Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,249 results found
Article
Macrodystrophia lipomatosa
Macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a rare form of localized gigantism, and many terms have been used interchangeably, with resulting confusion. They include macrodactyly, megalodactyly, digital gigantism, macromelia, partial acromegaly, macrosomia, and limited gigantism 3.
It is worth noting that ma...
Article
Macroglossia
Macroglossia means an enlarged tongue. It may be absolute (greater than the 95th centile) or relative (enlarged compared with oral cavity).
Pathology
Associations
Recognized associations include:
chromosomal anomalies
Down syndrome
tends to be a relative macroglossia
may also have intermi...
Article
Madelung deformity
Madelung deformity refers to bowing of the radial shaft with increased interosseous space and dorsal subluxation of the distal radioulnar joint. This deformity is due to premature closure or defective development of the ulnar third of the distal epiphysis of the radius.
Madelung deformity can b...
Article
Mainzer-Saldino syndrome
Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (also known as conorenal syndrome (CRS)) is a rare condition and is one of the ciliopathies. It is due to mutations in the IFT140 gene, whose protein product is one of the six parts of the intraflagellar transport complex A.
The syndrome's key characteristics are:
phal...
Article
Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries
Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) are persistent tortuous fetal arteries that arise from the descending aorta and supply blood to pulmonary arteries in the lungs usually at the posterior aspect of hilum.
Pathology
Embryologically, the intersegmental arteries regress with the no...
Article
Malignant liver tumors (pediatric)
Pediatric malignant liver tumors are rare, some of which occur only in children but that are similar to those that occur in adults.
Epidemiology
Malignant liver tumors account for ~1% of pediatric malignancies 2.
Pathology
Broadly, any malignant liver mass can be defined as a metastasis or p...
Article
Mammalian target of rapamycin
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as mechanistic target of rapamycin, are two proteins that are involved in cell signaling pathways implicated in tumorigenesis.
The mTOR proteins are serine/threonine protein kinases that combine with several other proteins to form two large c...
Article
Maple syrup urine disease
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a very rare metabolic disorder. It is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, which classically affects the brain tissue resulting in impairment or death if untreated.
Epidemiology
MSUD occurs in 1 in 185,000 births 9.
Clinical presentation
It usually ma...
Article
Marshall-Smith syndrome
Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS) is a rare genetic syndrome primarily comprising the triad of facial dysmorphism, failure to thrive and accelerated osseous maturation 5. Many cases, however, have a wider clinical spectrum.
Clinical presentation
general
fetal macrosomia
failure to thrive
skelet...
Article
Mastoid fontanelle
The mastoid or posterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid sutures. Each mastoid fontanelle persists until the second year of life, after which it is known as the asterion. It can be used ...
Article
Mauclaire disease
Mauclaire disease, also known as Dietrich disease, is a rare disease and refers to osteonecrosis of the metacarpal heads, which usually appears between ages of 13 and 18 years 1,2. This condition may lead to early closure of epiphyseal growth plate and growth disturbance of the involved finger.
...
Article
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH), also known as Müllerian agenesis, is a congenital anomaly characterized by vaginal agenesis associated with, in the majority of cases, a spectrum of other genitourinary tract abnormalities. MRKH syndrome belongs to class I Mullerian duct anomalies....
Article
McKusick Kaufman syndrome
McKusick Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome primarily characterized by
hydrometrocolpos - vaginal atresia
post-axial polydactyly
congenital heart disease
Article
Measles
Measles (also known as rubeola) is a highly contagious infection caused by the measles virus.
Epidemiology
The measles vaccine, first introduced in 1963, has significantly reduced the incidences of measles. However, it remains endemic in countries with low vaccination rates 1. Worldwide, it is...
Article
Meckel diverticulum
Meckel diverticulum is a congenital intestinal diverticulum due to fibrous degeneration of the umbilical end of the omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct that occurs around the distal ileum. It is considered the most common structural congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Meckel-Gruber syndrome
Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MGS) is classically characterized by the triad of:
renal cystic dysplasia: multiple renal cysts (present most cases)
occipital encephalocoele/holoprosencephaly (~70%)
postaxial polydactyly: usually hexadactyly (~65%)
Additional hepatic developmental defects and hepati...
Article
Meconium aspiration
Meconium aspiration occurs secondary to intrapartum or intrauterine aspiration of meconium, usually in the setting of fetal distress, often in term or post-term infants.
Epidemiology
Up to 10-15% of live births after 34 weeks can present with meconium stained fluid but only 1-5% of neonates de...
Article
Meconium ileus
Meconium ileus refers to a neonatal bowel obstruction of the distal ileum due to abnormally thick and impacted meconium. Unlike in the meconium plug syndrome, the meconium is abnormal in consistency.
Epidemiology
Meconium ileus is more common in white populations and affects both sexes almost ...
Article
Meconium peritonitis
Meconium peritonitis refers to a sterile chemical peritonitis due to intra-uterine bowel perforation and spillage of fetal meconium into the fetal peritoneal cavity. It is a common cause of peritoneal calcification.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is at ~1 in 35,000.
Pathology
The eti...
Article
Meconium plug syndrome
Meconium plug syndrome refers to a functional colonic obstruction in a newborn due to an obstructing meconium plug. It is usually transient and affects the left colon with meconium plugging the bowel distal to this segment. In this situation, it is also termed the small left colon syndrome.
Pat...
Article
Meconium pseudocyst
Meconium pseudocyst formation is a complication that can occur with meconium peritonitis.
Pathology
It occurs when the extruded meconium becomes walled off within the peritoneal space.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
May be seen as a rim calcified mass within the abdomen.
Antenatal ...
Article
Medial epicondyle fracture
Medial epicondyle fractures represent almost all epicondyle fractures and occur when there is avulsion of the medial epicondyle. They are typically seen in children, and can be challenging to identify. Failure to diagnose these injuries can lead to significant long term disability.
Epidemiolog...
Article
Medial pneumothorax
Medial pneumothorax refers to the abnormal collection of air on medial aspect of the pleural cavity. This occurs when the quantity of air is small.
Radiographic features
Chest radiograph (supine)
Seen as a linear lucent area along the medial aspect of lung at the interface of the pleural surf...
Article
Medial stripe sign
The medial stripe sign refers to an area of increased lucency at the interface of the medial lung and the mediastinum on a chest radiograph in a case of medial pneumothorax. A small pneumothorax generally accumulates anteriorly or medially which may be difficult to detect, hence this sign holds ...
Article
Medullary cystic disease complex
Medullary cystic disease complex belongs to group of pediatric cystic renal diseases characterized by progressive tubular atrophy with glomerulosclerosis (chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis) and multiple small medullary cysts.
Epidemiology
There is no recognized gender predilection
Clinica...
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. They most commonly present as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the ...
Article
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease, refers to a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by diffuse subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated with white matter cystic degeneration.
Epidemiology
The age at symptoms m...
Article
Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
Megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) syndrome, also known as macrocephaly-capillary malformation syndrome, is a rare and well described genetic disorder caused by somatic mutations in the PIK3CA gene on chromosome 3q26 and characterized by early brain overgrowth and body morphogenesis an...
Article
Megalocornea
Megalocornea is a rare bilateral congenital ocular defect characterized by a corneal diameter of more than 13 mm with the deep anterior chamber and normal intraocular pressure 1-3.
Epidemiology
Megalcornea is associated with Chordin-like 1 (CHRDL1) gene mutation 1,2. It is associated with mult...
Article
MEGDEL syndrome
MEGDEL syndrome (3-MEthylGlutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome) is a recently described syndrome with infantile onset. These patients typically initially receive a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome, based on clinical and biochemical features and an abnormal basal ganglia s...
Article
Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare pigmented tumor that primarily affects the calvaria or facial skeleton of children, typically during infancy. It is usually a benign tumor, albeit locally aggressive.
Epidemiology
Most cases are diagnosed during infancy, usually withi...
Article
Mendosal suture
The mendosal suture (also known as the accessory occipital suture) is a normal calvarial suture.
Gross anatomy
The suture extends through the occipital bone, lying superior to the occipitomastoid suture and inferomedial to the lambdoid suture. It closes in utero or in the first few days of lif...
Article
Meningocele
Meningoceles are protrusions of the meninges through a defect or weak point in the skull or spine, usually involving the soft tissues beneath the surface of the skin. They are typically categorized into congenital, iatrogenic (e.g. following a craniotomy, sinus surgery, or as a laminectomy compl...
Article
Menkes disease
Menkes disease, also known as trichopoliodystrophy or kinky hair kinky vessel syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder that results in a derangement in copper handling. It results in low copper levels and subsequently, deficiency in copper-dependent mitochondrial enzymes.
Epidemiology
Menk...
Article
Mercedes Benz craniosynostosis syndrome
Mercedes Benz pattern craniosynostosis also known as pure bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis (BLSS) is a pattern of craniosynostosis. 1-2
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at around 0.3 - 0.7 % 3.
Clinical presentation
Cognitive function is grossly normal. Dolichocephalic head...
Article
Mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall
A mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall is a very rare benign chest wall tumor. It is sometimes classified as a non-neoplastic developmental anomaly rather than a tumor.
Epidemiology
They typically present in neonates or infants 1-3.
Clinical presentation
Many present with a chest wall mas...
Article
Mesenteric adenitis
Mesenteric adenitis (rare plural: adenitides) (less commonly called mesenteric lymphadenitis (rare plural: lymphadenitides)) is a self-limiting inflammatory process that affects the mesenteric lymph nodes in the right lower quadrant and is clinically often thought initially to be acute appendici...
Article
Mesomelia
Mesomelia refers to a shortening of the middle (intermediate) portion of a limb.
Pathology
Associations
mesomelia-synostoses syndrome (MSS) or mesomelic dysplasia with acral synostoses1
Ellis van-Creveld syndrome 2
Robinow syndrome
See also
rhizomelia
Article
Metachondromatosis
Metachondromatosis refers to the rare combination of:
multiple enchondromatosis (Ollier disease) and
osteochondromatosis (diaphyseal aclasis)
In contrast to enchondromatosis alone, metachondromatosis carries an autosomal dominant inheritance.
Radiographic features
Characterized by the pre...
Article
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is the most common hereditary (autosomal recessive) leukodystrophy and is one of the lysosomal storage disorders. It has characteristic imaging features including peri-atrial and to a lesser extent frontal horns leukodystrophy as well as periventricular periven...
Article
Metaphyseal blanch sign
The metaphyseal blanch sign (or metaphyseal blanch sign of Steel) is one of the signs seen on AP views of the adolescent hip indicating posterior displacement of the capital epiphysis.
It is a crescent-shaped area of increased density, that overlies the metaphysis adjacent to the physis on the ...
Article
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (also known as metaphyseal dysplasia or dysostosis) is a type of skeletal dysplasia.
Pathology
Classification
Schmid type - mild type, due to mutation in type X collagen (COL10A1 gene), metaphyses are cupped resembling rickets
Pena and Vaandrager type - intermedi...
Article
Metaphyseal corner fracture
Metaphyseal corner fractures, also known as classical metaphyseal lesions (CML) or bucket handle fractures, are observed in young children, less than 2 years old. It is suggestive of non-accidental injury (NAI).
Epidemiology
This injury is not only the fracture most specific for NAI, it is al...
Article
Metaphyseal dysplasia
Metaphyseal dysplasia (also known as Pyle disease, metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, metaphyseal dysostosis) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by flaring of the ends of long bones with relative constriction and sclerosis of the diaphysis and mild cranial sclerosis. It is one of th...
Article
Meyer dysplasia
Meyer dysplasia (also known as dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris) is a fragmentation and delayed ossification of the femoral capital epiphyses that affects the pediatric hips. It is considered more of a normal hip developmental variation rather than a true dysplasia. It can be bilateral in ...
Article
MIBG
MIBG scan is a scintigraphic study that uses metaiodobenzylguanidine, norepinephrine analog, labeled to iodine-123 or iodine-131. It is indicated in the investigation of pheochromocytoma.
MIBG is positive in:
neuroblastoma
olfactory neuroblastoma 1
carcinoid tumor 4
paraganglioma
pheochrom...
Article
Microcephaly
Microcephaly (plural: microcephalies) is a descriptive term meaning a small head and is associated with numerous disorders of diverse etiology. It is usually associated with microencephaly (plural: microencephalies) (small brain). For the purpose of this article, the two will be used interchang...
Article
Microgallbladder
Microgallbladder is a common abdominal manifestation of cystic fibrosis. It defines a gallbladder that has a length less than 2-3 cm and a width less than 0.5-1.5 cm on sonographic evaluation 1.
Epidemiology
The incidence of microgallbladder varies considerably in the literature, however most ...
Article
Micrognathia
The term micrognathia describes a small mandible.
Epidemiology
Associations
Micrognathia is associated with a vast array of other congenital anomalies which include:
aneuploidic syndromic
trisomy 9 4
trisomy 13
trisomy 18
non-aneuploidic syndromic
arterial tortuosity syndrome
Fryns sy...
Article
Midaortic syndrome
Midaortic syndrome is an uncommon entity affecting children and young adults. It is characterized by progressive narrowing of the abdominal aorta and its major branches.
Clinical presentation
The onset of symptoms is usually during childhood or young adulthood 2:
hypertension (most common)
i...
Article
Midface anomalies in children
Midface anomalies (craniofacial syndromes ) in children include
Apert syndrome
Crouzon syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
Roberts syndrome
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
Noack syndrome
Jackson-Weiss syndrome
Carpenter syndrome
Lowr...
Article
Midgut volvulus
Midgut volvulus is a complication of malrotated bowel. It may result in proximal bowel obstruction with resultant ischemia if prompt treatment is not instigated.
Epidemiology
A midgut volvulus of malrotated bowel can potentially occur at any age but in approximately 75% of cases occur within a...
Article
Miller-Dieker syndrome
Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) or is a rare chromosomal anomaly and is one of the conditions considered part of lissencephaly type I (classic) 6. It is the form of lissencephaly that is most recognizable on prenatal imaging due to its severity 5.
Clinical presentation
Features include:
CNS
ne...
Article
Mineralizing microangiopathy
Mineralizing microangiopathy is a condition characterized by parenchymal cerebral calcifications and is usually seen in children as a complication of cranial radiotherapy and chemotherapy 1,2.
Radiographic features
Mineralizing microangiopathy can affect the brain widely, with typical sites in...
Article
M-line of Cremin
M-line of Cremin is an imaginary line that can be used to determine the level at which the blind pouch ends in anal atresia, determining whether the anal atresia is a high or a low type.
The line is drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the ischium on the lateral view and passes through the j...
Article
Möbius syndrome
Möbius syndrome, also known as congenital facial diplegia syndrome, is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the nuclei of the abducens (CN VI) and facial nerve (CN VII).
Epidemiology
Möbius syndrome is rare with an estimated incidence of ~1 case per 1...
Article
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MCD or MOCD) is a very rare, lethal, genetic condition caused by a loss of function of molybdenum-dependent enzymes, manifesting as severe and rapid neurological deterioration. On imaging it mimics hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
Epidemiology
Less than 150 repo...
Article
Monteggia fracture-dislocation
Monteggia fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the ulnar shaft with concomitant dislocation of the radial head. The ulnar fracture is usually obvious, whereas the radial head dislocation can be overlooked, with potentially serious functional and medico-legal ramifications.
Mechanism
...
Article
Morgagni hernia
Morgagni hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are one of the congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs), and are characterized by herniation through the foramen of Morgagni. When compared to Bochdalek hernias, Morgagni hernias tend to be:
anterior
more often right-sided (~90%)
small
rare (~2% ...
Article
Morquio syndrome
Morquio syndrome (in older literature it is sometimes called Morquio-Brailsford syndrome) is an autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IV.
Epidemiology
Incidence estimated at ~1:40,000.
Clinical presentation
Many cases present at ~2 years of age and have normal intelligence. Cl...
Article
Moyamoya disease
Moyamoya disease is an idiopathic, non-inflammatory, non-atherosclerotic progressive vasculo-occlusive disease involving the terminal supraclinoid internal carotid arteries and circle of Willis.
Terminology
The term moyamoya disease should be reserved for an idiopathic, sometimes familial, c...
Article
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a group of hereditary disorders, one of a number of lysosomal storage disorders, having in common an excessive accumulation of mucopolysaccharides secondary to deficiencies in specific enzymes (lysosomal hydrolases) responsible for degradation of mucopolysa...
Article
Multicentric carpal tarsal osteolysis
Multicentric carpal tarsal osteolysis is a rare skeletal disorder which is characterized by progressive osteolysis of the carpal, metacarpal and tarsal bones. It usually presents in early childhood with progressive pain and stiffness of the wrist, feet and elbow, clinically mimicking juvenile rh...
Article
Multicentric ossification
Multicentric ossification refers to normal, or variant of normal, ossification at more than one site within a single epiphysis or apophysis. It is important to be aware of common sites where multicentric ossification may occur, to avoid confusion with fracture, apophysitis and other entities.
t...
Article
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a type of non-heritable pediatric cystic renal disease. It results in multiple cysts being formed in utero in the affected kidney.
Epidemiology
Unilateral incidence is estimated at 1:2500-4000. There may be a predisposition for the left kidney, a slightl...
Article
Multicystic encephalomalacia
Multicystic encephalomalacia corresponds to a variant of encephalomalacia commonly seen in neonates in which numerous loculated lacy pseudocysts within the white matter and cortex are present as a result of an extensive brain insult.
Pathology
It is a common feature observed in the neonatal h...
Article
Multiple pterygium syndrome
The multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) refers to a group of syndromes which are collectively characterized by multiple soft tissue webs (or pterygia) across the neck and various joints.
They can be broadly classified into two main groups
lethal multiple pterygium syndrome
non-lethal multiple p...
Article
Multiple synostoses syndrome
Multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS), proximal symphalangism (SYM), tarsal-carpal coalition (TCC) syndrome, stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes (SABTT), and brachydactyly B2 (BDB2) are overlapping autosomal dominant conditions united by typically displaying ankylosis of the proximal inter...
Article
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome is an emerging pediatric disease occurring after prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and is therefore strongly associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Clinical presentation
MIS-C is typically de...
Article
Muscle-eye-brain disease
Muscle-eye-brain disease, a part of the spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A3; MDDGA3), is a congenital muscular dystrophy with associated progressive eye and brain abnormalities.
Clinical presentation
There is severe intellectual di...
Article
Mushroom sign (pyloric stenosis)
The mushroom sign (also called umbrella sign) is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis on barium examination.
This sign refers to the impression made by the hypertrophic pylorus on the duodenal cap.
See also
shoulder sign
double track sign
caterpillar sign
string sign
beak sign
Article
Mustard repair
The Mustard repair is a technique to correct transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and involves:
resection of atrial septum
creation of an atrial baffle with a prosthetic material usually. 1,2
Rationale
Transposition of the great arteries involves a discordance between the ventricles a...
Article
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a complex organic disorder, characterized by profound fatigue and associated marked impairment of both physical and mental functioning. Its underlying etiology is undetermined and a curative treatment remains elusive.
Terminology
...
Article
Myeloid sarcoma
Myeloid sarcomas, also called granulocytic sarcomas, chloromas, or extramedullary myeloid tumors, are rare extramedullary masses comprised of myeloid precursor cells. These tumors represent a unique presentation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), whether in isolation to, preceding, or simultaneous...
Article
Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF)
Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF) is a rare, multisystem mitochondrial disorder.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present in late adolescence or early adulthood with 1-3
myoclonus
epilepsy
cerebellar ataxia
intellectual disability
vision and/or hearing loss
cardiom...
Article
Myofibroma
Myofibromas are benign neoplasms of soft tissues of myofibroblastic differentiation.
Terminology
'Myofibroma' is used for solitary lesions and 'myofibromatosis' for multicentric lesions.
Epidemiology
Myofibromas can occur at any age, but most predominantly occur in infants and young childre...
Article
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is one of the more important compounds assessed on MR spectroscopy, and resonates at 2.0 ppm chemical shift (its concentration in healthy adults is 8-10 mM) 1. The synthesis of NAA, adenosine diphosphate-dependent, occurs in the neuronal mitochondria 2.
NAA is the acetyl...
Article
Nail-patella syndrome
Nail-patella syndrome (also known as Fong disease, osteo-onychodysostosis, Österreicher-Turner syndrome 10, Turner-Kieser syndrome, and Trauner-Rieger syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant condition which results from symmetrical mesodermal and ectodermal abnormalities.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Nasal encephalocele
Nasal encephaloceles are in most cases a form of neural tube defect particularly common in Southeast Asia. There is herniation of cranial content through a bony defect in the anterior skull base into the nasal area.
The term is variably used but generally encompasses both frontoethmoidal enceph...
Article
Nasal glioma
Nasal gliomas, also known as nasal glial heterotopia, are a rare congenital lesion composed of dysplastic glial cells which have lost their intracranial connections and present as an extranasal or intranasal mass.
Epidemiology
Nasal gliomas are rare congenital lesions. These masses occur spor...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal condition in premature neonates. It is characterized by inflammation, ischemia, and permeability of the neonatal bowel wall to bacteria. It is potentially life-threatening with significant associated morbidity 1.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis (staging)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can be staged into three groups, to guide appropriate treatment based on the work of Bell et al. 1. In general, stage I and II are managed medically whereas stage III is managed surgically.
stage I
clinical signs
lethargy, temperature instability, apnea, bradyc...
Article
Necrotizing pneumonia
Necrotizing pneumonia refers to pneumonia characterized by the development of the necrosis within infected lung tissue.
Terminology
While the term has sometimes been used synonymously with cavitating pneumonia in some publications 2, not all necrotizing pulmonary infections may be complicated ...
Article
Neonatal abdominal radiograph (supine view)
AP supine radiograph for neonates is a mobile examination performed on the neonatal unit. It can be taken as a standalone projection or as part of a series including a left lateral decubitus x-ray in cases of suspected perforation.
Patient position
the patient is supine, lying on their back i...
Article
Neonatal appendicitis
Neonatal appendicitis is rare, presumably in part due to the short funnel shape of the appendix at that age. Symptoms are non-specific and may mimic necrotizing enterocolitis.
Article
Neonatal bilious vomiting
Neonatal bilious vomiting has a relatively narrow differential - those conditions that cause intestinal obstruction, but do so distal to the ampulla of Vater. As such, the list includes:
malrotation with midgut volvulus
duodenal atresia
jejunoileal atresia
meconium ileus
necrotizing entero...
Article
Neonatal chest radiograph in the exam setting
The neonatal chest radiograph in the exam setting may strike fear into the heart of many radiology registrars, but it need not!
There are only a limited number of diagnoses that will be presented on such films and they are often highlighted by the history.
Gestation
First of all, have a look ...
Article
Neonatal encephalopathy
Neonatal encephalopathy is a clinical syndrome referring to signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function in the first few days of life in a neonate born at or beyond 35 weeks of gestation. It is described as difficulty with initiating and maintaining respiration, depression of tone and r...
Article
Neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis
Neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis is caused by vertical transmission of infection during passage from birth canal with diffuse cerebral involvement within the first month after birth; in contrast to adult herpes simplex encephalitis, it is commonly related to HSV-2.
Epidemiology
The incide...
Article
Neonatal hydronephrosis
Neonatal hydronephrosis is most commonly diagnosed antenatally as fetal pylectasis, and in the majority of cases is due to pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction.
Pathology
Etiology
pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction (50% of cases 1,6)
vesicoureteric reflux (~20% of cases 5)
pos...
Article
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the result of a global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a term neonate, usually after asphyxia.
Terminology
It is important to remember that neonatal encephalopathy may result from a variety of conditions and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is th...
Article
Neonatal mastitis
Neonatal mastitis is rare and refers to infection of the breast tissue occurring in a neonate.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with unilateral breast erythema and pain sometimes with associated nipple discharge and lymphadenopathy. It usually occurs in patients under five weeks of a...
Article
Neonatal neuroblastoma
Neonatal neuroblastoma is a type of congenital neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system. In the majority of cases (45%), the tumor is localized in the adrenal gland.
Epidemiology
Neonatal neuroblastoma accounts for less than 5% of all cases and carries a f...