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1,140 results found

Milk of calcium within a breast cyst

Milk of calcium within a breast cyst is a mammographic feature observed when there is dependent calcium layering within breast cysts. It is typically observed as "tea cup" or "crescent shaped" calcifications on a true lateral (LM or ML) view on occasionally on a MLO view. On a CC view, these cal...

Misplaced endotracheal tube

A misplaced or malpositioned endotracheal tube is a relatively common complication that is detected on post-intubation radiographs. Complications if the ETT is too high it can rub against the vocal cords and cause cord trauma if the ETT is too low it can selectively intubate the right or left...

Mitochondrial disorders

There are numerous mitochondrial disorders that affect the neurological and muscular systems in a variety of ways: Kearns-Sayre syndrome Leigh syndrome mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) mitoc...

Mitral valve disease

Mitral valve disease (MVD) mostly comprises two main functional abnormalities, which can occur in isolation or in combination: mitral regurgitation mitral stenosis In addition, other pathologies that affect the mitral valve include: mitral valve prolapse mitral annular calcification mitral...

Mixed cystic and solid pituitary region mass

A mixed cystic and solid pituitary region mass has a limited differential. Differential diagnosis craniopharyngioma both papillary (more solid) and adamantimonatous (more cystic) macroadenoma cystic change / necrosis / previous hemorrhage Most other solid and enhancing pituitary region mas...

Mixed lytic and sclerotic bone metastases

Mixed lytic and sclerotic bone metastases are seen in a number of malignancies: breast carcinoma: typically sclerotic but 25% are mixed lung carcinoma: typically lytic but 15% are mixed carcinoma of the cervix testicular tumors prostate carcinoma: typically sclerotic but 15% are mixed gan...

Monoarticular arthropathy

Monoarticular arthropathy can result from a number of causes: infectious arthritis gout HADD (hydroxyapatite deposition disease) traumatic arthritis secondary osteoarthritis avascular necrosis PVNS synovial osteochondromatosis osteochondritis dissecans

Mosaic attenuation pattern in lung

Mosaic attenuation is a descriptive term used in describing a patchwork of regions of differing pulmonary attenuation on CT imaging. It is a non-specific finding, although is associated with the following: obstructive small airways disease: low attenuation regions are abnormal and reflect decr...

Mostly/purely cystic pituitary region masses

Mostly/purely cystic pituitary region masses have a small differential. Differential diagnosis Rathke's cleft cyst arachnoid cyst empty sella craniopharyngioma (adamantimonatous type): 90% have calcification epidermoid cyst

Moyamoya syndrome

Moyamoya syndrome, also termed the moyamoya pattern or phenomenon, is due to numerous conditions that can cause arterial occlusion of the circle of Willis, with resultant collaterals, and appearances reminiscent of moyamoya disease. These conditions include 1-4 : vessel wall abnormalities athe...

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the gallbladder

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the gallbladder are extremely rare epithelial cystic tumors formed by mucin-producing cells. They are histologically similar to the other mucinous cystic tumors found elsewhere in the body. For the lesions involving the bile ducts, please refer to: biliary cystaden...

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are the most common cystic neoplasm of the pancreas and include: mucinous cystadenoma of pancreas mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas: sometimes classified separately

Mucocele

A mucocele simply refers to accumulation and expansion of a structure by mucus. It occurs in a variety of locations which are discussed separately: paranasal sinus mucocele oral cavity e.g. ranula, mucous retention cysts mucocele of the appendix 1 mucocele of the gallbladder mucocele of the...

Mucoid impaction (lung)

Mucoid impaction, also referred to as mucus plugging or bronchocele, airway filling by mucoid secretions and can be obstructive or non-obstructive. It is a common pathological finding in chest imaging. Pathology Etiology Mucoid impaction may result from either obstructive or non-obstructive c...

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a group of hereditary disorders, one of a number of lysosomal storage disorders, having in common an excessive accumulation of mucopolysaccharides secondary to deficiencies in specific enzymes (lysosomal hydrolases) responsible for degradation of mucopolysa...

Multicentric breast cancer

A multicentric breast cancer is a term given to a breast cancer where there are two or more breast cancers separated by normal breast tissue (often taken as 5 cm of separation 4). It is related to but distinct from the term multifocal breast cancer. At a pathological level It can also mean 2 t...

Multifocal breast cancer

Multifocal breast cancer refers to two or more individual breast cancers diagnosed at the same time within the same quadrant of the same breast 1.

Multilayered periosteal reaction

Multilayered periosteal reaction, also known as a lamellated or onion skin periosteal reaction, demonstrates multiple concentric parallel layers of new bone adjacent to the cortex, reminiscent of the layers on an onion. The layers are thought to be the result of periods of variable growth 2. Pa...

Multiple cranial nerve thickening and enhancement

The most common causes of multiple cranial nerve thickening and enhancement include: metastasis (most common) neurofibromatosis type II lymphoma and leukemia multiple sclerosis chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Lyme disease See also cranial nerve enhancement: for comple...

Multiple cystic neck lesions (differential)

The differential diagnosis for multiple cystic neck lesions is different to that for a solitary cystic neck mass. Differential diagnosis Cystic neck lesions are seen in: necrotic metastatic SCC nodes: older patient, M>F papillary thyroid carcinoma metastases: usually a younger patient, F>M ...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are a collection of syndromes characterized by the presence of, as the name would suggest, multiple endocrine tumors. They are autosomal dominant in inheritance. MEN1 (Wermer syndrome) MEN2 (multiple endocrine adenomatosis) MEN2a (Sipple syndrome) ...

Multiple filling defects of the ureter (differential)

Multiple filling defects within a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU, have a relatively small differential including: spreading or multifocal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) vascular indentations multiple ureteral stones (steinstrasse) blood clots ureteritis cystica Stevens-Jo...

Multiple intracranial calcifications

Intracranial calcifications are common in certain locations and often are of no clinical concern. The two most commonly encountered types of calcification include: normal age-related intracranial calcifications intracranial arterial atherosclerosis Concerning calcifications are much less co...

Myocardial perfusion and viability

Myocardial perfusion and viability assessment is important for many reasons: to diagnose, locate and grade the severity of coronary artery disease to identify candidates who would benefit from re-vascularization to evaluate response of re-vascularization Terminology Stunned myocardium It r...

Myometrial cysts

Myometrial cysts are cysts seen in the myometrium and these can be differentiated appropriately based on location and sonological or Doppler features. Pathology Etiology They can arise from variable etiology and include. adenomyosis: the cysts are most often seen in the endomyometrial juncti...

Myonecrosis

Myonecrosis is a myopathy involving infarction of skeletal muscle and can have the appearances of an intramuscular mass. Pathology Myonecrosis has a variety of causes 1,2: idiopathic sickle cell crisis diabetic myonecrosis post-traumatic (see: calcific myonecrosis) compartment syndrome ...

Named fractures

Named fractures are usually eponymous or occupational. The simplest way of spiting them up is by body area: spinal fractures facial fractures upper extremity fractures pelvic fractures lower extremity fractures

Narrow fetal thorax

A narrow fetal thorax on antenatal ultrasound can be present with a number of anomalies which include: achondrogenesis camptomelic dysplasia homozygous achondroplasia Jarcho-Levin syndrome Jeune syndrome - asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia Russell-Silver dwarfism short rib polydactyly syndr...

Narrowing of interpedicular distance

The interpedicular (IP) distance which is the distance measured between the pedicles on frontal / coronal imaging can be narrowed in a number of situations Causes include achondroplasia 3 thanatophoric dysplasia 2 See also widening of interpedicular distance See reference 1 for an old b...

Neonatal encephalopathy

Neonatal encephalopathy is a clinical syndrome referring to signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function in the first few days of life in a neonate born at or beyond 35 weeks of gestation. It is described as difficulty with initiating and maintaining respiration, depression of tone and r...

Neonatal lines and tubes

Neonatal lines and tubes are widely used in the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) in the management of critically ill neonates. Examples include: nasogastric (NG) tube endotracheal (ET) tube central venous line umbilical artery catheter umbilical vein catheter Nasogastric tube The NG tu...

Neonatal respiratory distress (causes)

Causes of neonatal distress can be broadly split into intrathoracic, extrathoracic and systemic: Intrathoracic Medical respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) meconium aspiration syndrome bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ...

Neoplasms of the appendix

There are a number of neoplasms that can involve the vermiform appendix, some of which are peculiar to this site. Epidemiology Tumors involving the appendix have been found in only about 1% of all appendectomy specimens 9. Epithelial neoplasms and neuroendocrine tumors represent the vast major...

Neoplasms of the cauda equina (differential)

The differential diagnosis for masses of the cauda equina region is often considered separately to the remainder of the spinal cord. It is often difficult to determine whether masses in this region are intramedullary or intradural-extramedullary. Most common tumors myxopapillary ependymoma by...

Nephrocalcinosis

Nephrocalcinosis, previous known as Anderson-Carr kidney or Albright's calcinosis, refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the parenchyma of the kidney. It is divided into several types, with differing etiologies, based on the distribution: medullary nephrocalcinosis: 95% cortical nephroc...

Nerve root enhancement

Nerve root enhancement is phenomenon described on post contrast MRI scans that can be observed in a number of situations. Common causes post-operative states post-operative nerve root enhancement arachnoiditis leptomeningeal metastases disseminated spinal leptomeningeal metastases HIV vac...

Neuroblastic tumors

Neuroblastic tumors arise from primitive cells of the sympathetic system and include the following entities: neuroblastoma ganglioneuroblastoma ganglioneuroma These entities represent a spectrum of disease from undifferentiated and aggressive (neuroblastoma) to the well differentiated and la...

Neuroblastoma vs Wilms tumor

Both neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor occur in early childhood and typically present as large abdominal masses closely related to the kidneys. Distinguishing between the two is important, and a number of features are helpful. Neuroblastoma calcification very common: 90% encases vascular structur...

Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatoses (NF) comprise a number of clinically and genetically distinct inherited conditions that carry a high risk of tumor formation. They fall under the wider classification of phakomatoses. The tumors particularly involve the central and peripheral nervous systems: neurofibromatosis...

Nightstick fracture (ulna)

Nightstick fractures are isolated fractures of the ulna, typically transverse and located in the mid-diaphysis and usually resulting from a direct blow. It is a characteristic defensive fracture when the patient tries to ward off an overhead blow from an assailant (or local law enforcement offic...

Nipple markers

Nipple markers can be a useful technique in the evaluation of densities overlying the expected position of the nipple on a chest radiograph. Not uncommonly a small round opacity projects over the lower thorax on a chest radiograph (see: solitary pulmonary nodule). Often, especially in women, th...

Nipple shadows

Nipple shadows refer to the silhouettes of the nipples on frontal chest radiographs. Epidemiology Nipple shadows are apparent on ~7.5% (range 3.5-11%) of frontal chest x-rays 1. Pathology It has been proposed by Miller et al. that solitary pulmonary nodules that reach some or all of the foll...

Nodular filling defects of duodenum (differential)

Nodular filling defects due to mucosal lesions in the duodenum are due to a number of processes. For a differential list which includes non-mucosal lesions see duodenal filling defects. The differential diagnosis for mucosal lesions includes: heterotopic gastric mucosa 1-2 mm clustered onl...

Nodular pleural thickening

Nodular pleural thickening is a form of pleural thickening. Pathology Etiology Essentially all common causes of nodular pleural thickening are malignant and include: metastatic pleural disease, particularly from adenocarcinomas, e.g. bronchogenic adenocarcinoma breast cancer ovarian cance...

Non-accidental injuries

Non-accidental injuries (NAI) represent both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians. Radiologists are often the first to suspect NAI when confronted with particular injury patterns, and a knowledge of these is essential if the opportunity to save a child from future neglect is not ...

Non-calcified hyperdense pulmonary nodules

Non-calcified hyperdense pulmonary nodules are predominantly the result of inhalational exposure to substances, although embolization of material may cause dense nodular opacification within the lung. inhalation disease, e.g. pneumoconioses pulmonary baritosis (barium dust) pulmonary siderosi...

Non-neoplastic solid lesions of the pancreas

Non-neoplastic solid lesions of the pancreas are conditions which may mimic pancreatic neoplasms on imaging. They include: focal pancreatitis autoimmune pancreatitis fatty infiltration-replacement intrapancreatic accessory spleen peripancreatic lymph node congenital anomalies prominent pa...

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) are one of the main groups of germ cell tumors (the other being seminoma). Although they are made up of distinct histological entities, in general, they have similar radiographic appearances. They can, however, be found widely in the body, with variable ...

Non-small-cell lung cancer

Non-small-cell lung cancer represents a heterogeneous group of lung cancers that do not have small-cells on histology. They are thus separated, as small cell carcinoma of the lung has distinctive management implications. The major histological types include: adenocarcinoma of lung squamous cel...

Normal intracranial calcifications

Normal intracranial calcifications can be defined as all age-related physiologic and neurodegenerative calcifications that are unaccompanied by any evidence of disease and have no demonstrable pathological cause. The most common sites include: pineal gland seen in 2/3 of the adult population ...

Normal radiological reference values

A list of normal radiological reference values is as follows: adrenal gland: <1 cm thick, 4-6 cm length aorta: <3 cm diameter appendix: on CT <6 mm caliber atlantodental distance adults: <3 mm children: <5 mm azygous vein: on erect chest x-ray <10 mm diameter bladder wall: <3 mm (well-di...

Obesity

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. It is described as being a "modern epidemic" due to increased rates of metabolic syndrome and other complications in these patients, along with a high and increasing prevalence. Epidemiology Obesity rates vary around the wor...

Obstruction of nasolacrimal drainage apparatus

Obstruction of nasolacrimal drainage apparatus results in epiphora and can be primary or secondary, congenital or acquired. Obstruction can occur at canalicular, lacrimal saccular, or nasolacrimal ductal (post-saccular) levels. Causes of obstruction Congenital obstruction persistence of the m...

Obstructive uropathy

An obstructive uropathy is a catch-all term encompassing any cause of complete or partial, congenital or acquired and permanent or intermittent obstruction to the urinary tract. Depending on the severity of obstruction and extent, it may result in permanent change in both the collecting system p...

Occult fracture

Occult fractures are those that are not visible on imaging, most commonly plain radiographs and sometimes CT, either due to lack of displacement or limitations of the imaging study. There may be clinical signs of a fracture without one actually being seen. MRI or nuclear medicine studies are som...

Ocular metastasis

Ocular metastases, also termed uveal metastases, account for over 80% of all ocular pathology, and need to be distinguished from extraocular metastasis, which are a quite different group of tumors. This article will discuss metastatic lesions affecting the orbits. For other intracranial metasta...

Ocular pathology

Ocular pathology covers a wide range of conditions and therefore represents the cause of a wide range of symptoms, signs and radiographic features. Ocular metastases account for over 80% of all ocular pathology. With regard to the remainder of ocular lesions, the primary differentiating factor ...

Odontohypophosphatasia

Odontohypophosphatasia is the mildest form of hypophosphatasia that manifests as tooth dysplasia and/or early loss of deciduous or permanent teeth. Pathology As with all forms of hypophosphatasia, the underlying abnormality is a mutation in the ALPL gene that encodes for tissue non-specific al...

Esophageal dysmotility

Esophageal dysmotility refers to the pathological disruption of the normal sequential and coordinated muscle motion of the esophagus to transport food from the oropharynx to the stomach. It is an umbrella term used to refer to the common pathophysiological endpoint of dysmotility that can be cau...

Oligohydramnios

Oligohydramnios refers to a situation where the amniotic fluid volume is less than expected for gestational age. Often these fetuses have <500 mL of amniotic fluid. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence can be up to ~6% of pregnancies 4. Pathology Causes The causes of oligohydramnios are pr...

Oligometastases

Oligometastases refers to distant disease that is limited in number and distribution, Niibe et al. defined this as ≤5 metastatic/recurrent lesions with control of the primary lesion 1,2. These metastases can be treated with local measures (surgery, radiation therapy, etc.) with the aim of increa...

Omental cake

Omental cake refers to infiltration of the omental fat by material of soft-tissue density. The appearances refer to the contiguous omental mass simulating the top of a cake. Masses on the peritoneal surfaces and malignant ascites may also be present. Pathology The most common cause is metasta...

Omphalomesenteric fistula

Omphalomesenteric fistula occurs as aresult of failure of obliteration of the omphalomeseneric duct. It is one of the congenital fistulas of gastrointestinal tract . Treatment of choice is often a partial trans umbilical resection with umbilical restitution. See also gut fistulation

Open reduction-internal fixation

Open reduction-internal fixation, commonly abbreviated to ORIF, refers to the orthopedic operative management of a fracture (or fracture-dislocation complex) where reduction requires surgical (hence open) approach and internal fixation is applied. Internal fixation may be in the form of: screw...

Ophthalmoplegia

Ophthalmoplegia describes the abnormal eye movement that occurs because of paralysis of one or more of the six extraocular muscles involved in eye movements. Classification can be based on the cause of the ophthalmoplegia or the directions of the affected movements. There are numerous causes of...

Optic nerve enlargement

Enlargement of the optic nerves is uncommon and has a surprisingly broad differential: optic nerve glioma optic nerve meningioma orbital pseudotumour optic neuritis sarcoidosis leukemia orbital lymphoma metastases perioptic hemorrhage Erdheim-Chester disease juvenile xanthogranuloma ...

Orbital cystic lesions

Several cystic and cyst-like orbital lesions may be encountered in imaging of the orbits: developmental orbital cysts choristoma dermoid: commonest benign orbital tumor in childhood epidermoid teratoma congenital cystic eye colobomatous cyst acquired abscess hematoma lacrimal gland ...

Orbital inflammatory disease (differential)

The differential diagnosis of orbital inflammatory diseases (including orbital pseudotumours) can be divided based on their location into: dacryoadenitis of lacrimal glands myositis of extraocular muscles perineuritis of optic nerve orbital cellulitis preseptal postseptal orbital apiciti...

Orbital mass

An orbital mass carries a relatively wide differential: tumors lymphoma metastasis lacrimal gland or duct tumors rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit retinoblastoma optic nerve meningioma optic nerve glioma optic nerve schwannoma neurofibroma developmental orbital cysts 3: choristoma epid...

Orbital vascular lesions

Orbital vascular lesions may be difficult to distinguish on imaging. However, the following conditions have been described: arteriovenous malformation capillary hemangioma cavernous hemangioma lymphangioma / lymphangiovenous malformation / venolymphatic malformation orbital venous malformat...

Osseous lesions preferentially involving the epiphysis

Apophyses are identical to epiphyses as far as differential diagnosis of lytic lesions, with exception of geodes, which only occur adjacent to articular surfaces. chondroblastoma (Codman tumor) clear cell chondrosarcoma giant cell tumor (after fusion of epiphyseal plate; originates in metaphy...

Osteoarthritis of the vertebral column

Osteoarthritis of the vertebral column, also known as spondylosis deformans, is common and usually merely referred to as spinal "degenerative change". Complications such as spinal stenosis are important to recognize. Radiographic features The hallmark of osteoarthritis in the spine, as is the...

Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow

Elbow involvement in osteochondritis dissecans is rare. It is defined as a localized fragmentation of bone overlying the capitellum cartilage. For a general discussion of osteochondritis dissecans refer to the parent article - osteochondritis dissecans. Epidemiology Most commonly seen in young...

Osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis is the descriptive term given to a group of disorders that affect the progress of bone growth by bone necrosis. It is only seen in children and adolescents who are still growing. The commoner examples include: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease Freiberg infraction Kienbock disease K...

Osteoid lesions

The differential diagnosis for osteoid lesions includes: bone island (enostosis) associations: osteopoikilosis, osteopathia striata, melorheostosis osteoma osteoid osteoma osteoblastoma osteosarcoma See also cartilaginous lesions fibrous lesions

Osteophyte induced adjacent pulmonary atelectasis and fibrosis

Osteophyte induced adjacent pulmonary atelectasis and fibrosis are typically seen as focal pulmonary interstitial opacities adjacent to thoracic spinal osteophytes. They can be a relatively common finding in thoracic CT imaging. Epidemiology They are more common in older individuals. Patholog...

Osteoporosis circumscripta cranii

Osteoporosis circumscripta cranii (also known as osteolysis circumscripta) refers to discrete radiolucent regions of the skull on plain radiographs. They are often seen in context of the lytic (incipient-active) phase of Paget disease of the skull, but may be observed in other circumstances as w...

Osteoporosis (differential)

The differential for osteoporosis includes: idiopathic endocrine hypogonadism ovarian postmenopausal testicular eunuchoidism Cushing syndrome diabetes mellitus acromegaly Addison disease hyperthyroidism mastocytosis (mast cells produce heparin) pseudohypoparathyroidism pseudopseu...

Otitis media

Otitis media refers to inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity. Terminology The specific type of otitis media depends on various clinical findings and setting: acute otitis media: acute infection of the middle ear otitis media with effusion: middle ear fluid without signs or sympt...

Ovarian cystic neoplasms

Ovarian cystic neoplasms can be either benign or malignant and can arise from epithelial, stromal, or germ cell components. In general, the risk of malignancy in unilocular cystic tumors <10 cm in women over the age of 50 years is thought to be low 3-4. benign ovarian mature cystic teratoma c...

Ovarian lesions with T2 hypointensity

A hypointense ovarian lesion on T2 weighted MRI is usually a sign of benignity. The low signal is considered to be due to fibrosis and blood products 1. Lesions that can give this appearance include 1: endometrioma Brenner tumor ovarian fibroma ovarian fibrothecoma ovarian cystadenofibrom...

Ovarian tumors

Ovarian tumors are relatively common and account for ~6% of female malignancies. This article focuses on the general classification of ovarian tumors. For specific features, refer to the subarticles. Pathology Subtypes Primary ovarian tumors Surface epithelial-stromal ovarian tumors (60-70%)...

Ovarian tumors associated with endometrial thickening

There are several ovarian tumors associated with endometrial thickening and is often due to oestrogenic effects of the ovarian tumor. Such tumors include: ovarian epithelial tumors endometroid carcinoma of the ovary may have synchronous endometrial carcinoma or endometrial hyperplasia, prese...

Overhead sports injuries of the elbow

Overhead sports injuries are a group of pathologies seen in sports activities with overhead throwing or strokes, e.g. tennis, volleyball, baseball, javelin throwing. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of participants in these sports activities worldwide. Pathology During the mi...

Oxalosis

Oxalosis results in supersaturation of calcium oxalate in the urine (hyperoxaluria), which in turn results in nephrolithiasis and cortical nephrocalcinosis. This article focus on the secondary oxalosis, please refer to primary oxalosis for a specific discussion on this entity. Pathology Cal...

Pediatric cervical lesions (differential)

The differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical lesions is commonly encountered in practice, unfortunately, the list is long. Differential diagnosis Inflammatory Most lesions tend to be inflammatory 3: nontuberculous lymphadenitis scrofula sialodochitis abscess infected branchial clef...

Pediatric clavicle abnormalities

The clavicle is a unique bone and as such it often displays unique pathology. The following is an attempt to summarize pediatric clavicle abnormalities. Pediatric bone tumors and tumor-like lesions of the clavicle majority of clavicular tumors are malignant Ewing sarcoma (most common) osteos...

Pediatric nasal cavity masses

Pediatric nasal cavity masses can occur within the nose or the nasopharynx. These masses are often found incidentally on imaging but can be readily apparent clinically. Clinical presentation The clinical features of these lesions tend to mimic upper respiratory processes and may result in dela...

Pediatric renal tumors and masses

Pediatric renal tumors and masses are another group of diseases (just like cystic renal diseases in both the adult and child) that are bewildering in their number, nomenclature and overlapping findings. Commoner lesions Wilms tumor: common in older children 1-8 years old nephroblastomatosis: ...

Pediatric skeletal metasases (differential)

There is a wide range of primary malignancies that results in pediatric skeletal metastases 1: neuroblastoma leukemia: although not truly metastases lymphoma clear cell sarcoma: Wilms’ variant rhabdomyosarcoma retinoblastoma Ewing’s sarcoma: lung metastases much more common osteosarcoma:...

Pancreatic atrophy

Pancreatic atrophy is non-specific and is common in elderly patients, although in younger patients it can be a hallmark of pathology. Most commonly it is associated with aging, obesity and end-stage chronic pancreatitis. It occurs principally with fatty replacement of the pancreas (pancreatic ...

Pancreatic calcifications

Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many etiologies. Punctate intraductal calcifications chronic pancreatitis alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2 intraductal, numerous, small, irregular preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2 m...

Pancreatic neoplasms

There are numerous primary pancreatic neoplasms, in part due to the mixed endocrine and exocrine components. Classification Classification based on function exocrine: ~99% of all primary pancreatic neoplasms pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ~90-95% cystic neoplasm intraductal papillary muc...

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