Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,233 results found
Article
Griesinger sign (mastoid)
The Griesinger sign refers to edema of the postauricular soft tissues overlying the mastoid process as a result of thrombosis of the mastoid emissary vein. It is a complication of acute otomastoiditis and may be associated with dural sinus occlusive disease (DSOD). It is said to be a pathognomon...
Article
Griffiths point
The Griffiths point, also known as Griffiths critical point, refers to the site of watershed anastomosis between the ascending left colic artery and the marginal artery of Drummond occurring in the region of the splenic flexure. Most anatomy texts describe the location as two-thirds along the tr...
Article
Hemangioendothelioma
A hemangioendothelioma is a tumor derived from blood vessels.
Pathology
Subtypes
Subtypes dependent on location include
hemangioendothelioma (MSK)
hemangioendothelioma of liver
See also
epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
Article
Hemangioma
Hemangiomas are benign tumors of vascular origin usually seen in early childhood, divided into:
infantile hemangiomas
congenital hemangiomas
Terminology
Unfortunately, the term hemangioma has been widely misused to apply to many non-neoplastic vascular malformations, particularly the common ...
Article
Hemangiopericytoma
Hemangiopericytoma is a term formerly used to describe a continuum of mesenchymal tumors with elevated cellularity found throughout the body in soft tissue and bone. After many years of controversy, hemangiopericytomas have been shown to not only share histological features similar to solitary f...
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Hemangiopericytoma of the spleen
Hemangiopericytomas of the spleen are very rare vascular neoplasm with only a few case reports available at the time of writing.
Clinical presentation
Splenic hemangiopericytomas are typically asymptomatic or can result in splenomegaly.
Pathology
These are soft tissue vascular neoplasms aris...
Article
Hematoma
Hematomas (alternative plural: hematomata) are the name given to localized collections of blood and they can form virtually anywhere in the body. They often form secondary to trauma or surgery but spontaneous formation is also not uncommon, especially in those with coagulation disorders or on an...
Article
Haemodialysis arteriovenous fistula
An acquired arm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation is a procedure performed for haemodialysis access in those with end stage renal failure. It connects and artery to a vein in the vein. This can either be a native connection or a connection using a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) graft.
There ...
Article
Haemodialysis vascular access
Vascular access for haemodialysis when patients' with end-stage renal failure require renal replacement therapy. Options include temporary/permanent and non surgical vs surgical methods. This article will focus on surgical arteriovenous fistulae.
Types of vascular access
Temporary
Temporary...
Article
Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis (plural: hemoptyses) refers to coughing up of blood. Generally, it appears bright red in color as opposed to blood from the gastrointestinal tract which appears dark red. It is considered an alarming sign of a serious underlying etiology.
Terminology
Massive hemoptysis is referred t...
Article
Haemosuccus pancreaticus
Haemosuccus pancreaticus, also known as pseudohaemobilia or haemoductal pancreatitis, is defined as upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage originating from the pancreatic duct into the duodenum via the ampulla of Vater, or major pancreatic papilla.
Epidemiology
male:female ratio is 7:1
highl...
Article
Hair on end sign (mnemonic)
The hair on end sign refers to a radiographic appearance of the diploic space of the skull vault which results from a thickening of trabeculae as the diploic space expands. These trabeculae are perpendicular in orientation, interspersed by radiolucent marrow hyperplasia along with skull vault.
...
Article
Hamburg classification system of vascular malformations
Hamburg classification system of vascular malformations is one of the more commonly used systems to describe the wide range of vascular malformations, largely replacing the many various eponymous syndromes traditionally used. It accounts for the underlying anatomical, histological, and pathophys...
Article
Head and neck anatomy
Head and neck anatomy is important when considering pathology affecting the same area. In radiology, the 'head and neck' refers to all the anatomical structures in this region excluding the central nervous system, that is, the brain and spinal cord and their associated vascular structures and en...
Article
Hemiazygos vein
The hemiazygos vein is the asymmetric counterpart to the azygos vein and forms part of the azygos venous system.
Terminology
The spelling hemiazygous when referring to the vein is incorrect, regardless of whether British or American English is used 7. In the context of anatomy, hemiazygos vei...
Article
Hepatic arterial resistive index
The resistive index (RI) is the commonest Doppler parameter used for hepatic arterial evaluation. The usual range in normal, as well as post-transplant individuals, is between 0.55 and 0.8.
It is measured by:
Resistive index (RI) = (peak systolic velocity - end-diastolic velocity)/peak systoli...
Article
Hepatic artery aneurysm
Hepatic artery aneurysms are a type of visceral arterial aneurysm.
Epidemiology
They are rare representing about 0.01-2% of all arterial aneurysms but are considered the second most common aneurysm of the splanchnic system after splenic artery aneurysms. They may account for 20% of all viscera...
Article
Hepatic artery proper
The hepatic artery proper, also known as the proper hepatic artery (PHA), is the continuation of the common hepatic artery after it gives off the gastroduodenal artery. Just prior to the porta hepatis it divides into the left and right hepatic arteries.
Gross anatomy
Course
The hepatic artery...
Article
Hepatic lymphangioma
Hepatic lymphangiomas are a rare benign condition that corresponds to focally dilated lymphatic channels in the liver.
For a general discussion on this topic, please refer to the parental article on lymphatic malformations.
Clinical presentation
Most cases are asymptomatic.
Pathology
A ly...
Article
Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders
Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders are a broad group of conditions that radiologists should be familiar with, as some of them are quite frequently seen in the daily practice. The aim of this article is to be a collection of articles that represent the core knowledge in the matter.
Patholo...
Article
Hepatic veins
Three large intrahepatic veins drain the liver parenchyma, into the inferior vena cava (IVC), and are named the right hepatic vein, middle hepatic vein and left hepatic vein. The veins are important landmarks, running in between and defining the segments of the liver. There are separate smaller ...
Article
Hepatic venous pressure gradient
Hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement is a safe and minimally invasive method to indirectly measure portal vein pressure in chronic liver disease patients suspected of developing portal vein hypertension.
Indications
diagnosis of liver fibrosis and risk stratification
identification o...
Article
Hereditary connective tissue disease
Hereditary connective tissue diseases are an enlarging group of connective tissue diseases that have a degree of inheritance risk. They include:
Marfan syndrome: genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: progressive deterioration of collagen and affects joints, heart ...
Article
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and organs including the lungs, liver, and central nervous system.
Epidemiology
Worldwide prevalen...
Article
Hernia (general)
Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening.
The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...
Article
Heyde syndrome
Heyde syndrome is an association between aortic valve stenosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
The etiology of the gastrointestinal bleeding in this setting is uncertain, but it is thought to be related to intestinal angiodysplasia. The strength of this association independent of age-related d...
Article
Hickman catheter
Hickman catheters (or Hickman lines) are a type of tunnelled central venous access line.
Indications
chemotherapy administration 2
parenteral nutrition 2
long-term parenteral antibiotic administration 2
Complications
Insertion
arrhythmia (most common) 1
arterial injury
kinking
pneumoth...
Article
High-attenuation crescent sign
The high attenuating crescent sign represents an acute hematoma within either the mural thrombus or the aneurysm wall, especially when detected on unenhanced CT scans. It is a specific sign of impending abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture or so-called contained rupture.
Pathology
The hyper...
Article
High division of the brachial artery
A high division of the brachial artery is an unusually proximal bifurcation of the brachial artery into its ulnar and radial branches in the upper arm.
It is an anatomical variant of the arterial branching pattern of the upper limb.
Description
In general, the brachial artery bifurcates into...
Article
High-riding brachiocephalic artery
A high-riding brachiocephalic artery (now preferred to innominate artery) is a rare anomaly of the neck vessels in which the brachiocephalic artery passes much more superiorly than normally. It is a clinically important variant, as mistaking it for a neck lump and sampling it or neck surgery in ...
Article
Histology of blood vessels
Blood vessels, namely arteries and veins, are composed of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix (including collagen and elastin). These are arranged into three concentric layers (or tunicae): intima, media and adventitia.
the intima (or tunica intima)
inner layer abut...
Article
Hoffman-Rigler sign (heart)
The Hoffman-Rigler sign is a sign of left ventricular enlargement inferred from the distance between the inferior vena cava (IVC) and left ventricle (LV).
Radiographic features
On a lateral chest radiograph, if the distance between the left ventricular border and the posterior border of IVC e...
Article
Holodiastolic flow reversal
Holodiastolic flow reversal (HDR) refers to a backward flow typically observed in the descending aorta during the whole diastolic phase and has been observed in the setting of moderate to severe aortic regurgitation.
Usage
It has been found to predict severe aortic regurgitation with high sens...
Article
Hughes-Stovin syndrome
Hughes-Stovin syndrome (HSS) is a vasculitis that predominantly affects large vessels. The disease bears some resemblance to Behçet disease.
Epidemiology
Hughes-Stovin syndrome is very rare 7. It occurs predominantly between the 2nd to 4th decades. There is a recognized male predilection.
Cl...
Article
Hunt and Hess grading system
The Hunt and Hess scale describes the clinical severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of an intracerebral aneurysm and is used as a predictor of survival.
grade 1
asymptomatic or minimal headache and slight neck stiffness
70% survival
grade 2
moderate to severe heada...
Article
Hyperdense MCA sign (brain)
The hyperdense MCA sign refers to focal hyperdensity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) on non-contrast brain CT and is the direct visualization of thromboembolic material within the lumen. It is thus the earliest visible sign of MCA infarction as it is seen within 90 minutes after the event 1....
Article
Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which elevated levels of lipids circulating in the blood.
Clinical presentation
Hyperlipidemia is usually asymptomatic. However, certain forms may be associated with types of xanthomas.
Pathology
Several genetic disorders (e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia) ...
Article
Hyperreninaemic hypertension (differential)
Hyperreninaemic hypertension may have many causes including:
renal artery stenosis
renal secreting tumor, e.g. renal cell carcinoma, reninoma
renal compression: large renal mass, subcapsular hemorrhage (Page kidney)
Article
Hypertension
Hypertension refers to an increase in blood pressure above the 'normal' for the age, sex, and ethnicity of the patient. This can be specified according to the vascular system involved. Although generally when it is not specified it is assumed to refer to the systemic type.
systemic hypertension...
Article
Hypervascular liver lesions
Hypervascular liver lesions may be caused by primary liver pathology or metastatic disease.
Differential diagnosis
Primary lesions
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
most common hypervascular primary liver malignancy
early arterial phase enhancement and then rapid wash out
rim enhancement of c...
Article
Hypothenar hammer syndrome
Hypothenar hammer syndrome occurs from trauma to the distal ulnar artery or proximal portion of superficial palmar arch as a result of repetitive trauma to the hypothenar eminence. Originally described in patients using hammers and screwdrivers, it is also seen in various athletes such as basket...
Article
Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary trunk
Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital anomaly comprising pulmonary trunk enlargement with or without dilatation of the right and left pulmonary arteries.
For this diagnosis, exclusion of pulmonary and cardiac diseases (mainly pulmonary valve stenosis) and confirmatio...
Article
Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension
Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is the clinical diagnosis of exclusion featuring portal hypertension without hepatic cirrhosis, vascular obstruction, schistosomiasis, or a variety of other chronic liver diseases.
Terminology
Prior terms for this entity include noncirrhotic portal f...
Article
Idiopathic pauci immune pulmonary capillaritis
Idiopathic pauci immune pulmonary capillaritis (IPIPC) is considered a rare type of pulmonary vasculitis. Some authors consider this due be an organ specific subset of microscopic polyangiitis 3. It can result in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.
Pathology
It is an isolated small vessel vasculitis ...
Article
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is uncommon, representing only a tiny fraction of all cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension, which has a very long list of secondary causes (see causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension).
Terminology
Older terms for this entity include primary pul...
Article
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, also known as Ormond disease or occasionally Albarran-Ormond syndrome 6, is a subtype of retroperitoneal fibrosis where no cause is found. It includes a spectrum of diseases which are characterized by fibroinflammatory tissue encasing the abdominal aorta and ...
Article
IgA vasculitis
IgA vasculitis (formerly known as Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)) is a type of non-thrombocytopenic immune-mediated small vessel acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
In order to differentiate from other types of vasculitides, the four commonly adopted diagnostic criteria by the American College o...
Article
IgG4-related arteritis and periarteritis
IgG4-related arteritis and periarteritis is a form of IgG4-related cardiovascular disease, in which multi-vessel involvement is very common.
Epidemiology
IgG4-related arteritis and periarteritis predominantly affect men above 60 years of age 1.
Associations
Conditions associated with IgG4-re...
Article
IgG4-related cardiovascular disease
IgG4-related cardiovascular disease is one of the many manifestations of IgG4-related disease and may present as:
aortitis and periaortitis
arteritis and periarteritis of small to medium-sized arteries
coronary arteritis and periarteritis
inflammatory aneurysms
pericarditis
Article
Ileocolic artery
The ileocolic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) that runs obliquely to the ileocecal junction. It divides into an ileal branch that supplies the terminal ileum and anastomoses with the terminal SMA and a colic branch. It also gives off anterior and posterior cecal arteri...
Article
Iliac artery aneurysm
Iliac arterial aneurysms are focal dilatations of the iliac artery.
Although the dimensions that define the aneurysm are dependent on the sex of the patient and the portion of the artery involved, a common iliac artery (CIA) with a diameter ≥1.7 cm in males or ≥1.5 cm in females is considered ...
Article
Iliac artery endofibrosis
Iliac artery endofibrosis is a rare condition that affects young endurance athletes, characterized by a non-atherosclerotic stenosis of the iliac artery.
Epidemiology
It is a rare entity that affects highly trained endurance athletes, mostly cyclists and long-distance runners 4. The disease ha...
Article
Iliac vein occlusion
Iliac vein occlusion can be due to a variety of causes including:
iatrogenic
neonatal catheters
catheter dissection injuries
IVC filter insertion
dialysis catheters
malignancy-related
direct tumor invasion
radiotherapy
enlarged lymph nodes
hypercoagulable state
prior DVTs
May-Thrun...
Article
Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a thrombus in the iliac vein (common, external or internal) and/or common femoral vein obstructs the venous outflow from the lower limb leading to marked edema. DVT of the IVC or the more distal lower limb veins may also be present.
Terminology...
Article
Iliolumbar artery
The iliolumbar artery is one of three branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery.
Summary
origin: posterior division of the internal iliac artery
location: pelvis
supply: ilium, iliacus muscle, psoas major muscle, quadratus lumborum muscle, erector spinae muscle, anterio...
Article
Implantable port
Implantable ports, also known as chemoports, totally implantable central venous access ports or Port-A-Caths®, are a type of central venous catheter for patients requiring long-term venous access. They offer the ability to have long-term central venous access with some of the advantages over per...
Article
Incomplete double aortic arch
Incomplete double aortic arch is a rare vascular ring anomaly wherein a segment of the minor aortic arch, usually the left, is atretic.
Clinical presentation
As in the case of other vascular rings, this anomaly can cause 1:
stridor
wheezing
dysphagia
Some patients may reach adulthood with...
Article
Indocyanine green lymphangiography
Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphangiography is an emerging imaging technique used to visualize lymphatic vessels and map their course as they drain to sentinel lymph nodes.
History
Indocyanine green is a fluorescent dye discovered by researchers at Kodak working on near-infrared photography in 1...
Article
Infantile hemangioma
Infantile hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that are the most common head and neck tumors of infancy. They can occur virtually anywhere, but the majority are found in the head and neck regions.
This article aims to be a generic discussion of the condition, for detailed and more specific...
Article
Infarct core
The infarct core denotes the part of an acute ischemic stroke which has already infarcted, or is irrevocably destined to infarct regardless of reperfusion. It is also referred to as established infarct and is in distinction from the penumbra which remains potentially salvageable.
CT perfusion
...
Article
Inferior adrenal artery
The inferior adrenal (suprarenal) artery is one of three adrenal arteries that supplies the adrenal gland.
Gross anatomy
Origin
Ipsilateral renal artery (usually before the terminal division of the renal artery)
Location
The course of the inferior suprarenal artery depends on its origin. Re...
Article
Inferior alveolar artery
The inferior alveolar artery is a branch of the maxillary artery. It runs with the inferior alveolar nerve as it descends through the infratemporal fossa and enters the mandibular canal and supplies mandibular teeth. In the region of the first premolar it bifurcates into the incisive and mental ...
Article
Inferior anastomotic vein
The inferior anastomotic vein, also known as vein of Labbé, is part of the superficial venous system of the brain.
It is the largest venous channel on the lateral surface of the brain that crosses the temporal lobe between the Sylvian fissure and the transverse sinus. It courses posteroinferio...
Article
Inferior epigastric artery
The inferior epigastric artery arises from the external iliac artery and is an important artery supplying the anterior abdominal wall. If a superficial inferior epigastric artery is present, as seen in about two-thirds of cases, then the inferior epigastric artery is referred to as the deep infe...
Article
Inferior gluteal artery
The inferior gluteal artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It originates in the pelvis and supplies the gluteal region and thigh.
Summary
origin: anterior division of the internal iliac artery
location: pelvis, gluteal region, back of thigh
supply: buttock...
Article
Inferior hypophyseal arterial circle
The inferior hypophyseal arterial circle, also known as the inferior capsular arterial rete, is an anastamotic arterial network formed around the base of the pituitary gland by branches from three vessels, themselves branches off the cavernous portion of the carotid artery. They are:
inferior h...
Article
Inferior hypophyseal artery
The inferior hypophyseal artery is a branch from the meningohypophyseal trunk, a branch of the C4 segment of the internal carotid artery. It is usually single on each side and divides into medial and lateral branches contributing to the inferior hypophyseal arterial circle.
The inferior hypoph...
Article
Inferior interventricular artery
The inferior interventricular artery (also known as the posterior interventricular artery or posterior descending artery, PDA) is an artery that extends along the inferior interventricular sulcus. The artery supplies the posterior third of the interventricular septum through posterior septal per...
Article
Inferior mediastinum
The inferior mediastinum is the box-shaped space in the mediastinum below the transthoracic plane of Ludwig between the wedge-shaped superior mediastinum above and the diaphragm and inferior thoracic aperture below. There are no physical structures that divide the superior and inferior mediastin...
Article
Inferior mesenteric artery
The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is one of the three non-paired major visceral arteries in the abdominal cavity arising from the abdominal aorta and supplying the hindgut. It is the smallest of the three anterior visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.
Gross anatomy
Location
Located wit...
Article
Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysm
Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms are among the rarest of all visceral artery aneurysms.
Epidemiology
Aneurysms of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) only account for <1% of all visceral artery aneurysms 1,2. These aneurysms are more common in men than in women 3.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Inferior mesenteric vein
The inferior mesenteric vein drains blood from the distal portion of the colon as well as the rectum (i.e. the hindgut).
Gross anatomy
Origin and course
The inferior mesenteric vein drains the mesenteric arcade of the hindgut (comprising of distal transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon). ...
Article
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is the first branch of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
It usually arises at the inferior border of the pancreas or with the first jejunal artery as part of the pancreaticoduodenojejunal trunk.
It anastomoses with branches of the superior pancreati...
Article
Inferior petro-occipital vein
The inferior petro-occipital vein is located immediately inferior to the petro-occipital suture and provides a communication between the internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik, or less commonly the cavernous sinus, anteromedially and the jugular bulb, or less commonly the inferior pe...
Article
Inferior petrosal sinus
The inferior petrosal sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses. It is often a plexus of venous channels rather than a true sinus and drains blood from the cavernous sinus to the jugular bulb through the jugular foramen (pars nervosa) or sometimes via a vein which passes through the hypoglossal c...
Article
Inferior phrenic artery
The inferior phrenic arteries (IPAs) are paired branches of the abdominal aorta/celiac trunk supplying the diaphragm. Their importance lies with the fact that the right inferior phrenic artery is the most common extrahepatic arterial supply of a hepatocellular carcinoma.
Summary
origin: abdom...
Article
Inferior Rectal Artery
The inferior rectal artery is an artery that supplies the lower anal canal including the external anal sphincter.
Summary
origin: from internal pudendal artery, just after it enters the pudendal canal
course: runs anteromedially through the ischioanal fossa to reach the deep portion of the ex...
Article
Inferior sagittal sinus
The inferior sagittal sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses and runs along the inferior (free) edge of the falx cerebri. It runs from anterior to posterior, the same as the superior sagittal sinus, and drains into the straight sinus. It receives tributaries from the falx itself as well as som...
Article
Inferior thoracic aperture
The inferior thoracic aperture connects the thorax with the abdomen.
Gross anatomy
The inferior thoracic aperture is irregular in shape and is more oblique and much larger than the superior thoracic aperture. The diaphragm occupies and closes the inferior thoracic aperture, thereby separating ...
Article
Inferior thyroid artery
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk (85%) or subclavian artery (15%) and ascends to enter the thyroid gland on its posterior surface, as well as supplying both the superior and inferior parathyroid glands 1.
If the artery arises from the subclavian artery, it may ...
Article
Inferior ulnar collateral artery
The inferior ulnar collateral artery is a vessel arising from the brachial artery at the distal-most part of the upper arm.
Summary
origin: branch of the brachial artery superior to the medial epicondyle 1
location: distal lower arm
supply: brachialis, biceps brachii, and coracobrachialis 1
...
Article
Inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava (IVC) drains venous blood from the lower trunk, abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs to the right atrium of the heart.
Gross anatomy
The inferior vena cava is formed by the confluence of the two common iliac veins at the L5 vertebral level. The IVC has a retroperitoneal cours...
Article
Inferior vena cava filter
Inferior vena cava filter, or just IVC filter, is an endovascular device which is typically placed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) to prevent pulmonary embolism in selected patients. This procedure is most often performed by interventional radiologists under fluoroscopic guidance.
In...
Article
Inferior vena cava filter retrieval
Inferior vena cava filter retrieval is an endovascular procedure whereby a previously placed inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is removed.
Procedure
The procedure is performed under local anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. Venous access is usually gained via the internal jugular vein with di...
Article
Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma
Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcomas are the most common type of retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma and most common primary malignancy of the inferior vena cava.
Epidemiology
Three-quarters of cases occur in women, usually aged 40-60 years 2.
Clinical presentation
When symptomatic, patients most c...
Article
Inferior vena caval thrombosis
Inferior vena caval thrombosis is an essential diagnosis while evaluating any neoplastic lesion, or portal hypertension. It is also important to differentiate bland thrombus from tumor thrombus.
Clinical features
A patient can present with many features which include
bilateral pedal edema
Bu...
Article
Inferior vena cava web
Inferior vena cava (IVC) webs are an uncommon condition characterized by obstruction of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava by a membrane or fibrous band. This is often associated with occlusion of one or more of the hepatic veins.
Clinical presentation
If there is hepatic vein invol...
Article
Inferior vesical artery
The inferior vesical artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.
Some texts state it is only present in males and may be replaced by a vaginal artery in females. Note, the vaginal artery which is most commonly described, is often a branch of the uterine artery.
Su...
Article
Inferolateral trunk
The inferolateral trunk, along with the meningohypophyseal trunk, is a branch of the C4 segment of the internal carotid artery. It is identified in up to 80% of dissection specimens but is less frequently seen on imaging.
It is also referred to as the artery to the inferior cavernous sinus, ari...
Article
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA) is a variant of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) characterized by inflammatory thickening of the aneurysm wall, perianeurysmal fibrosis, and adherence to surrounding structures.
Epidemiology
They account for ~5 to 10% of all AAAs.
Clinical present...
Article
Infraorbital artery
The infraorbital artery is a branch of the third part of the maxillary artery. It runs through the inferior orbital fissure, orbit, infraorbital canal then the infraorbital foramen. Here it gives off the anterior superior alveolar artery which supplies the anterior teeth and the anterior part of...
Article
Infundibulum (artery)
An infundibulum (plural: infundibula) is a conical outpouching from an artery (usually intracranial), with a broad base narrowing to an apex from which a vessel originates. The most common location for an infundibulum is the origin of the posterior communicating artery (PCOM) from the supraclino...
Article
Infusothorax
Infusothorax (plural: infusothoraces), also known as a chemothorax, is a complication of central venous catheter malposition where the catheter tip is located in the pleural space and the infusion of the fluid collects inadvertently in the pleural space in the form of a pleural effusion. Longer ...