Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,249 results found
Article
Haystack sign (pneumomediastinum)
The haystack sign on chest radiographs in pediatric patients is indicative of pneumomediastinum. The pediatric heart is surrounded above and below with gas, giving it an appearance of a haystack from Monet's paintings.
Article
Head ultrasound
Head ultrasound (HUS), also called cranial ultrasound (CUS), is obtained for the diagnosis and follow-up of premature and sick neonates.
Advantages
Head ultrasound has the advantages of:
accessibility
mobility, i.e. bedside scanning at the NICU and neonatal ward
requiring no sedation
enabl...
Article
Heavy charged particle therapy
Heavy charged particle therapy (also known as heavy ion radiotherapy) is a type of particle therapy that uses ionized atoms (e.g. neon, argon, silicon, carbon etc.). Currently carbon ions are most commonly employed, termed carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT).
It is a technically-demanding technique ...
Article
Heiner syndrome
The Heiner syndrome is a rare form of primary pulmonary hemosiderosis associated with an allergy to cow's milk. The syndrome includes:
rectal blood loss with hypochromic microcytic anemia
pulmonary infiltrates (often recurrent)
hypoproteinemia
See also
pulmonary hemosiderosis
Article
Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia epilepsy syndrome
Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia epilepsy syndrome (HHE) is a clinical syndrome of infancy or early childhood that is associated with seizures, cerebral hemiatrophy and transient or permanent epilepsy.
It refers to the characteristic holohemispheric global atrophy of one hemisphere, that is independen...
Article
Hemihyperplasia
Hemihyperplasia, also known as hemihypertrophy, is asymmetry in size between the right and left of the body, more than can be attributed to normal variation.
Terminology
Hemihyperplasia is more scientifically correct than hemihypertrophy as the cells are hyperplastic rather than hypertrophied ...
Article
Hemimegalencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly is a rare congenital disorder of cortical formation with hamartomatous overgrowth of all or part of a cerebral hemisphere. This results from either increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis (or both) of developing neurons 2.
Epidemiology
Hemimegalencephaly is a cryptoge...
Article
Hemimelia
Hemimelia is the term used to describe a partial or complete congenital absence of the distal half of a limb. It comprises of:
fibular hemimelia
tibial hemimelia
ulna hemimelia
radial hemimelia
Article
Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma
Hepatic mesenchymal hamartomas are uncommon benign hepatic lesions which are mostly seen in children under the age of 2. Some authors consider them to be developmental anomalies rather than cystic neoplasia 9,12.
Epidemiology
Hepatic mesenchymal hamartomas typically occur in children and neon...
Article
Hepatic teratoma
Hepatic teratomas are extremely rare and represent either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal teratomas that have invaded the liver. Hepatic teratomas comprise <1% of all teratomas.
Epidemiology
These are extremely rare with only a few case reports have been described in the literature. The ma...
Article
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary malignant liver tumor in children under four years of age who usually present with painless abdominal mass and raised AFP. It is tumor of embryonic origin.
Epidemiology
Most cases are seen during the first 18 months of life and diagnosis in adulthood i...
Article
Hepatoblastoma histological classification
Although hepatoblastomas can be histologically classified into a variety of subtypes, it is important to remember that with the possible exception of small cell undifferentiated subtype, prognosis is independent of histology when adjusted for stage gender and age 1.
major categories
epithelial...
Article
Hepatoblastoma (staging)
As expected there are a number of different staging systems for hepatoblastoma.
Staging
PRETEXT grouping system of pediatric liver tumors
not specific to hepatoblastoma; used in all pediatric liver tumors
Intergroup staging system
specific for hepatoblastoma (see below)
Intergroup staging ...
Article
Hepatosplenomegaly
Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly).
Pathology
Etiology
Infection
Many, many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive!
vira...
Article
Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps syndrome
Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps (HANAC) syndrome is an autosomal dominant monogenic COL4A1-related disorder.
Epidemiology
The exact prevalence is unknown.
Clinical presentation
The cardinal features of HANAC syndrome are helpfully described in the name of...
Article
Hereditary connective tissue disease
Hereditary connective tissue diseases are an enlarging group of connective tissue diseases that have a degree of inheritance risk. They include:
Marfan syndrome: genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: progressive deterioration of collagen and affects joints, heart ...
Article
Hereditary hyperphosphatasia
Hereditary hyperphosphatasia, also known as juvenile Paget disease, is an autosomal recessive osteopathy due to osteoprotegerin deficiency which has a similar clinicoradiological presentation to adult Paget disease of bone.
Terminology
The term "hyperphosphatasia" has been used to describe a h...
Article
Hereditary multiple exostoses
Hereditary multiple exostoses, also known as diaphyseal aclasis or osteochondromatosis is an autosomal dominant condition, characterized by the development of multiple osteochondromas.
Epidemiology
Hereditary multiple exostoses demonstrate an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, with incomp...
Article
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) (also known as Minkowski-Chauffard disease 1) is a group of hemolytic anemias due to a genetic abnormality of the erythrocyte cell membrane resulting in spherocytes. The clinical spectrum is broad, from a subclinical state to severe transfusion-dependent anemia.
Ep...
Article
Hernia (general)
Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening.
The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...
Article
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Herpes simplex (HSV) encephalitis is the most common cause of fatal sporadic fulminant necrotizing viral encephalitis and has characteristic imaging findings.
Two subtypes are recognized which differ in demographics, virus, and pattern of involvement. They are 1:
neonatal herpes encephalitis
...
Article
Heterotaxy syndrome
Heterotaxy syndrome or situs ambiguus (also commonly, but etymologically less correctly, spelled situs ambiguous) is a disturbance in the usual left-right distribution of the thoracic and abdominal organs that does not entirely correspond to the complete mirror image (situs inversus).
It occurs...
Article
Hiccups
Hiccups (or hiccoughs), medical term singultus (rarely used), are an unpleasant phenomenon, experienced by everyone on occasion, and usually self-limiting. However the much rarer intractable chronic form can be extremely debilitating.
Epidemiology
Hiccups are a symptom that has probably been e...
Article
Hilgenreiner line
The Hilgenreiner line is a line drawn horizontally through the inferior aspect of both triradiate cartilages. It should be horizontal but is mainly used as a reference for the Perkin line and measurement of the acetabular angle.
This line with the other lines and angles are used in the diagnosi...
Article
Hindfoot valgus
Hindfoot valgus refers to malalignment of the hindfoot in which the mid-calcaneal axis is deviated away from the midline of the body.
On the DP view, this results in an increase in the angle between the mid-calcaneal axis and the mid-talar axis (talocalcaneal angle) 1.
Despite abduction of th...
Article
Hindfoot varus
Hindfoot varus describes a relatively varus position of the calcaneus which is adducted and rotated under the talus. This is best appreciated on a weightbearing DP foot radiograph as a relative reduction in the angle formed between the mid-talar and mid-calcaneal axes (the talocalcaneal angle).
...
Article
Hindfoot equinus
Hindfoot equinus describes abnormal plantarflexion (calcaneotibial angle >90°) of the foot that occurs in the hindfoot. It occurs in congenital talipes equinovarus and congenital vertical talus.
Article
Hip series
The hip series is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiograph of the hip joint. The series is requested for a myriad of reasons from trauma to atraumatic hip pain.
Indications
Hip radiographs are performed for a variety of indications including 1-3:
trauma
hip pain
abnormal...
Article
Hip (Von Rosen view)
The Von Rosen view also known as the abduction-internal rotation view (AIR view) is a radiographic projection of the hip that demonstrates the relationship between the femoral head and the acetabulum.
Indications
The von Rosen view is used in the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip...
Article
Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease is the most common cause of neonatal colonic obstruction (15-20%). It is commonly characterized by a short segment of colonic aganglionosis affecting term neonates, especially boys.
Epidemiology
Hirschsprung disease affects approximately 1:5000-8000 live births. In short ...
Article
Hoffa fat pad herniation
Hoffa fat pad herniation is defined as herniation of infrapatellar fat through a defect in the lateral retinaculum. It is an uncommon cause of an anterolateral knee mass often detected at the fully flexed knee 1.
Clinical presentation
Mainly occurs in preschool-aged and young children as a pai...
Article
Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare congenital brain malformation resulting from incomplete separation of the two hemispheres.
Classically three subtypes have been recognized, however additional entities are now included in the spectrum of the disease. The three main subtypes, in order of decreas...
Article
Homocystinuria
Homocystinuria is a rare congenital disorder of metabolism.
Clinical presentation
The disease may affect one or more of the systems below 1,2:
eye: ectopia lentis
CNS: seizures, dystonia, developmental delay
skeletal: scoliosis, pectus excavatum, long limbs
vascular: thromboembolism
Path...
Article
Hopkins syndrome
Hopkins syndrome is a rare poliomyelitis-like neurological syndrome that occurs following an episode of acute asthma.
Clinical presentation
It usually manifests as flaccid paralysis of one or more limbs, several days or weeks following an episode of acute asthma.
Pathology
The pathogenesis i...
Article
Humeral condyle fracture
Humeral condyle fractures represent fractures through the medial or lateral distal humeral condyles.
Article
Hunka classification of neonatal septic arthritis of the hip
Type I: Absent or minimal femoral head changes.
Type II:
A: deformity of the femoral head with intact physis.
B: deformity of the femoral head with premature physeal closure.
Type III: Pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck.
Type IV:
A:Complete destruction of the capital femoral epiphysis wit...
Article
Hunter syndrome
Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1.
Epidemiology
Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...
Article
Hurler syndrome
Hurler syndrome is one of the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS type I).
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ~1:100,000.
Clinical presentation
It manifests in the first years of life with intellectual disability, corneal clouding, deafness, and cardiac disease. Death usually occurs within the f...
Article
Hutchinson syndrome
Hutchinson syndrome is a seldom-used term to denote a syndromic presentation of children with skeletal metastases from neuroblastoma.
Terminology
Unfortunately, there is a lack of consensus in the definition with two descriptions most commonly encountered in the literature:
limping and irrita...
Article
Hybrid lesion (pediatric chest)
A hybrid lesion in pediatric chest radiology refers to a combination of a congenital pulmonary airways malformation (CPAM) and a pulmonary sequestration (most commonly extralobar). It falls under a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. Due to more sophisticated imaging, they are increas...
Article
Hydranencephaly
Hydranencephaly is a rare encephalopathy that occurs in-utero. It is characterized by destruction of the cerebral hemispheres which are transformed into a membranous sac containing cerebrospinal fluid and the remnants of cortex and white matter 1.
Porencephaly is considered a less severe degree...
Article
Hydrocele
Hydroceles are acquired or congenital serous fluid collections between the layers of the tunica vaginalis surrounding a testis or spermatic cord. They are the most common form of "testicular" enlargement and present with painless enlargement of the scrotum. On all modalities, hydroceles appear a...
Article
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a rare condition in female children caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck 1. The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending anterior to the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora 2. Incomplete oblite...
Article
Hydronephrosis (grading)
Grading systems of hydronephrosis have been devised to communicate the degree of upper collecting system dilatation. The most common system used (Society of Fetal Urology, SFU) was originally designed for grading neonatal and infant hydronephrosis:
grade 0
no dilatation, calyceal walls are app...
Article
Hypermobile lateral meniscus
The hypermobile lateral meniscus (HLM) is one of the causes of lateral knee pain and a locking sensation. In children the cause tends to be due to congenital absence of posterior capsular attachments, whilst in adults it is more likely traumatic.
Epidemiology
There is a bimodal age distributi...
Article
Hyperpyrexia
Hyperpyrexia is a term reserved for very high fevers and is usually only deemed to be present when the core body temperature is >41.5°C 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Very high fevers appear to be markedly deleterious for cognitive wellbeing, patients often being delirious and mentally impaired wi...
Article
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (ultrasound measurements mnemonic)
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can be characterized on ultrasound by the measurements of the hypertrophic muscle. Although the criteria can vary from publication to publication, an easy way to keep in mind the values is using a mnemonic which relies upon remembering the first digits of the number...
Article
Hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia is defined as elevated levels of uric acid (≥7 mg/dL) in the blood and may be caused by either urate overproduction or underexcretion.
Clinical presentation
Patients with hyperuricemia may be asymptomatic or have symptoms and signs relating to one of the complications of hyperuri...
Article
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis A results from an excess of vitamin A. It usually manifests in children, and one recognized cause is administration from 13-cis retinoic acid for treatment of cancers such as neuroblastoma.
Clinical presentation
Manifestations can differ depending on whether it is an acute or ...
Article
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC)
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) is a rare neurodegenerative hypomyelinating disease of infancy and childhood.
Epidemiology
Due to the small number of reported cases, detailed epidemiological data is unavailable. The age of onset is usually within the f...
Article
Hypophosphatasia
Hypophosphatasia refers to a rare metabolic disorder characterized by deficient serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The effects of hypophosphatasia are primarily seen in the skeletal system. The condition has marked variation in clinical expression (see subtypes).
Epidemiology
The true incide...
Article
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a cyanotic congenital cardiac anomaly where affected individuals can have profound cyanosis and cardiac failure.
It is one of the commonest causes for a neonate to present with congestive cardiac failure and the 4th most frequent cardiac anomaly to mani...
Article
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is a congenital cardiac anomaly. It is characterized by an underdeveloped right side of the heart, including the right ventricle, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and pulmonary arteries.
Epidemiology
It may be present in around 1.1% of stillbirths and is rarer...
Article
Hypospadias
Hypospadias refers to a type of congenital malformation affecting the male external genitalia.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is ~2 (range 0.2-4.1) per 1000 live births.
Pathology
The urethral meatus is abnormally positioned proximally and ventrally to its normal position.
It is thou...
Article
Hypovitaminosis A
Hypovitaminosis A results from inadequate intake of vitamin A, fat malabsorption, or liver disorders and produces a variety of epithelial alterations.
Epidemiology
The World Health Organization currently estimates that 45-122 countries have a vitamin A deficiency of public health significance ...
Article
Hypovitaminosis C (scurvy)
Scurvy is a condition caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), hence is also called hypovitaminosis C, and is characterized by an increased bleeding tendency and impaired collagen synthesis resulting in osteoporosis and impaired wound healing.
Epidemiology
Scurvy in adults is rar...
Article
Hypovitaminosis E
Hypovitaminosis E is well-recognized but rare. It is usually due to the malabsorption of vitamin E, e.g. cystic fibrosis or pancreatic failure. It manifests as dysfunction of the CNS, characteristically presenting with a tremor and ataxia. Tendon reflexes are often absent.
Clinically and radiol...
Article
IgA vasculitis
IgA vasculitis (formerly known as Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)) is a type of non-thrombocytopenic immune-mediated small vessel acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
In order to differentiate from other types of vasculitides, the four commonly adopted diagnostic criteria by the American College o...
Article
Ileal atresia
Ileal atresia is a congenital abnormality where there is significant stenosis or complete absence of a portion of the ileum. There is an increased incidence in those with chromosomal abnormalities.
This article will focus on ileal atresia alone but bear in mind that some cases correspond to jej...
Article
Imperforate hymen
Imperforate hymen is a congenital condition in which the hymen lacks a normal opening.
Epidemiology
It happens in 0.1% of the female population, usually an isolated finding.
Clinical presentation
Primary amenorrhea with cyclic lower abdominal pain during menarche age. An imperforate hymen c...
Article
Incarcerated
Incarcerated (also referred to as irreducible) is used to describe herniae, in which their contents are unable to pass back through the hernial opening to their anatomical site of origin.
Incarceration is a risk factor for bowel obstruction and strangulation, and therefore usually necessitates...
Article
Inclusion body fibromatosis
Inclusion body fibromatosis is a superficial benign myofibroblastic tumor characterized by eosinophilic intracytoplasmatic inclusions, which is typically seen in infancy and features a propensity for local recurrence.
Terminology
Acceptable alternative terms include infantile digital fibroma o...
Article
Incomplete fracture
Incomplete fractures are a heterogeneous group of fractures that predominantly occur in the long bones of pediatric patients. Rang 1 describes a continuum of fractures that occur with increasing longitudinal force applied along the length of the bone. At the point where force exceeds the structu...
Article
Incomplete hippocampal inversion
Incomplete hippocampal inversion describes the situation where the normal inversion of the hippocampus fails to happen during development.
Terminology
Incomplete hippocampal inversion is the most correct description of this finding. Hippocampal malrotation is a term used by some authors 1 alth...
Article
Increased bone age
A generalized acceleration in bone maturation can result from a number of etiological factors. They include:
endocrine disorders
idiopathic isosexual precocious puberty
hypothalamic or parathalamic lesion with sexual precocity: e.g.
craniopharyngioma
astrocytoma
hypothalamic hamartoma
hyp...
Article
Infantile cervical ligament edema
Infantile cervical ligament edema can typically be seen when infants have suffered accidental or abusive head and neck trauma. The finding is best seen on sagittal STIR images.
Terminology
The posterior ligamentous complex refers to the ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligaments. The anterio...
Article
Infantile fibrosarcoma
Infantile fibrosarcomas are locally aggressive rarely metastasizing fibroblastic tumors found in the pediatric population.
Terminology
Other acceptable terms include congenital fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma-like tumor, cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma 1.
Epidemiology
Infantile...
Article
Infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung
Infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung, also known as primary bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma, is a very rare spindle-cell tumor.
Epidemiology
More than 80% of cases are reported to occur within the 1st year of life. There is a slight predominance in male infants 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Patient...
Article
Infantile hemangioma
Infantile hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that are the most common head and neck tumors of infancy. They can occur virtually anywhere, but the majority are found in the head and neck regions.
This article aims to be a generic discussion of the condition, for detailed and more specific...
Article
Infantile hepatic hemangioma
Infantile hepatic hemangiomas (IHH) are liver lesions composed of large endothelial-lined vascular channels seen in fetuses and neonates. Not to be confused with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, which occurs in older patients.
Terminology
These benign tumors were previously referred t...
Article
Infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is the term for infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The infection classically occurs in teenagers and young adults, hence its other name kissing disease. It is usually a clinical diagnosis, with confirmation by serum testing, but may ...
Article
Ingested foreign bodies in children
Ingested foreign bodies in children are common as the world is a curious place to young children, who will put anything and everything into their mouth, and will often inadvertently swallow.
The usual practice is for plain films of the chest and/or abdomen to identify a foreign body.
Epidemio...
Article
Inguinal lymph nodes
The inguinal lymph nodes (often shortened to the inguinal nodes) are a major group of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system. They are the major drainage pathway of the lower limbs, genitals, dorsal perineum and the inferior most aspect of the anterior abdominal wall. Inguinal lymph nodes larger th...
Article
Innominate artery compression syndrome
Innominate artery compression syndrome, also known as brachiocephalic artery compression syndrome, is a rare cause of tracheal stenosis that occurs in the pediatric population.
Radiographic features
The brachiocephalic artery usually takes its origin to the left of the trachea. The artery subs...
Article
Interatrial septal aneurysm
Interatrial septal aneurysm or atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is defined as an abnormal protrusion of the interatrial septum. The exact length of the protrusion that defines an interatrial septal aneurysm varies in the literature, ranging from >11 mm to >15 mm beyond normal excursion in adults 4,5...
Article
Interrupted aortic arch
Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is a separation between the ascending and descending aorta. It can either be complete or connected by a remnant fibrous band. An accompanying large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or patent ductus arte...
Article
Intestinal failure
Intestinal failure is when a patient's native bowel is unable to digest and absorb the food, electrolytes, and fluids needed for normal growth and development.
Clinical presentation
This often includes intractable diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and malnutrition.
P...
Article
Intestinal malrotation
Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anatomical anomaly that results from an abnormal rotation of the gut as it returns to the abdominal cavity during embryogenesis.
Although some individuals live their entire life with malrotated bowel without symptoms, the abnormality does predispose to mid...
Article
Intestinal nonrotation
Intestinal nonrotation is a congenital anomaly of the intestines that results in the small bowel occupying the right side of the peritoneal cavity and the colon predominantly on the left.
It is sometimes thought of as a subtype of intestinal malrotation.
Epidemiology
Nonrotation is estimated ...
Article
Intra-abdominal calcification (neonatal)
Intra-abdominal calcification in a neonate can be caused by a number of pathologies that cause calcification within the peritoneal space or within organs.
Pathology
Etiology
Meconium peritonitis
The commonest cause is meconium peritonitis which is the result of aseptic peritonitis secondary ...
Article
Intracranial cystic lesions in the perinatal period
Intracranial cystic lesions in the perinatal period can carry a relatively wide differential which includes:
Supratentorial cystic lesions
cysts
arachnoid cyst
choroid plexus cyst
connatal cyst
holoprosencephaly
multicystic encephalomalacia
periventricular leukomalacia
porencephalic cys...
Article
Intracranial teratoma
Intracranial teratomas are uncommon intracranial neoplasms, which can have a bewildering variety of components and thus a wide range of appearances. They can be divided into two broad categories, intra- and extra-axial, which differ in epidemiology and clinical presentation. Another method of cl...
Article
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification describes the process of ossification from mesenchymal cells (stem cells) without a cartilaginous template and is involved in the healing process of fractures. The stages of intramembranous ossification osteogenesis are as follows:
mesenchymal cells differentiate in...
Article
Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn
Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn is a distinct entity and considered separately from intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in adults.
In neonates, IVH is the result of germinal matrix hemorrhage, which ruptures through the ependymal lining and into the lateral ventricles.
Other causes of...
Article
Intussusception
Intussusception occurs when one segment of bowel is pulled into itself or a neighboring loop of the bowel by peristalsis. It is an important cause of an acute abdomen in children and merits timely ultrasound examination and reduction to preclude significant sequelae including bowel necrosis. Whe...
Article
Intussusception reduction
Intussusception reduction is a procedure performed in pediatric patients who have an ileocolic intussusception.
There are several ways that reduction can be achieved radiologically:
air-reduction under fluoroscopic guidance
hydrostatic-reduction under fluoroscopic guidance
physical reduction...
Article
Ischiopubic synchondrosis asymmetry
Ischiopubic synchondrosis asymmetry (also known as van Neck-Odelberg disease) is characteristic enlargement of one of the ischiopubic synchondroses. It is largely considered an anatomic variant of skeletal developmental, given that it is a common and usually asymptomatic finding.
However, some ...
Article
Isolated greater trochanteric fracture
Greater trochanteric fractures generally result from forceful muscle contraction of a fixed limb, which usually occurs in those who are young and physically active. It can also be caused by direct trauma.
Epidemiology
Generally, isolated trochanteric fractures are seen more so in young, active...
Article
Isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia
Isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia (IIVH), also referred as part of Dandy-Walker variant (DWV), is a congenital malformation characterized by partial absence of the inferior portion of the cerebellar vermis.
Terminology
The term Dandy-Walker variant was created to include those malformations...
Article
Isomerism
Isomerism is a term which in general means 'mirror-image' and refers to finding normally-asymmetric bilateral structures to be similar. It is used in the context of heterotaxy and is of two types:
left isomerism
right isomerism
Left isomerism
Mirror image of the structures on the left side o...
Article
Jacobsen syndrome
Jacobsen syndrome (also known as the chromosome 11q deletion syndrome) is a rare chromosomal anomaly that results from deletion of the terminal region of chromosome 11. It results in intellectual disabilities, a distinctive facial appearance and a variety of physical problems including heart def...
Article
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
The Jarcho-Levin syndrome (JLS) or spondylothoracic dysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive heterogeneous disorder that can occur with variable severity. Previously the condition spondylocostal dysostosis was also considered as part of the JLS spectrum but is now considered a distinct pathologi...
Article
Jejunal atresia
Jejunal atresia is a congenital anomaly characterized by obliteration of the lumen of the jejunum. The site of the atresia can be anywhere from the ligament of Treitz to the jejunoileal junction. There can be more than one atretic segment.
This article will focus on jejunal atresia alone but be...