Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
3,048 results found
Article
Bronchial vein
The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries and drain the bronchi, hilar structures and the mid-portion of the esophagus.
Gross anatomy
There is typically a single bronchial vein at each hilum, formed from the superficial bronchial veins with deep bronchial veins draining in...
Article
Bronchioles
Bronchioles are the branches of the tracheobronchial tree that by definition, are lacking in submucosal hyaline cartilage.
Gross anatomy
The bronchioles typically begin beyond the tertiary segmental bronchi and are described as conducting bronchioles. Following the tertiary segmental bronchi,...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.
Gross anatomy
The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. This initial division ...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segments (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the bronchopulmonary segments are:
A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm (right lung)
ASIA ALPS (left lung)
Mnemonics
'A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm'
right upper lobe
A: apical segment
P: posterior segment
A: anterior segment
middle lobe
L: lateral segment...
Article
Bronchus intermedius
The bronchus intermedius is one of the two bronchi which the right main bronchus bifurcates into, the other being the right upper lobe bronchus.
Gross anatomy
The bronchus intermedius runs distal to the right upper lobe bifurcation and follows the trajectory of the right main bronchus 1. Its m...
Article
Brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) (also known as brown fat) is one of two types of adipose tissue (the other one being white fat) important for producing thermal energy (heat, non-shivering thermogenesis), especially in the newborn. It constitutes ~5% of body mass in the newborn and tends to reduce mar...
Article
Brunner glands
Brunner glands are compound tubular submucosal glands found in the duodenum. They are only found proximal to the sphincter of Oddi.
Related pathology
Brunner gland hyperplasia
Brunner gland adenoma
Article
Buccal nerve
The buccal nerve is the only purely sensory branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It is not to be confused with the buccal branch of the facial nerve.
Gross anatomy
The buccal nerve divides off the anterior division and passes with the paired nerve...
Article
Buccal space
The buccal space, also known as the buccinator space, is one of the seven suprahyoid deep compartments of the head and neck.
Gross anatomy
The buccal spaces are paired fat-containing spaces on each side of the face forming cheeks. Each space is enveloped by the superficial (investing) layer o...
Article
Buccinator artery
The buccinator artery is a small branch from the second part of the maxillary artery. It runs obliquely forward, between the medial pterygoid and the insertion of the temporalis, to the outer surface of the buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the facial artery a...
Article
Buccinator muscle
The buccinator muscle is a muscle of facial expression located in the cheek, between the maxilla and mandible, and functions chiefly as a muscle of mastication.
Summary
origin: outer surface of alveolar process of both maxilla and mandible, and anterior margin of the pterygomandibular raphe 1
...
Article
Buccopharyngeal fascia
The buccopharyngeal fascia is the component of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia that invests the outside of the pharyngeal constrictors and buccinator muscles.
Terminology
The term has been variably used to refer to the entire visceral component of the middle layer of the deep cerv...
Article
Buford complex
Buford complex is a congenital glenoid labrum variant where the anterosuperior labrum is absent in the 1-3 o'clock position and the middle glenohumeral ligament is thickened (cord-like). It originates directly from the superior labrum adjacent to the bicipital labral complex and inserts onto the...
Article
Bulbospongiosus muscle
The bulbospongiosus muscle is found in the superficial perineal pouch which covers the bulb of the penis in males and the bulb of the vestibule in females.
Summary
origin: median raphe and perineal body
insertion: dorsum of penis/clitoris, perineal membrane
innervation: pudendal nerve
arter...
Article
Bulbourethral glands
The bulbourethral glands or Cowper glands are paired small pea-sized glands of the male reproductive tract, homologous to the female Bartholin glands.
Gross anatomy
The bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch posterolateral to the membranous portion of the male urethra and ...
Article
Bulbs of the vestibule
The bulbs of the vestibule (also known as the vestibular, vestibulovaginal or clitoral bulbs) are conglomerations of erectile soft tissue, collectively homologous to the bulb of the penis. However unlike in the male, the developing bulb is bisected by the vaginal opening to form two halves.
The...
Article
Bulla lamella
The bulla lamella is a structure that, when intact, forms the posterior boundary of the frontal recess. When pneumatized, it forms the ethmoid bulla.
Gross anatomy
It is frequently incomplete and often does not reach the roof of the ethmoid at the skull base. Under these circumstances, the fro...
Article
Bursa
Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs lined by a synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of synovial fluid. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. They may or may not communicat...
Article
Butterfly vertebra
Butterfly vertebra is a type of vertebral anomaly that results from the failure of fusion of the lateral halves of the vertebral body because of persistent notochordal tissue between them.
Pathology
Associations
anterior spina bifida +/- anterior meningocele
can be part of the Alagille syndr...
Article
C7 vertebra
The seventh cervical vertebra, C7, also known as the vertebra prominens, shares similar characteristics of the like typical cervical vertebra C3-C6, but has some distinct features making it one of the atypical vertebrae. The name vertebra prominens arises from its long spinous process, which is ...
Article
Cecum
The cecum (plural: ceca or cecums) is the first part of the large bowel and lies in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen.
Gross anatomy
Blind-ending sac of bowel that lies below the ileocecal valve, above which the large intestine continues as the ascending colon. The cecum measures 6 cm i...
Article
Calcaneal inclination angle
The calcaneal inclination angle (also known as the calcaneal pitch) is drawn on a weight-bearing lateral foot radiograph between the calcaneal inclination axis and the supporting horizontal surface.
It is a measurement that reflects the height of the foot framework, but is affected by abnormal ...
Article
Calcaneal tendon
The calcaneal tendon, commonly known as the Achilles tendon, is the strongest and largest tendon of the human body. It is also one of the commonest tendons to become injured due to its high biomechanical load but poor vascularity 2.
Gross anatomy
The calcaneal tendon forms by the merging of fi...
Article
Calcaneal vascular remnant
Calcaneal vascular remnant is a benign finding that may be seen on MRI of ankle and can be misinterpreted as an alarming bone lesion. It is typically located at the insertion site of sinus tarsi ligaments (cervical and interosseous ligaments).
The focus of signal alteration is believed to be pr...
Article
Calcaneocuboid joint
The calcaneocuboid joint is part of the mid-tarsal (Chopart) joint. It is a synovial articulation between the calcaneus and the cuboid bones of the foot.
Gross anatomy
The calcaneocuboid joint involves the anterior surface of the calcaneus and the posterior surface of the cuboid. Its joint cap...
Article
Calcaneofibular ligament
The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) is the middle ligament of the lateral collateral ligament complex of the ankle and stabilizes both the ankle and subtalar joints.
Gross anatomy
The CFL is an extracapsular round cord measuring 20-25 mm long x 6-8 mm width. Its origin is distal to the anterior...
Article
Calcaneonavicular coalition
Calcaneonavicular coalition is one of the two most common subtypes of the tarsal coalition, the other being talocalcaneal coalition. As with any coalition it may be osseous (synostosis), cartilaginous (synchondrosis) or fibrous (syndesmosis).
Radiographic features
This type of coalition is mor...
Article
Calcaneus
The calcaneus, also referred to as the calcaneum, (plural: calcanei or calcanea) is the largest tarsal bone and the major bone in the hindfoot. It articulates with the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly and shares a joint space with the talonavicular joint, appropriately called the taloc...
Article
Calcar avis
Calcar avis, previously known as hippocampus minor, is a normal variant of the cerebral ventricular system.
Gross anatomy
It is a medial side indentation of the junction of the trigone and the occipital horn of the lateral ventricles by the calcarine fissure in the brain 1.
Radiographic featu...
Article
Calcar femorale
The calcar femorale is a normal ridge of dense bone that originates from the postero-medial endosteal surface of the proximal femoral shaft, near the lesser trochanter. It is vertical in orientation, and the ridge projects laterally toward the greater trochanter. This ridge of bone provides mech...
Article
Calcarine artery
The calcarine artery, named according to its course in the calcarine fissure, is a branch of the posterior cerebral artery, usually from the P3 segment. It may also arise from the parieto-occipital artery or posterior temporal branches. It courses deep in the fissure, giving branches both to the...
Article
Calcarine fissure
The calcarine fissure, or calcarine sulcus, is located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and divides the visual cortex (a.k.a. calcarine cortex) into two.
The fissure is variable in course (figure 1), but is generally oriented horizontally, anteriorly joining the parieto-occipital fi...
Article
Callosal sulcus
The callosal sulcus is a sulcus of the brain, located on the medial side of each cerebral hemisphere, deep within the medial longitudinal fissure.
Gross anatomy
The callosal sulcus runs posteriorly from the genu to the splenium of the corpus callosum. It separates the cingulate gyrus dorsally...
Article
Callosomarginal artery
The callosomarginal artery, also known as median artery of corpus callosum, is the largest branch of the pericallosal artery. It courses within or posterior to the cingulate sulcus, in parallel orientation to the pericallosal artery. It divides to give two or more cortical branches to supply the...
Article
Callososeptal interface
The callososeptal interface is located on the inferior surface of the corpus callosum, where the septum pellucidum abuts it.
It came to radiological attention when T2 hyperintense lesions affecting this region were believed to be specific for multiple sclerosis. This has, as is usually the cas...
Article
Calot triangle
Calot triangle or cystohepatic triangle is a small (potential) triangular space at the porta hepatis of surgical importance as it is dissected during cholecystectomy. Its contents, the cystic artery and cystic duct must be identified before ligation and division to avoid intra-operative injury.
...
Article
Canalis basilaris medianus
The canalis basilaris medianus (median basal canal), also known as clival canal, median clival canal, or inferior median clival canal, refers to a number of anatomic variant midline canals in the clivus, typically involving the basioccipital portion.
Gross anatomy
These canals are generally we...
Article
Canal of Nuck
The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of parietal peritoneum extending anteriorly from the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora through the inguinal ring into the inguinal canal. Incomplete obliteration of this canal is known as a patent processus vaginalis and can result i...
Article
Canals of Lambert
The canals of Lambert are microscopic collateral airways between the distal bronchiolar tree and adjacent alveoli. They are poorly formed in children, and along with poorly formed pores of Kohn, are thought to be responsible for the high frequency of round pneumonia in that age group.
Article
Cancellous bone
Cancellous, trabecular or spongy bone is one of the two macroscopic forms of bone, the other being cortical bone, and comprises 20% of skeletal mass.
Gross anatomy
Cancellous bone is located in the medullary cavity of bone, in particular tubular and short bones, and consists of dense trabecul...
Article
Cantlie line
Cantlie line is a vertical plane that divides the liver into left and right lobes creating the principal plane used for hepatectomy. It extends from the inferior vena cava posteriorly to the middle of the gallbladder fossa anteriorly.
It contains the middle hepatic vein, which divides the liver...
Article
Capitate
The capitate, also known as the os magnum, is the largest of the carpal bones and sits at the center of the distal carpal row. A distinctive head-shaped bone, it has a protected position in the carpus, and thus isolated fractures are unusual.
Gross anatomy
Osteology
The capitate sits in a p...
Article
Capitohamate coalition
Capitohamate coalition is the second most common type of carpal coalition and represents the congenital fusion of the capitate and the hamate. It represents ~5% of all carpal fusions 1 and is associated with Apert syndrome 2.
Article
Cardiac bronchus
A cardiac bronchus (or sometimes termed accessory cardiac bronchus (ACB)) is a rare anatomic variant of the tracheobronchial tree, arising from the medial aspect of the bronchus intermedius.
Epidemiology
This anomaly is rare and is reported in ~0.3% (range 0.09-0.5%) of individuals 3-5. There ...
Article
Cardiac fibrous skeleton
The fibrous skeleton of the heart is a complex set of collagenous rings that connect annuli of all four cardiac valves. Between the four annuli are two trigones (right and left) and the membranous portions of the interatrial, interventricular, and atrioventricular septa. The annuli of the two se...
Article
Cardiac plexus
The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart. It is formed by cardiac branches derived from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Gross anatomy
Sympathetic cardiac nerves are derived from T1 to T4 segments and partly from the T5 segment of the ...
Article
Cardiac position
The cardiac position in the thorax may be described as:
levocardia: left-sided heart
dextrocardia: right-sided heart
mesocardia: midline heart
These terms purely describe the anatomic position of the left ventricular apex in the chest and their use does not indicate anything about the struct...
Article
Cardiac valves
The four cardiac valves direct the flow of blood through the heart during the cardiac cycle.
Gross anatomy
The heart valves are located in the cardiac fibrous skeleton:
two are atrioventricular (AV) valves: the right-sided tricuspid valve (TV) and left-sided mitral (bicuspid) valve (MV)
open...
Article
Carina
The carina is the sagittally-oriented cartilaginous ridge at the bifurcation of the trachea and is an important reference point in chest imaging.
Gross anatomy
The carina represents the inferior termination of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi.
The carina usually sits at the le...
Article
Caroticotympanic artery
The caroticotympanic branch (tympanic branch) is a small branch from the C2 segment of the internal carotid artery. It is a vestigial remnant of the hyoid artery.
It passes posterolaterally into the middle ear cavity and anastomoses with the inferior tympanic artery (a branch of the ascending p...
Article
Carotid bifurcation
The carotid bifurcation is the point at which the common carotid artery terminates. As it does so, it forms the internal and external carotid arteries which go on to supply the head and neck.
The height of the carotid bifurcation is noted to be highly variable in the literature. Most frequently...
Article
Carotid body
The carotid body is located within the neck, and in close proximity to the carotid bifurcation. It is composed of a number of chemoreceptor cells and supporting matrix and detects changes in the composition of blood in the common carotid as it forms the internal and external carotid arteries.
I...
Article
Carotid canal
The carotid canal is a passage within the petrous temporal bone and transmits the internal carotid artery and sympathetic plexus. Its inferior opening is called the carotid foramen and is situated anteriorly to the jugular fossa and medially to the carotid plate. The carotid canal is initially d...
Article
Carotid cave
The carotid cave is a potential dural space formed by the redundant distal dural ring on the medial aspect of the clinoid segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It has been reported to be present in ~80% of cadaveric specimens 3.
Gross anatomy
The clinoid segment of the ICA is bounded b...
Article
Carotid plate
The carotid plate is a thin (0.5 mm) bony plate that separates the carotid canal from the middle ear cavity.
Gross anatomy
The caroticotympanic artery perforates the carotid plate normally.
Related pathology
Disruption or dehiscence of the carotid plate may be seen in
aberrant internal caro...
Article
Carotid space
The carotid space, the suprahyoid portion of which is also known as the poststyloid parapharyngeal space, is a deep compartment of the head and neck bound by the carotid sheath.
Terminology
The "carotid space" terminology was introduced by some radiologists to facilitate differential diagnosis...
Article
Carotid triangle
The carotid triangle is one of the paired triangles in the anterior triangle of the neck. The triangles of the neck are surgically focused, first described from early dissection-based anatomical studies which predated cross-sectional anatomical description based on imaging (see deep spaces of th...
Article
Carotid tubercle
The carotid tubercle is a commonly used term referring to the paired anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the sixth cervical vertebrae 1. The carotid tubercle serves as an important landmark with respect to performing regional anesthesia such as a brachial plexus and cervical plexus...
Article
Carpal bones
The carpal bones are the eight bones of the wrist that form the articulation of the forearm with the hand. They can be divided in two rows:
proximal row
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
distal row
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
The names and order of these bones can be rememb...
Article
Carpal bones (mnemonic)
Mnemonics of the carpal bones are numerous and useful for memorizing the order and location of the bones.
Some mnemonics name the carpal bones in a circle, starting with the proximal row from the scaphoid towards the pinky (small finger) and then the distal row starting from the hamate towards ...
Article
Carpal coalition
Carpal coalition refers to failure of separation of two or more carpal bones, and although the most commonly involved bones are the lunate and triquetrum, most combinations of adjacent bones can be found to be coalesced.
Terminology
Carpal fusion is a misnomer, as it is the failure of normal ...
Article
Carpal tunnel
The carpal tunnel is a fibro-osseous canal in the anterior (volar) wrist that acts as a passageway for structures between the forearm and the anterior hand.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
superficial border (roof): flexor retinaculum
deep border (floor): carpal groove (formed by palmar aspect of c...
Article
Carpometacarpal joint
The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are synovial joints formed by articulations of the distal carpal row and the metacarpal bones.
Gross anatomy
Articulations
The carpometacarpal joints are made up of a number of bony articulations 1.
first carpometacarpal: distinct synovial curved saddle joint...
Article
Carrying angle
Carrying angle is a small degree of cubitus valgus, formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus. It helps the arms to swing without hitting the hips while walking. In full flexion these axes become aligned.
Normally it is 14° (female) and 11° (male) away ...
Article
Cartilaginous joints
Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. These joints generally allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints.
Primary cartilaginous joint
These cartilaginous joints...
Article
Cauda equina
The cauda equina is the collective term given to nerve roots distal to the conus medullaris, which occupy the lumbar cistern.
Its name comes from the Latin for "horse's tail".
The cauda equina is contained within the thecal sac and suspended in CSF. The lower sacral (S2-S5) and coccygeal root...
Article
Caudate nucleus
Caudate nuclei are paired nuclei which along with the globus pallidus and putamen are referred to as the corpus striatum, and collectively make up the basal ganglia. The caudate nuclei have both motor and behavioral functions, in particular maintaining body and limb posture, as well as controlli...
Article
Caudothalamic groove
The caudothalamic groove is an important landmark when performing neonatal cranial ultrasound.
Gross anatomy
As the name suggests, it is located between the caudate nucleus and thalamus and is a shallow groove projecting from the floor of the lateral ventricle. It is approximately at the level...
Article
Caval variants
Many caval variants exist, due to the complex embryology of the venous system. These are important for a number of reasons:
not to confuse them with pathology
suggest the presence of frequently associated other abnormalities
planning of vascular intervention or surgery
Types
superior vena ...
Article
Cavernous sinus
The cavernous sinuses are paired dural venous sinuses.
Gross anatomy
The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the pituitary fossa and body of the sphenoid bone between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura. It spans from the apex of the orbit to the apex of the petrous tempor...
Article
Cavum septum pellucidum
Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is a normal variant CSF space between the leaflets of the septum pellucidum.
Terminology
While the term "cavum septum pellucidum" is generally accepted, it is grammatically incorrect. Since it denotes a space (cavum meaning cave) of the septum pellucidum, the seco...
Article
Cavum veli interpositi
A cavum veli interpositi (CVI), often incorrectly termed a cavum velum interpositum, is an anatomic variation where there is a dilatation of the normal cistern of the velum interpositum. When larger than 1 cm in axial transverse measurement, with outwardly bowed margins and positive mass effect,...
Article
Cavum vergae
The cavum vergae (CV), along with the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) that lies immediately anterior to it, is a persistence of the embryological fluid-filled space between the leaflets of the septum pellucidum and is a common anatomical variant.
Terminology
The cavum vergae has also been refer...
Article
Cella media
The cella media is another term to denote the body of the lateral ventricle, extending from the foramen of Monro to the ventricular atrium 1.
In modern practice, it is seldom if ever used and it is unlikely to be familiar to most clinicians or radiologists.
Article
Central artery of the retina
The central artery of the retina or central retinal artery arises from the ophthalmic artery near or with the posterior ciliary arteries (either the lateral or medial branches) and supplies the retina 1,2.
Gross anatomy
The central artery of the retina courses anteriorly and inferior to the op...
Article
Central base of skull
The central base of skull is a region of the skull base centered on the pituitary fossa and includes surrounding structures.
Despite no single universally accepted definition of this region, it is frequently used clinically and is conceptually useful particularly when considering tumors of the ...
Article
Central canal
The central canal is the longitudinal CSF-filled space which runs the entire length of the spinal cord and represents the most caudal portion of the ventricular system. It is lined by ependyma.
Gross anatomy
The central canal spans the length of the spinal cord from the caudal angle of the fou...
Article
Central control of respiration
A number of cell groups in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla are responsible for the central control of the respiratory cycle:
inspiratory center (a.k.a. dorsal respiratory group) - bilateral groups of cells in the region of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the dorsum of t...
Article
Central nervous system embryology
Central nervous system (CNS) embryology is complex, and below is a brief summary of its development.
The early CNS begins as a simple neural plate that folds to form a groove then tube, open initially at each end. Within the neural tube stem cells generate the two major classes of cells that m...
Article
Central retinal vein
The central retinal vein (CRV) or central vein of the retina, and sometimes shortened to the retinal vein, is the venous counterpart of the central retinal artery.
Gross anatomy
Each quadrant of the retina is drained by multiple minor retinal veins which coalesce to form a main retinal vein. T...
Article
Central sulcus
The central sulcus (of Rolando) is a very important landmark in both anatomical and functional neuroanatomy.
Gross anatomy
The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, and more specifically separates the primary motor cortex anteriorly from the primary somatosensory co...
Article
Central tendon of diaphragm
The muscle fibers of the diaphragm converge and attach to the central tendon of the diaphragm. It is a thin but strong layer of aponeurosis which forms an intergral part of respiration.
Gross Anatomy
The central tendon of the diaphragm is located near the center of the diaphragmatic muscle bu...
Article
Centrilobular region
The centrilobular region, in context of the lungs and HRCT, refers to the central portion of the secondary pulmonary lobule, around the central pulmonary artery and bronchiole.
See also
HRCT terminology
Article
Centrum semiovale
The centrum semiovale is a mass of white matter superior to the lateral ventricles and corpus callosum, present in each of the cerebral hemispheres, subjacent to the cerebral cortex.
It has a semi-oval shape and contains projection, commissural, and association fibers. Inferolaterally these fib...
Article
Cephalic vein
The cephalic vein, along with the basilic vein, is one of the primary superficial veins that drain the upper limb 1. It courses through both the forearm and arm and terminates by draining into the axillary vein.
Summary
origin: radial aspect of the superficial venous network of the dorsum of...
Article
Cerebellar agenesis
Cerebellar agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality which can result from failure to develop normal cerebellar tissue or destruction of normally developed tissue.
For a more general overview of cerebellar malformations, please refer to the article on classification systems for malformations of...
Article
Cerebellar nuclei
The cerebellar nuclei comprise 4 paired deep grey matter nuclei deep within the cerebellum near the fourth ventricle. They are arranged in the following order, from lateral to medial:
dentate nuclei (the largest and most lateral)
emboliform nuclei
globose nuclei
fastigial nuclei (most medi...
Article
Cerebellar tonsils
The cerebellar tonsils are ovoid structures on the inferomedial surface of each cerebellar hemisphere. They are attached to the underlying cerebellum by the tonsillar peduncle 1-4.
Gross Anatomy
Relations
medial: uvula of the vermis
superior: flocculonodular lobe
anterior: posterior surface...
Article
Cerebellopontine angle cistern
The cerebellopontine angle cistern, also known as the pontocerebellar cistern, is a triangular CSF-filled subarachnoid cistern that lies between the anterior surface of the cerebellum and the lateral surface of the pons.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
superior: tentorium cerebelli
posterior: anter...
Article
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
The cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) is the structure within the brainstem that connects the third ventricle to the fourth. It is located within the midbrain, surrounded by periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) with the tectum of midbrain located posteriorly and the tegmentum anteriorly.
It is filled ...
Article
Cerebral hemisphere
The two cerebral hemispheres are divided in the midsagittal plane by the interhemispheric fissure. Together they fill most of the intra-cranial cavity.
Gross anatomy
The medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere is flat, the inferior surface is irregular and even slightly concave anteriorly, ...
Article
Cerebral peduncles
The cerebral peduncles are the anterior part of the midbrain that connects the remainder of the brainstem to the thalami. They are paired, separated by the interpeduncular cistern, and contain the large white matter tracts that run to and from the cerebrum.
Terminology
The crus cerebri (cerebr...
Article
Cerebral sulci and fissures
Cerebral sulci and fissures are grooves between the adjacent gyri on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. By allowing the cortex to invaginate to form sulci and gyri the surface area of the cortex is is increased threefold 4. The result is that the surface area of the human cortex is 2200 cm...