Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,233 results found
Article
Obturator artery
The obturator artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It provides vascular supply within the pelvis and lower limb.
Summary
origin: anterior division of the internal iliac artery
location: pelvis and lower limb
supply: pelvic muscles, ilium, head of femur, ...
Article
Obturator vein
The obturator vein travels between the adductor region of thigh and internal iliac vein entering the pelvis through the obturator foramen (along with the obturator artery and obturator nerve).
Course and termination
Along the pelvic side wall the vein travels between the ureter and the intern...
Article
Occipital artery
The occipital artery, a posterior branch of the external carotid artery, opposite the external maxillary, near the lower margin of the posterior belly of the digastic muscle, and ends in the posterior part of the scalp.
Summary
origin: branch of the external carotid artery at the level of the ...
Article
Occipital sinus
The occipital sinus is one of the smallest dural venous sinuses and lies, as its name suggests, on the inner surface of the occipital bone. Tributaries from the marginal sinus of the foramen magnum, some of which connect with both the sigmoid sinus and vertebral venous plexus, coalesce to pass i...
Article
Esophageal hiatus
The esophageal hiatus is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thoracic to abdominal cavity. It is one of three apertures in the diaphragm and is located in the right crus.
It is situated in the muscular part of the diaphragm at the level of T10 and is ellipti...
Article
Esophageal varix
Esophageal varices describe dilated submucosal veins of the esophagus, and are an important portosystemic collateral pathway. They are considered distinct from gastric varices, which are less common.
Epidemiology
Esophageal varices are present in ~50% of patients with portal hypertension 1,2. ...
Article
Onyx
OnyxTM is the trade name for a liquid embolic agent used in interventional radiology for the occlusion of blood vessels in embolization therapy. It is an elastic copolymer (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)), dissolved in dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO). Micronised tantalum powder is also added ...
Article
Ophthalmic artery
The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the C6 segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA).
Gross anatomy
Origin
The ophthalmic artery arises medial to the anterior clinoid process as the ICA exits the cavernous sinus. It originates from the antero- or supero-medial surface of the ICA.
Course
...
Article
Orbital venous varix
Orbital venous varix (OVV) is an uncommon vascular malformation that is composed of enlarged single or multiple tubular venous channels with direct communication to the systemic venous system.
Terminology
Orbital venous varices are divided into primary and secondary. Primary orbital varices a...
Article
Orbitofrontal artery
The orbitofrontal arteries, or frontobasal arteries, supply the orbitofrontal cortex. They consist of both medial and lateral orbitofrontal arteries.
Gross anatomy
The medial orbitofrontal artery (MOFA) is most commonly the first branch of the A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery. It ari...
Article
Ovarian artery
The ovarian artery is a paired structure and is the main gonadal artery in females.
Gross anatomy
Origin
The ovarian artery arises anterolaterally from the aorta just inferior to the renal arteries and superior to the inferior mesenteric artery (between L2 and L3).
Course
Descends caudally ...
Article
Ovarian vein embolization
Ovarian vein embolization is an interventional technique primarily used towards the treatment of varicosities.
Indications
The main indications are:
as part of management of pelvic congestion syndrome 1-4
to treat pelvic varicosities diagnosed by imaging
to treat labial and/or perineal vari...
Article
Ovarian vein syndrome
Ovarian vein syndrome is a relatively rare condition where a dilated ovarian vein (ovarian venous varix) causes notching, dilatation, or obstruction of the ureter. This is usually secondary to varicosities of the ovarian vein or ovarian vein thrombosis and occurs at the point where the ovarian v...
Article
Ovarian vein thrombosis
Ovarian vein thrombosis (actually most often thrombophlebitis) occurs most commonly in postpartum patients and can result in pulmonary emboli. A presentation is usually with acute pelvic pain in the postpartum period, then termed puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis or postpartum ovarian vein throm...
Article
Ovarian venous varix
Ovarian venous varix is a situation where there is variceal dilatation of the ovarian vein (usually left). It can be associated with pelvic congestion syndrome.
Radiographic features
May be seen as a serpinginous structure adjacent to the aorta along the course of the ovarian vein.
Article
Oxalosis
Oxalosis is supersaturation of calcium oxalate in the urine (hyperoxaluria), which in turn results in nephrolithiasis and cortical nephrocalcinosis.
This article focus on the secondary oxalosis, please refer to primary oxalosis for a specific discussion on this entity.
Pathology
Calcium oxa...
Article
Pediatric cardiovascular procedures
A number of pediatric cardiovascular procedures are encountered when reporting pediatric imaging. They include:
Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt
classic: end to side subclavian to ipsilateral pulmonary arterial anastomosis
modified: graft anastomosis
Waterston shunt
Sano shunt: right ventricle to...
Article
Page kidney
Page kidney, or Page phenomenon, refers to systemic hypertension secondary to extrinsic compression of the kidney by a subcapsular collection, e.g. hematoma, seroma, or urinoma.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with hypertension, which may be recognized acutely after an inciting event or...
Article
Paget-Schrötter syndrome
Paget-Schrötter syndrome, alternatively spelled Paget-Schroetter syndrome and also known as effort thrombosis, refers to primary thrombosis of the axillary and/or subclavian vein. It can be thought of as a venous equivalent of thoracic outlet syndrome - i.e venous thoracic outlet syndrome.
Epid...
Article
Palmar carpal branches
The two palmar carpal branches originate from the radial and ulnar arteries, respectively. They anastomose centrally, supporting the arterial supply of the anterior aspect of the wrist via their contribution to forming the palmar carpal arch 1.
The palmar carpal branch of the ulnar artery trave...
Article
Pampiniform plexus
The pampiniform plexus (plural: plexuses) is the venous network of approximately 10 veins draining the testis and epididymis. The network surrounds the testicular artery in the spermatic cord and lies anterior to the ductus deferens. Each network coalesces to form the testicular (internal sperma...
Article
Pancreaticoduodenal veins
The pancreaticoduodenal veins accompany their corresponding arteries and act to drain the head of the pancreas and duodenum.
Gross anatomy
There are four small pancreaticoduodenal veins:
posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein
anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein
posterior inferio...
Article
Pancreatic veins
The pancreatic veins drain blood from the body and tail of the pancreas.
Gross anatomy
The pancreatic veins comprise several small vessels that together act to drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the great pancreatic vein. This subsequently drains into the splenic vein 1.
Article
Paracaval lipoma
Paracaval lipoma (a.k.a. juxtacaval fat collection or pseudolipoma of the inferior vena cava) is the apparent protrusion of paracaval fat into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and is commonly visible on CT; some believe it to be a normal anatomic variant 5.
Epidemiology
Paracaval lipoma may be se...
Article
Paradoxical embolism
Paradoxical embolism is a clinical scenario in which an embolism arising in the venous system crosses into the arterial circulation where it causes tissue infarction. The most common clinically important site of embolization is the cerebral circulation.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of paradoxic...
Article
Paraumbilical veins
The paraumbilical veins are small veins around the falciform ligament that drain venous blood from the anterior part of the abdominal wall and diaphragm directly into the liver, and communicate with other anterior abdominal wall veins. This flow is considered the cause of focal fatty infiltratio...
Article
Parotid infantile hemangioma
Parotid infantile hemangiomas are the most common parotid tumor of childhood. They usually run a characteristically benign course.
Epidemiology
The median age at diagnosis is 4 months 1. There is a female preponderance with a male: female ratio of 1:3.
Clinical presentation
Presents as an en...
Article
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), also known as partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC), is a rare congenital cardiovascular condition in which some of the pulmonary veins, but not all, drain into the systemic circulation rather than in the left atrium.
Clinical p...
Article
Particulate material pulmonary embolism
Particulate material pulmonary embolism (PE) is a type of non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism caused by a variety of non-organic particulate materials.
Epidemiology
Unlike bland thrombotic PE, non-thrombotic PE is uncommon. The exact incidence varies from one study to another, and very much depe...
Article
Peak systolic velocity (Doppler ultrasound)
Peak systolic velocity (PSV) is an index measured in spectral Doppler ultrasound. On a Doppler waveform, the peak systolic velocity corresponds to each tall “peak” in the spectrum window 1.
Explanation
When traveling with their greatest velocity in a vessel (i.e. during systole), red blood cel...
Article
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers (PAU) are a pathology that involves the aortic wall. Along with aortic dissection and aortic intramural hematoma they can form the spectrum known as acute aortic syndrome.
Epidemiology
Typically, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers are seen in older male pati...
Article
Perforating veins of the lower limb
The perforating veins of the lower limb (PV or “perforators”) are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial venous systems of the lower extremity with the deep veins where they drain. There are numerous veins in variable arrangement, connection, size...
Article
Perforators of the leg and calf (venae perforantes cruris)
The perforators of the leg (venae perforantes cruris; PV; or “perforating veins”) are a subset of, and not to be confused with, the larger overarching group of perforating veins of the lower limb.
This group of veins connects the superficial venous systems and deep veins in the calf and are div...
Article
Peri-aneurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis
Perianeurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis is a subtype of a spectrum of retroperitoneal fibrosis. It is characterized by association with an inflammatory aneurysm, adventitial and periadventitial inflammation, medial thinning and chronic retroperitoneal inflammatory process which is associated wit...
Article
Pericallosal artery
The pericallosal artery is the distal portion of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) that courses over the superior surface of the body of the corpus callosum in the pericallosal cistern. It gives off many small branches to the corpus callosum, forming the pericallosal moustache.
Some authors de...
Article
Pericallosal moustache
The pericallosal moustache is formed by small branches from the pericallosal arteries and their accompanying veins. These form what appears to be an upturned poorly groomed moustache (not unlike Salvador Dali) and outline the superior surface of the corpus callosum (pericallosal cistern).
Article
Pericardial calcification
Pericardial calcification is usually seen in individual patients with a history of pericarditis and may be associated with constrictive pericarditis.
Pathology
Although historically infective pericarditis was the most common cause, a wide variety of insults can lead to calcification of the pe...
Article
Pericardiophrenic artery
The pericardiophrenic artery, also known as the pericardiacophrenic artery, is a branch of the internal thoracic artery that runs to the diaphragm where it anastamoses with both the musculophrenic and superior phrenic arteries. It runs with the phrenic nerve and pericardiophrenic vein between th...
Article
Peripancreatic pseudoaneurysm
Peripancreatic pseudoaneurysm refers to the formation of a pseudoaneurysm around the pancreatic gland. It is a rare but potentially lethal complication 5.
Epidemiology
Formation of pseudoaneurysm can occur in as many as 10% of cases of pancreatitis. The time interval is variable, ranging from ...
Article
Peripheral arterial disease
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common and debilitating condition.
Epidemiology
The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is ~12% 3.
Pathology
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of occlusive arterial disease of the extremities in patients over 40 years of age with t...
Article
Peripheral arterial disease (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Peripheral arterial disease (sometimes less accurately referred to as peripheral vascular disease) is a relatively common progressive disease of arterial degeneration that can result in a variety of symptoms.
Reference art...
Article
Peripherally inserted central catheter
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), often incorrectly tautologically termed PICC lines, are a type of central venous catheter predominantly used amongst oncology patients and those with chronic diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis).
They offer the ability to have long-term central venous...
Article
Peroneal magnus artery
The peroneal magnus artery or peronea arteria magna (PAM) is a congenital variant of the arterial supply of the leg, where both the anterior and posterior tibial arteries are hypoplastic and a large dominant peroneal artery supplies the whole leg and foot. It is seen in up to 5% of people 1,3.
...
Article
Peroneal veins
The peroneal or fibular veins are the venae comitantes that run with the peroneal artery in the lateral compartment of the leg and receive tributaries from soleus and from superficial veins. They terminate in the posterior tibial vein.
Article
Persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses
The persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses are variant anatomical arterial communications between the anterior and posterior circulations due to abnormal embryological development of the vertebrobasilar system. They are named, with the exception of the proatlantal artery, using the crani...
Article
Persistent communications between the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to recall the persistent communications between the anterior (carotid) and posterior (vertebrobasilar) systems is:
HOT Pepper
Knowledge of these anatomical variants is important to avoid confusion with pathology and to prevent inadvertent injury during surgery.
Mnemonic
H: hypoglo...
Article
Persistent hypoglossal artery
A persistent hypoglossal artery is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It is second in frequency to the trigeminal artery which is present approximately six times as often.
It arises from the distal cervical ICA, usually between C1 and C3. After passing through an enlarg...
Article
Persistent median artery of the forearm
The persistent median artery of the forearm is an accessory artery that arises from the ulnar artery in the proximal forearm and is a persistent embryological remnant of the axial artery that usually regresses by eight weeks gestation.
Epidemiology
It is present in ~10% (range 2.2-23%) of the ...
Article
Persistent otic artery
The persistent otic artery is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses, although there is considerable controversy in regards to its existence. It is said to arise from the C2 (petrous) segment of the internal carotid artery within the carotid canal. This artery emerges from the...
Article
Persistent primitive trigeminal artery
Persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA) is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It is present in 0.1-0.6% of cerebral angiograms and is usually unilateral.
In utero, the trigeminal artery supplies the basilar artery before the development of the posterior communicati...
Article
Persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery
The proatlantal intersegmental artery is also known as the type I proatlantal artery, and is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It arises from the internal carotid artery (similar to the hypoglossal artery) but instead of heading for the hypoglossal canal, it joins the ve...
Article
Persistent right umbilical vein
A persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) is an uncommon vascular anomaly which is often detected in utero.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is ~2 per 1000 births 1,2.
Pathology
In the normal situation, the right umbilical vein begins to obliterate in the ~4th week of gestation and disap...
Article
Persistent sciatic artery
A persistent sciatic artery is a rare vascular anomaly where there is the persistence of the embryological axial limb artery, representing a continuation of the internal iliac artery into the thigh through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle and down the thigh alongside the s...
Article
Persistent stapedial artery
The persistent stapedial artery (PSA) is an abnormal small vessel arising from the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery and crossing through the middle ear. It results from the failure of regression of the embryonic stapedial artery.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is thought to range f...
Article
Personalised external aortic root support (PEARS)
Personalised external aortic root support (PEARS) is a procedure is where a computer designed mesh sleeve is manufactured to match the aortic root and aortic morphology of the individual patient and then placed to repair pathological aortic morphology such as those with Marfan syndrome. It was i...
Article
PHACE syndrome
PHACE syndrome, also known as cutaneous hemangioma–vascular complex syndrome or Pascual-Castroviejo type II syndrome, is a phakomatosis that comprises of:
P: posterior fossa malformations (e.g. Dandy-Walker malformation)
H: hemangiomas
A: arterial anomalies
C: coarctation of the aorta and ca...
Article
Phase contrast imaging
Phase contrast imaging is an MRI technique that can be used to visualize moving fluid.
Basic principle
Spins that are moving in the same direction as a magnetic field gradient develop a phase shift that is proportional to the velocity of the spins. This is the basis of phase-contrast angiograp...
Article
Phlebolith
Phleboliths are literally "vein stones", and represent calcification within venous structures. They are particularly common in the pelvis where they may mimic ureteric calculi, and are also encountered frequently in venous malformations. There is an association with Maffucci syndrome.
Radiogra...
Article
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) is an uncommon complication of deep venous thrombosis, which results from extensive thrombotic occlusion of the major and collateral veins of an extremity (usually the legs).
Epidemiology
Left leg is more commonly affected than the right 4.
Risk factors
Risk f...
Article
Pinch off syndrome
Pinch-off syndrome is a spontaneous catheter fracture, which is seen as a complication of subclavian venous catheterization.
Epidemiology
It is a known complication of central venous catheterization with a much-reduced incidence in current practice and is generally considered to be rare.
Radi...
Article
PISAPED criteria for diagnosis of pulmonary embolus
The PISAPED criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus indicate the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli based on findings on perfusion scintigraphy (only the Q portion of the V/Q scan) in combination with chest radiography. The criteria were validated in the Prospective Investigative St...
Article
Placental chorioangioma
Placental chorioangiomas are benign vascular tumors of placental origin. It is the most common tumor of the placenta and is usually found incidentally.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~1% of all pregnancies 3.
Clinical presentation
In most cases, chorioangiomas are asymptomatic, a...
Article
Plexogenic arteriopathy
Plexogenic arteriopathy has been a term used to describe a constellation of vascular changes occurring in those with pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is considered the histologic hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; it is seen in approximately 75% of cases 3. The term for t...
Article
Polo mint sign (venous thrombosis)
The polo mint sign is a description given to a venous thrombosis on contrast-enhanced CT imaging. When viewed in the axial plane, a thin rim of contrast persists around a central filling defect due to thrombus. This gives an appearance like that of the popular UK mint sweet, the Polo (figure 1)...
Article
Polyarteritis nodosa
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic inflammatory necrotizing vasculitis that involves small to medium-sized arteries (larger than arterioles).
Epidemiology
PAN is more common in males and typically presents around the 5th to 7th decades. 20-30% of patients are hepatitis B antigen positiv...
Article
Polymyositis (pulmonary manifestations)
Lung involvement in polymyositis can have a number of manifestations including those resembling interstitial lung disease.
For a general discussion of polymyositis, please refer to the parent article.
Radiographic features
The lungs may present with a mixture of different fibrotic patterns, e...
Article
Pontine arteries
The pontine branches are the small arterial branches of the basilar artery that supply the pons and structures adjacent to the pons.
There are usually 3-5 paired arterial branches which are located in the mid-basilar region between the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the superior cerebe...
Article
Popliteal artery
The popliteal artery is the direct continuation of the superficial femoral artery, at the point where it exits the adductor canal at the adductor hiatus, and passes into the popliteal fossa as the vessel courses posteriorly behind the knee.
Summary
origin: continuation of the superficial femor...
Article
Popliteal artery aneurysm
Popliteal artery aneurysms are the most common peripheral arterial aneurysm and the second most common aneurysm after abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Epidemiology
Overall, popliteal artery aneurysms are uncommon. They occur almost exclusively in males (up to 97%) for unknown reasons 8-9. There is ...
Article
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome refers to symptomatic compression or occlusion of the popliteal artery due to a developmentally abnormal positioning of the popliteal artery in relation to its surrounding structures such as with the medial head of gastrocnemius or less commonly with popliteu...
Article
Popliteal fossa
The popliteal fossa (plural: fossae) is a diamond or rhomboid-shaped fat-filled space in the posterior knee. The space is extremely dynamic, allowing for its neurovascular contents to move during the extreme range of motion produced by knee flexion and extension.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
supe...
Article
Popliteal vein
The popliteal vein forms from the posterior and anterior tibial veins and ascends through the popliteal fossa to the opening in adductor magnus alongside the popliteal artery where it becomes the femoral vein.
Its relationship to the popliteal artery changes as the vein ascends, but it is alway...
Article
Popliteal venous aneurysm
Popliteal venous aneurysms are rare than those of the popliteal artery and are mostly asymptomatic. However, due to the disturbance of the venous blood flow, they can lead to potentially life-threatening consequences, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
Epidemiology
...
Article
Porcelain aorta
A porcelain aorta refers to circumferential calcification of the ascending aorta. This finding is important to recognize in the preoperative evaluation of cardiac surgery as it complicates cardiac surgeries that require cross-clamping or accessing the aorta (such as open aortic valve replacement...
Article
Portal hypertension
Portal hypertension is defined as hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) greater than 5 mmHg. HVPG is a surrogate for the portosystemic pressure gradient. Clinically significant portal hypertension is defined as a gradient greater than 10 mmHg and variceal bleeding may occur at a gradient great...
Article
Portal hypertensive gastropathy / enteropathy / colopathy
In portal hypertension, chronic portal venous congestion leads to dilatation and ectasia of the submucosal vessels in the stomach (portal hypertensive gastropathy), small bowel (portal hypertensive enteropathy) and/or large bowel (portal hypertensive colopathy). This may result in upper or lower...
Article
Portal vein
The portal vein (PV) (sometimes referred to as the main or hepatic portal vein) is the main vessel in the portal venous system and drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
Gross anatomy
The portal vein usually measures approximately 8 cm in length in adults with a ...
Article
Portal vein calcification
Portal vein calcification is a rare radiologic finding which can be seen in long-standing portal venous hypertension.
Pathology
Calcium may be deposited in a thrombus or in the wall of the portal vein and is more rarely found in the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein.
One of the propos...
Article
Portal vein embolization
Portal vein embolization (PVE) is a technique used to selectively occlude the blood supply to one of the liver lobes, diverting portal blood flow to the other lobe, the future liver remnant (FLR).
This diversion will increase the size of the post-hepatectomy future liver remnant, which improves...
Article
Portal vein thrombosis
Portal vein thrombosis may be seen in a variety of clinical contexts, and when acute can be a life-threatening condition. It is a major cause of non-cirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension. Portal vein thrombus may be either bland and/or malignant (i.e. tumor thrombus), and it is a critical ...
Article
Portal venous gas
Portal venous gas is the accumulation of gas in the portal vein and its branches. It needs to be distinguished from pneumobilia, although this is usually not too problematic when associated findings are taken into account along with the pattern of gas (i.e. peripheral in portal venous gas, centr...
Article
Portal venous system
The portal venous system refers to the vessels involved in the drainage of the capillary beds of the GI tract and spleen into the capillary bed of the liver.
Blood flow to the liver is unique in that it receives both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. As a result, the partial pressure of oxygen...
Article
Portal venous varix
A portal venous varix (plural: portal venous varices) refers to a segments of aneurysmal / variceal dilatation of the portal vein are extremely rare and represent only 3% of all aneurysms of the venous system. They are still however the most common visceral varix 8.
Clinical presentation
Most ...
Article
Portosystemic collateral pathways
Portosystemic collateral pathways (also called varices) develop spontaneously via dilatation of pre-existing anastomoses between the portal and systemic venous systems. This facilitates shunting of blood away from the liver into the systemic venous system in portal hypertension, as a means for r...
Article
Portosystemic shunt ratio
The portosystemic shunt ratio is a measure performed using ultrasound to quantify the abnormal flow of portal venous blood that is shunted away from the hepatic sinusoidal circulation in the context of a congenital portosystemic shunt 1.
Measurement
The ratio is determined on ultrasound using ...
Article
Post-embolization syndrome
Post-embolization syndrome (PES) is one of the most common complications of transarterial embolization and chemoembolisation. The condition comprises a constellation of symptoms including pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. PES usually occurs within the first 72 hours after solid organ embolizatio...
Article
Posterior auricular artery
The posterior auricular artery is a branch of the external carotid artery and supplies scalp posterior to the auricle and the auricle itself.
Summary
origin: branch of the external carotid artery above digastric and stylohyoid opposite the styloid process
course: ascends beneath the parotid t...
Article
Posterior auricular vein
The posterior auricular vein is tributary of the external jugular vein or retromandibular vein.
Gross anatomy
Origin and course
It arises over the mastoid process of the temporal bone draining the skin behind the ear and courses anteriorly into the parotid gland, draining into the external ju...
Article
Posterior cerebral artery
The posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) are the terminal branches of the basilar artery and supply the occipital lobes and posteromedial temporal lobes.
Summary
origin: terminal branches of the basilar artery
course: from basilar towards occiput
main branches
posterior communicating artery
m...
Article
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarct
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarcts arise, as the name says, from occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery. It is a type of posterior circulation infarction.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms of posterior cerebral artery stroke include contralateral homonymous hemianopia (due to occipital ...
Article
Posterior cerebral circulation
The posterior cerebral circulation (or simply, posterior circulation) is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem.
Due to the anastomotic circle of Willis, the posterior circulation connects via the posterior communicating a...
Article
Posterior choroidal artery
The posterior choroidal artery is not in fact a single artery, although it is commonly referred to as such. The posterior choroidal arteries, often numbering up to 10 or 11 per hemisphere, are divided into medial posterior choroidal artery and lateral posterior choroidal artery groups. They usua...
Article
Posterior choroidal artery stroke
Posterior choroidal artery occlusion uncommonly presents as an isolated stroke syndrome. It usually coexists with posterior cerebral artery and often superior cerebellar artery involvement.
When seen in isolation damage is characteristically limited to the:
lateral geniculate body
pulvinar
...