral, usually on the left side
B: baby
B: bad (associated with pulmonary hypoplasia)
To remember the side in which a Bochdalek hernia more commonly occurs (and to co...
Article
Body imaging
Body imaging is the term assigned to cross-sectional imaging of the body, which radiologically refers to the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is often used by radiologists who report this region (sometimes known as body imagers/radiologists) to differentiate their primary area of interest from othe...
Article
Bone age assessment
Bone age assessment is used to radiologically assess the biological and structural maturity of immature patients from their hand and wrist x-ray appearances. It forms an important part of the diagnostic and management pathway in children with growth and endocrine disorders. It is helpful in the ...
Article
Bone age (radiograph)
The bone age radiograph of the hand and wrist is a commonly performed examination to determine the radiographic age of the patient via the assessment of growth centers.
Indications
Bone age radiographs may be indicated for both clinical and non-clinical purposes 6,7:
for the investigation of
...
Article
Bone within a bone appearance
Bone within a bone is a descriptive term applied to bones that appear to have another bone within them. There are numerous causes including:
normal
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (neonates and infants)
growth recovery lines (after infancy)
cortical splitting and new periostitis
sickle cell d...
Article
Bone within a bone appearance (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the possible etiologies of a bone within a bone appearance is:
GHOST DRAGON
Mnemonic
G: growth arrest lines
H: heavy metals, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
O: osteopetrosis
S: sickle cell anemia, scurvy, syphilis
T: thalassemia, tuberculosis
D: disease o...
Article
Boot shaped heart
A 'boot-shaped' heart ("cœur en sabot" in French) is the description given to the appearance of the heart on plain film in some cases of Tetralogy of Fallot. It describes the appearances of an upturned cardiac apex due to right ventricular hypertrophy and a concave pulmonary arterial segment.
Article
Borchardt's triad (gastric volvulus)
Borchardt's triad comprises of the classic three symptoms diagnostic of gastric volvulus 1:
severe sudden epigastric pain
intractable retching without vomiting
inability to pass a nasogastric tube
Article
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma, also known as sarcoma botryoides, is a type of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and accounts for 5-10% of all rhabdomyosarcomas 6.
Epidemiology
It tends to occur in pediatric population, often between birth and 15 years of age 7.
Pathology
Rhabdomyosarcomas generally ha...
Article
Bowing fracture
Bowing fractures are incomplete fractures of tubular long bones in pediatric patients (especially the radius and ulna) that often require no intervention and heal with remodeling.
Epidemiology
Bowing fractures are almost exclusively found in children. However, there have been several case repo...
Article
Brachydactyly
Brachydactyly (BD) essentially refers to short digits. It is often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait (all the types). The clinical spectrum can widely range from minor digital hypoplasia to complete aplasia. As a group, it most commonly involves the middle phalanx 2. Single or multiple bo...
Article
Brachydactyly type A1 (Farabee type)
Brachydactyly type A1, also known as Farabee type brachydactyly, is a subtype of brachydactyly.
Clinical presentation
The anomaly is characterized by hypoplasia or aplasia of middle phalanges of the second to fifth digits in hands and feet and proximal phalanges of the thumbs and great toes...
Article
Bracket sign (pericallosal lipoma)
The bracket sign refers to a radiographic appearance seen with the tubulonodular variety of pericallosal lipoma. It reflects calcification seen at the periphery of the midline lipoma. It is best seen on coronal imaging and historically was identified on frontal radiographs.
It should not be con...
Article
Brainstem glioma
Brainstem gliomas consist of a heterogeneous group which vary greatly in histology and prognosis.
Terminology
Unless otherwise specified the term brainstem glioma usually refers to the most common histology, the diffuse brainstem glioma, and in children this is most likely a diffuse midline gl...
Article
Brain tumors in infancy
Common brain tumors in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumors in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis.
The frequency of these tumors varies according to studies, but the most common brain tum...
Article
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized clinically by abnormalities affecting the eyes, craniofacial structures, and branchial sinuses.
Epidemiology
More than 80 cases have been reported in the global literature since its f...
Article
Branchio-otic syndrome
Branchio-otic syndrome (also known as BOS, BOS1, BO syndrome 1 and branchiootic dysplasia) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. It manifests as abnormalities of the second branchial arch, with predominant abnormalities of the ear. No renal disease is seen, in contradistinction to its close name...
Article
Branchio-oto-renal dysplasia
Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) dysplasia, syndrome, or spectrum disorder is a rare syndromic disorder characterized by cervical branchial apparatus anomalies, ear malformations, and renal anomalies. If there are no renal anomalies, then it is more likely to be branchiootic dysplasia.
Pathology
When ...
Article
Brodie abscess
Brodie abscess is an intraosseous abscess related to a focus of subacute or chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to radiographically exclude a focus of osteomyelitis. It has a protean radiographic appearance and can occur at any location and in a patient of any...
Article
Bronchial atresia
Bronchial atresia is a developmental anomaly characterized by focal obliteration of the proximal segment of a bronchus associated with hyperinflation of the distal lung.
On imaging, it commonly presents as a proximal focal tubular-shaped opacity radiating from the hilum associated with a dista...
Article
Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree (a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation). They can present as a mediastinal mass that may enlarge and cause local compression. It is also considered the commonest of foregut duplication cysts.
Epidemiology
Bronchoge...
Article
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) refers to late pathological lung changes that develop in infants after several weeks on prolonged ventilation.
Terminology
BPD and chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP) have often been used interchangeably to describe the condition post-treatment of premat...
Article
Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation
Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation (BPFM) is a term that encompases:
congenital pulmonary airways malformation (CPAM)
pulmonary sequestration
hybrid lesion
foregut duplication cysts
bronchogenic cyst
neurenteric cyst
enteric cyst
Embryology
They result from anomalous budding of the ...
Article
Bucket handle fracture (disambiguation)
Bucket handle fracture may refer to:
bucket handle fracture - non-accidental injury
bucket handle fracture of the pelvis
Article
Burkitt lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma predominantly affecting children.
Epidemiology
Burkitt lymphoma is the most common (40%) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood. Median age is eight years with a male predominance (M:F = 4:1) 1. It is less common in adults, accounting for 1-...
Article
Burkitt lymphoma (abdominal manifestations)
Abdominal manifestations of Burkitt lymphoma occur in the non-pandemic variant of Burkitt lymphoma. For a general discussion of Burkitt lymphoma, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to Burkitt lymphoma.
Whenever Burkitt lymphoma presents, it is predominantly an e...
Article
Butterfly vertebra
Butterfly vertebra is a type of vertebral anomaly that results from the failure of fusion of the lateral halves of the vertebral body because of persistent notochordal tissue between them.
Pathology
Associations
anterior spina bifida +/- anterior meningocele
can be part of the Alagille syndr...
Article
Café au lait spots
Café au lait spots are a type of pigmented skin lesions which are classically described as being light brown in color.
Conditions associated with them include:
neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome
McCune-Albright syndrome: typically irregular which has been likened to t...
Article
Caffey disease
Caffey disease or infantile cortical hyperostosis is a largely self-limiting disorder which affects infants. It causes bone changes, soft-tissue swelling, and irritability.
It is distinct from physiological periostitis which can be seen involving the diaphyses of the tibiae, humeri, and femora ...
Article
Calcaneal apophysitis
Calcaneal apophysitis, also known as Sever disease, is the painful inflammation of the apophysis of the calcaneus.
Epidemiology
It typically presents in active young children and adolescents, especially those who enjoy jumping and running sports.
Associations
High plantar foot pressures are...
Article
Callen MS-ADEM criteria
The Callen MS-ADEM criteria can be useful in differentiating between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in children, as the first attack of immune-mediated demyelination is a frequent diagnostic challenge.
Given the diagnostic challenge, several diagnostic c...
Article
Calvarial thinning
Calvarial thinning can result from many causes. They include:
osteogenesis imperfecta
hypophosphatasia
achondrogenesis
Menkes syndrome
craniofacial syndromes 1
Apert syndrome
Crouzon syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
See also
focal calvarial thinning
calvarial thick...
Article
Camptodactyly arthropathy coxa vara pericarditis syndrome
Camptodactyly arthropathy coxa vara pericarditis (CACP) syndrome is a rare condition principally characterized by
congenital or early-onset camptodactyly and childhood-onset non-inflammatory arthropathy
coxa vara deformity or other dysplasia associated with progressive hip disease
pericardit...
Article
Canal of Nuck
The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of parietal peritoneum extending anteriorly from the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora through the inguinal ring into the inguinal canal. Incomplete obliteration of this canal is known as a patent processus vaginalis and can result i...
Article
Canal of Nuck hernia
Canal of Nuck hernias are rare and occur in female children. They are caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck with a connection to the peritoneal cavity and transmitted intra-abdominal contents (e.g. bowel, omentum, fluid, ovary, Fallopian tube and/or urinary bladder).
...
Article
Canavan disease
Canavan disease, also known as spongiform degeneration of white matter (not to be confused with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) or aspartoacylase deficiency, is a leukodystrophy clinically characterized by megalencephaly, severe mental and neurological deficits, and blindness.
Epidemiology
Canavan...
Article
Capillary hemangioma of the orbit
Capillary hemangiomas of the orbit, also known as strawberry hemangiomas, on account of its coloring, or orbital infantile hemangiomas, are the most common orbital tumors of infancy, and unlike orbital cavernous hemangiomas, they are neoplasms rather than vascular malformations.
Clinical presen...
Article
Caput succedaneum
Caput succedaneum is a manifestation of birth trauma, and it consists of a subcutaneous serosanguineous fluid collection external to the galea aponeurosis in the newborn's scalp. The fluid collection is extra-periosteal. It may be imaged with ultrasound, CT, or MRI.
Caput succedaneum results fr...
Article
Cardiac rhabdomyoma
Cardiac rhabdomyomas are a type of benign myocardial tumor and are considered the most common fetal cardiac tumor. They have a strong association with tuberous sclerosis.
Epidemiology
Cardiac rhabdomyomas are often multiple and can represent up to 90% of cardiac tumors in the pediatric populat...
Article
Cardiovascular shunts
Cardiovascular (cardiac) shunts are abnormal connections between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Most commonly they are the result of congenital heart disease.
Pathology
Blood can either be shunted from the systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation (i.e. 'left-to-right shunt') or ...
Article
Cases in radiology (video tutorials)
The cases featured in these video lectures are specifically selected to teach important concepts in radiology over a broad range of topics. The tutorials vary in difficulty from basic to advanced. For maximum learning, try the cases for yourself in Radiopaedia quiz mode first.
We love this ser...
Article
CASK related disorders
CASK related disorders are caused by mutations of the CASK gene and have a wide phenotypic spectrum, with a typically more disabling phenotype in females.
Clinical presentation
In males there may be mental retardation and congenital nystagmus. In females there may be only mental retardation, ...
Article
Catel-Manzke syndrome
Catel-Manzke syndrome is a digitopalatal syndrome initially described in 1961. Inheritance pattern is unknown. Radiographic findings include micronagthia and accessory ossicles at the bases of the metacarpals.
Article
Caterpillar sign (pyloric stenosis)
The caterpillar sign is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis.
It refers to the appearance of the stomach on an upper gastrointestinal radiographic series or plain abdominal radiograph 1,2. On these imaging modalities in a patient with pyloric stenosis, the stomach appears distended...
Article
Catterall classification of Perthes disease
The Catterall classification of Perthes disease is based on radiographic appearances of the epiphysis and metaphysis visible in osteonecrosis of the femoral head:
stage I
bone absorption changes visible in the anterior aspect of the epiphysis of femoral head
changes are visible best in frog l...
Article
Caudal regression syndrome
Caudal regression syndrome represents a spectrum of structural defects of the caudal region. Malformations vary from isolated partial agenesis of the coccyx to lumbosacral agenesis.
Epidemiology
Caudal regression syndrome is rare, with an estimated incidence of 1:7500-100,000 7,10.
The vast m...
Article
Caudothalamic groove
The caudothalamic groove is an important landmark when performing neonatal cranial ultrasound.
Gross anatomy
As the name suggests, it is located between the caudate nucleus and thalamus and is a shallow groove projecting from the floor of the lateral ventricle. It is approximately at the level...
Article
Celery stalk (disambiguation)
Celery stalk appearance can refer to the following:
celery stalk anterior cruciate ligament
celery stalk metaphysis
Article
Cenani-Lenz syndactyly
Cenani-Lenz syndactyly (CLS) is a very syndrome primarily characterized by:
syndactyly/oligodactly: syndactyly is often complete and gives a spoon hand type appearance
radio-ulnar synostoses
Pathology
Genetics
It carries an autosomal recessive inheritance.
Etymology
It was first described...
Article
Central nervous system germinoma
Intracranial germinomas, also known as dysgerminomas or extra-gonadal seminomas, are a type of germ cell tumor and are predominantly seen in pediatric populations. They tend to occur in the midline, either at the pineal region (majority) or along the floor of the third ventricle/suprasellar regi...
Article
Cephalohematoma
Cephalohematomas are traumatic subperiosteal hematomas of the skull that are usually caused by birth injury. They are bound between the periosteum and cranium, and therefore cannot cross sutures. Being bound by a suture line distinguishes them from subgaleal hematoma, which can cross sutures.
E...
Article
Cephalopagus
Cephalopagus twins are a rare type of conjoined twins. They are fused from the vertex to the umbilicus. They share a common cranium with either one composite face or two faces on opposite sides of the conjoined head.
The thoraces are fused with fusion of liver, heart, and the upper gastrointest...
Article
Cerebellar agenesis
Cerebellar agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality which can result from failure to develop normal cerebellar tissue or destruction of normally developed tissue.
For a more general overview of cerebellar malformations, please refer to the article on classification systems for malformations of...
Article
Cerebellar cleft
Cerebellar clefts are rare congenital abnormalities of the posterior fossa, where cerebellar grey matter extends from the surface into the parenchyma, in some cases even reaching the fourth ventricle.
Clinical presentation
Language and speech disorders, cognitive impairment, truncal ataxia, o...
Article
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Cerebellar hypoplasia is a type of congenital morphological cerebellar abnormality in which the cerebellum has reduced volume, but a normal shape, and is stable over time 1,4. The pattern of volume loss may be regional (affecting only part of the cerebellum) or global.
Terminology
Global cere...
Article
Cerebellar mutism syndrome
Cerebellar mutism syndrome, also known as post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS), usually develops after resection of midline cerebellar or intraventricular tumors in the posterior cranial fossa. Typical features of this condition are transient mutism, ataxia, hypotonia and i...
Article
Cerebral hypoventilation syndrome
Cerebral hypoventilation syndrome refers to a congenital condition characterized by hypoventilation during sleep with no other abnormalities of the cardiorespiratory system. There is a decrease in the depth of breathing.
It is also known as central sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilatio...
Article
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder caused by defects in sterol-27-hydroxylase enzyme in bile acid synthesis. This leads to early cataract formation, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and tendinous xanthomas.
Clinical presentation
Clinically ce...
Article
Cervical adenitis
Cervical adenitis refers to the inflammation of lymph nodes in the neck.
Epidemiology
Most common cause of a pediatric neck mass following non-specific infectious/inflammatory insults.
Clinical presentation
In the pediatric population, a child will present with a painful cervical mass.
Path...
Article
Cervical thymus
The cervical thymus (plural: cervical thymi) refers to an ectopic location of the thymus in the neck above the level of the brachiocephalic veins.
Clinical presentation
A cervical thymus usually presents before adolescence as a painless unilateral midline or lateral neck mass.
Pathology
Etio...
Article
Cervix sign (pyloric stenosis)
The cervix sign of pyloric stenosis describes the indentation of the pylorus into the fluid-filled antrum, seen in pyloric stenosis on ultrasound examination.
See also
antral nipple sign (pyloric stenosis)
target sign (pyloric stenosis)
Article
CHALICE rule
The Children’s Head injury ALgorithm for prediction of Clinically Important Events (CHALICE) clinical decision rule was developed to predict clinically important brain injuries in children with head trauma. This rule identifies high-risk criteria and divides them into history, examination and me...
Article
CHARGE syndrome
CHARGE syndrome is an acronym that classically describes a combination of head and neck, cardiac, CNS and genitourinary disorders:
C: coloboma
H: heart defects (congenital heart disease)
A: atresia (choanal)
R: retardation of growth and development
G: genital and/or urinary abnormalities
E...
Article
Chest radiograph (pediatric)
The chest radiograph is one of the most commonly requested radiographic examinations in the assessment of the pediatric patient. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of distraction a...
Article
Chiari I malformation
Chiari I malformation is the most common variant of the Chiari malformations and is characterized by a caudal descent of the cerebellar tonsils (and brainstem in its subtype, Chiari 1.5) through the foramen magnum. Symptoms are proportional to the degree of descent. MRI is the imaging modality o...
Article
Childhood malignancies
Unfortunately the pediatric population is susceptible to malignancies. The most common entities, in overall order of frequency, are 1-4:
leukemia/lymphoma: ~35% *
acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 23%
Hodgkin disease: 5%
acute myelogenous leukemia: 4%
central nervous system malignancies: ~20%
...
Article
CHILD syndrome
CHILD (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) syndrome comprises:
Ch: congenital hemidysplasia
I: ichthyosiform erythroderma
develops at or shortly after birth
unilateral erythema and scaling, with a distinct demarcation in the middle of the trunk 2
hair ...
Article
Choanal atresia
Choanal atresia refers to a lack of formation of the choanal openings. It can be unilateral or bilateral.
Epidemiology
It frequently presents in neonates where it is one of the commonest causes of nasal obstruction in this age group. There is a recognized female predilection. The incidence is ...
Article
Cholera
Cholera is an acute infective diarrheal illness caused by Vibrio cholerae. Severe cholera causes large volume liquid stools, which may rapidly lead to hypovolemic shock and death, unless intensive rehydration therapy is instituted. Prevention of cholera depends upon access to clean water and eff...
Article
Chondroblastoma
Chondroblastomas, also referred as Codman tumors, are rare benign cartilaginous neoplasms that characteristically arise in the epiphysis or apophysis of a long bone in young patients. Despite being rare, they are one of the most frequently encountered benign epiphyseal neoplasms in skeletally im...
Article
Chondrodysplasia punctata
Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a collective name for a heterogenous group of skeletal dysplasias. Calcific stippling of cartilage and peri-articular soft tissues is often a common feature.
Pathology
Subtypes
It can be broadly divided into rhizomelic and non-rhizomelic forms:
rhizomelic c...
Article
Chondroectodermal dysplasia
Chondroectodermal dysplasia, also known as the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, is a rare type of skeletal dysplasia. It is classified as a type of mesomelic limb shortening 5.
Clinical spectrum
Clinical features include:
narrowing of thorax with short ribs
small and flared ilia
triradiate aceta...
Article
Chondrolysis
Chondrolysis, also known as acute cartilage necrosis, represents acute cartilage destruction of the femoral head. It is one of the complications that are specifically associated with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). It may also be associated with infection, specifically septic arthritis...
Article
Chondromesenchymal hamartoma
Chondromesenchymal hamartomas are rare, benign, tumor-like nasal masses in children that have been associated with DICER1 mutations.
Epidemiology
The entity is rare: a systematic review of the literature in 2015 identified fewer than 50 reported cases 2. The mean age of presentation is 10 year...